VISION IAS Prelims 2025 Test 13 PDF

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https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ VISIONIAS www.visionias.in Test Booklet Series TEST BOOKLET GENERAL STUDIES (P) 2025 – Test – 4713 C Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200 INSTRUCTIONS 1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT THIS BBOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TURN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS, ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET. 2. ENCODE CLEARLY THE TEST BOOKLET SERIES A, B, C OR D AS THE CASE MAY BE IN THE APPROPRIATE PLACE IN THE ANSWER SHEET. 3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet in the Box provided alongside. Do NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet. 4. This Test Booklet contains 100 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you feel that there is more than one correct response with you consider the best. In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item. 5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See direction in the answers sheet. 6. All items carry equal marks. Attempt all items. Your total marks will depend only on the number of correct responses marked by you in the answer sheet. For every incorrect response 1/3rdof the allotted marks will be deducted. 7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer sheet the response to various items in the Test booklet, you have to fill in some particulars in the answer sheets as per instruction sent to you with your Admission Certificate. 8. After you have completed filling in all responses on the answer sheet and the examination has concluded, you should hand over to Invigilator only the answer sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test Booklet. 9. Sheet for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end. DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 1. With reference to the System of Subsidiary 4. Consider the following with reference to Alliances, consider the following statements: Regulating Act of 1773: 1. Indian rulers had to accept the permanent 1. The Regulating Act of 1773 vested the stationing of a British force within their administration of British territories in India in the hands of a Governor-General territory at their own expense. assisted by a Council of four members. 2. The Britishers promised not to interfere 2. The decision of the council was taken by in the internal affairs of Indian rulers. majority and the Governor-General had 3. Indian rulers were not allowed to employ veto power over the decision of the Europeans in their service without British Council. approval. Which of the statements given above is/are How many of the statements given above are correct? correct? (a) 1 only (a) Only one (b) 2 only (b) Only two (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) All three (d) None 5. Consider the following statements with reference to Forward Policy of the British 2. Which of the following Press Act was enacted colonial power in India: anticipating French invasion of India and 1. It was propounded by Auckland. imposed war time press restriction including 2. It led to the conflict between the British pre-censorship? and Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh. (a) Censorship of Press Act 1799 Which of the statements given above is/are (b) Licencing Regulation of 1823 correct? (c) Press Act of 1835 (a) 1 only (d) Registration Act of 1867 (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 3. Consider the following statements with reference to Lord Dalhousie: 6. Consider the following statements with 1. He created a separate Public Works reference to Hunter Commission for Department for the first time in India. Education: 2. During his tenure as the Governor 1. It laid emphasis on direct management of General, Thomasonian system of secondary schools by the provincial vernacular education was recommended government. for the entire North West Frontier 2. Grants-in-aid for improving the status of province. University Education was suggested by the Hunter Commission. 3. He annexed Punjab after the second 3. Most of the recommendations of the Anglo Sikh War. commission were rejected. How many of the statements given above are How many of the statements given above are correct? correct? (a) Only one (a) Only one (b) Only two (b) Only two (c) All three (c) All three (d) None (d) None 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 7. Consider the following statements with 10. Consider the following statements with reference to Macaulay’s Minute (1835): reference to history of technical education 1. Macaulay’s Minute resolved the conflict during colonial India: between the Orientalist and Anglicists in 1. In 1858, Overseers’ School at Poona was favor of Orientalists. raised to the status of Deccan College. 2. Macaulay’s Minute supported the idea of 2. Medical training in India started with opening a large number of elementary establishment of Calcutta Medical schools for the masses. College in 1835. Which of the statements given above is/are 3. In 1847, an engineering college at correct? Roorkee was opened for Indians without (a) 1 only (b) 2 only any racial discrimination. (c) Both 1 and 2 How many of the statements given above are (d) Neither 1 nor 2 correct? (a) Only one 8. Which of the following was the primary (b) Only two objective of the Fraser Commission of 1903? (c) All three (a) To inquire into the police administration (d) None of every province (b) To suggest a scheme for fulfilling the 11. With reference to Oropouche Fever, which claims of Indians to higher and more one of the following statements is correct? extensive employment in public service (a) It is transmitted primarily through direct (c) To suggest measures for improvement of human-to-human contact. the overall condition of university (b) It is caused by a bacterial infection education. primarily spread through contaminated (d) To suggest measures for providing famine relief water sources. (c) Its transmission is facilitated by 9. Consider the following statements with urbanization, deforestation, and climate reference to the First Factory Act of 1881: change. 1. It was passed during the tenure of Lord (d) It was first discovered in the West Ripon as Viceroy of India. African countries. 2. It was applicable to all the Indian factories. 12. In the context of various British expansionary 3. The Act prohibited the employment of and consolidatory doctrines/policies, Policy children under the age of fourteen. of Proud Reserve was associated with which Which of the statements given above is/are of the following governors-general/viceroys? correct? (a) Lord Wellesley (a) 1 only (b) Lord Warren Hastings (b) 2 and 3 only (c) Lord Lytton (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1 2 and 3 (d) Lord Auckland 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 13. Consider the following statements with 15. Consider the following statement with reference to Anglo-Burmese relations: reference to Charter Act of 1853: 1. Treaty of Yandabo led to the culmination 1. It provided for open civil service for all of First Anglo Burmese War. eligible Indians. 2. The strength of the Court of Directors 2. The second war was the result of the was decreased from 24 to 18. Burmese expansion westwards and 3. It separated the legislative and executive occupation of Arakan and Manipur. functions of the Governor-General's 3. The Third Anglo-Burma War started with council. the Dufferin’s invasion and final How many of the statements given above are annexation of upper Burma in 1885. correct? How many of the statements given above are (a) Only one correct? (b) Only two (a) Only one (c) All three (b) Only two (d) None (c) All three (d) None 16. Consider the following statements with to Vernacular Press Act, 1878: 14. Consider the following statements with 1. Amrit Bazar Patrika was the first newspaper to be confiscated by the reference to Indian University Act of 1904: British Government for violating the 1. Indian University Act of 1904 was based provisions of the Vernacular Press Act. on recommendations of Hunter 2. Under the Act, a press commissioner was Commission on Education. appointed to supply authentic news to the 2. The number of fellows of a university and press. their period in office were increased. 3. Under the Act, appeals against the 3. To promote the development of private decision of the magistrate can be made in colleges their affiliation criteria was the Board of Directors of the East India made liberal. Company. How many of the statements given above are How many of the statements given above are correct? correct? (a) Only one (a) Only one (b) Only two (b) Only two (c) All three (c) All three (d) None (d) None 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 17. Consider the following statements about 20. With reference to Satyashodhak Samaj, Solar Paraboloid Technology: consider the following statements: 1. It uses parabolic mirrors to focus sunlight 1. It aimed to promote education and social onto a receiver to create high rights for the deprived sections of society. temperatures. 2. Savitribai Phule was one of its founders. 2. It is less efficient and cost effective than 3. It rejected the Vedic culture and traditional Concentrating Solar Power Upanishads. (CSP) as light energy is first converted into heat energy. How many of the statements given above are Which of the statements given above is/are correct? correct? (a) Only one (a) 1 only (b) Only two (b) 2 only (c) All three (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None (d) Neither 1 nor 2 21. Arrange the following women's organizations 18. Consider the following statements with in chronological order of their formation: reference to Indian capitalist class during the 1. Arya Mahila Samaj 19th century: 1. The Indian capitalist class were 2. Theosophical Society dependent on foreign capital for 3. Bharat Mahila Parishad development of heavy Industry. Select the correct answer using the code given 2. The capitalist class was in a subservient below. position with pro-imperialist feudal (a) 3-2-1 interests. (b) 2-3-1 Which of the statements given above is/are (c) 1-3-2 correct? (d) 2-1-3 (a) 1 only (b) 2 only 22. Consider the following statements: (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. She was a prominent freedom fighter who actively participated in the Swadeshi 19. With reference to the Ryotwari settlement, movement and encouraged the use of consider the following statements: indigenous products. 1. The Ryotwari Settlement system was 2. She founded the Bharat Stree introduced in British India by Thomas Mahamandal, which was the first Munro and Alexander Reed. women's organization in India. 2. Under this system, the British 3. She was the author of several significant government collected land revenue works, including the book "Ahitagnika". directly from the ryots. Who among the following is mentioned in the Which of the statements given above is/are correct? above statements? (a) 1 only (a) Annie Besant (b) 2 only (b) Sarla Devi Chaudhurani (c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Ramabai Ranade (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Savitribai Phule 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 23. Consider the following statements regarding 26. Which of the following statements best the Munda Revolt: describes the impact of the steps taken to 1. It aimed to abolish the feudal system that ameliorate women's position in 18th and plagued the tribal lands in Jharkhand and 19th-century India? Bihar. (a) The reforms led to immediate and 2. It led to the enactment of the widespread improvements in the status of women across all sections of society. Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908, (b) The benefits of the reforms were limited preventing a land takeover by non-tribals. to certain sections of society, particularly Which of the statements given above are the upper and middle classes. correct? (c) The reforms had no significant impact on (a) 1 only the lives of women in India during this (b) 2 only period. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) The reforms were primarily driven by the (d) Neither 1 nor 2 British colonial government and had little support from Indian social reformers. 24. Consider the following statements regarding the Pabna Revolt (1870s): 27. Consider the following passage: 1. The Pabna Raiyats' League was formed to "He was a 19th century social reformer from organize the peasants against the Kerala. He advocated the idea of 'one caste, zamindars. one religion, one God' and worked towards the upliftment of the Ezhava community. He 2. It led to the abolition of the zamindari established schools and temples that were system in Bengal. open to all, challenging the rigid caste Which of the statements given above are hierarchy in the region. His teachings inspired correct? a movement that played a significant role in (a) 1 only the social and religious transformation of (b) 2 only Kerala." (c) Both 1 and 2 Who among the following is being described (d) Neither 1 not 2 in the passage given above? (a) Behramji M. Malabari 25. With reference to the Agriculturists Relief (b) Jyotiba Phule Act of 1879, consider the following (c) Sri Narayana Guru statements: (d) E.V. Ramasamy Periyar 1. It was passed after the findings of Deccan Riots Inquiry Commission. 28. Which among the following events happened 2. It aimed to protect farmers from being earliest? (a) Sasipada Banerjea started Bharat arrested or imprisoned for failing to repay Shramjeevi newspaper. debt. (b) Great Indian Peninsular Railways Strike. Which of the statements given above is/are (c) Narain Meghajee Lokhanday established correct? the Bombay Mill and Millhands (a) 1 only Association. (b) 2 only (d) Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee attempted (c) Both 1 and 2 to pass a bill in the Bombay Legislative (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Council to improve labor conditions. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 51. Which one of the following statements with 54. With reference to the Standardized respect to the Unified Lending Interface Precipitation Index (SPI), which of the (ULI) is not correct? following statements is/are correct? (a) It aims to transform India's lending sector 1. It is used by IMD to study trends in similarly to how UPI transformed precipitation and drought conditions payments. across India. (b) It features a plug-and-play system that 2. It is calculated as the long-term average requires extensive documentation from precipitation for that period. borrowers. Select the correct answer using the code (c) It provides consent-based digital access below. to customer data to simplify credit (a) 1 only (b) 2 only processes. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) It is a part of UPI and the new 'JAM (d) Neither 1 nor 2 trinity'. 55. Consider the following statements regarding 52. Consider the following cities: INS Arighaat: 1. Palakkad 1. It is the second Ship Submersible 2. Agra Ballistic Nuclear submarine of the 3. Gaya Arihant class. 4. Zaheerabad 2. It has been built by the Garden Reach Through how many of the cities listed above Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd. will the National Industrial Corridor Which of the statements given above is/are Development Programme pass? correct? (a) Only one (a) 1 only (b) Only two (b) 2 only (c) Only three (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) All four (d) Neither 1 nor 2 53. The term ‘Piezoelectricity’, sometimes seen 56. The 'Project NAMAN,' sometimes seen in the in the news, is associated with: news, is associated with: (a) Renewable energy sources (a) Promoting renewable energy (b) Electric current generation through (b) Providing services to defence pensioners mechanical stress and veterans (c) Semiconductor materials (c) Enhancing digital literacy in rural areas (d) Nuclear energy production (d) Strengthening cybersecurity measures 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 57. Consider the following pairs: 60. Gumti River flows through which of the Exercise Between countries following states? 1. Tarang Shakti : India-France (a) Manipur 2. Khaan Quest : India-Mongolia 3. Shakti : India-Malaysia (b) Assam Which of the pairs given above is/are (c) Tripura correctly matched? (d) Uttar Pradesh (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only 61. Consider the following statements about the (d) 1, 2 and 3 Hoolock Gibbon: 1. They are mainly found in Northwest 58. With reference to Nano-MIND technology, India. which one of the following statements is 2. They are listed on Schedule 1 of the correct? (a) It primarily focuses on agricultural Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. applications. Which of the statements given above is/are (b) It uses nano-scale magnetic and genetic correct? tools to control and study brain activity. (a) 1 only (c) It was developed to improve computer memory storage with optical methods. (b) 2 only (d) It has no practical applications in (c) Both 1 and 2 neurological research and is purely (d) Neither 1 nor 2 theoretical. 59. Consider the following statements: 62. With reference to the Green Tug Transition Statement-I: Perpetual bonds are a type of Program (GTTP), consider the following debt security that continues to pay interest statements: indefinitely. 1. It aims to replace diesel-powered harbor Statement-II: Perpetual bonds have a fixed maturity date, similar to traditional bonds. tugs in India with zero-emission Which one of the following is correct with alternatives. respect to the above statements? 2. By 2030, all tugs in Indian Major Ports (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are are expected to switch to green correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I technologies. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are Which of the statements given above is/are correct, but Statement-II does not explain correct? Statement-I (a) 1 only (c) Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect (b) 2 only (d) Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II (c) Both 1 and 2 is correct (d) Neither 1 nor 2 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 63. Which of the following are pillars of the 67. Consider the following personalities: Quality Council of India (QCI) Surajya 1. Swami Shraddhanand Recognition & Ranking Framework launched 2. Lekh Ram to promote excellence among states? 3. Lala Hansraj 1. Education How many of the above Arya Samaji's were 2. Health opposed to Anglo Vedic education? 3. Prosperity 4. Governance (a) Only one Select the correct answer using the code given (b) Only two below. (c) All three (a) 1 and 2 only (d) None (b) 1, 2 and 4 only (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 68. Consider the following statements about (d) 3 and 4 only Sadharan Brahmo Samaj: 1. It was started by Keshab Chandra Sen. 64. The 'Carry Trade' strategy, recently seen in news, is related to: 2. It accepted the doctrines of faith in a (a) Reinvestment in cryptocurrency Supreme being and the belief that Vedas (b) Foreign exchange trading are infallible. (c) Long-term stock investments Which of the statements given above is/are (d) Borrowing in low interest rate countries correct? (a) 1 only 65. The Kalasa-Banduri project, recently seen in (b) 2 only the news, is being constructed on which of the (c) Both 1 and 2 following rivers? (a) Zuari (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) Krishna (c) Tungabhadra 69. Who among the following is associated with (d) Mahadayi ‘Society of Friends’, an organisation that propagate the monotheistic ideals of the 66. In the context of Defence, ‘Gaurav’ that was Vedanta? recently seen in the news, is: (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (a) A search and rescue drone (b) Debendranath Tagore (b) A hypersonic missile (c) A long-distance glide bomb (c) Raja Rammohan Roy (d) A naval warship (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 70. In the context of the Deoband Movement, 73. With reference to the Rahnumai consider the following statements: Mazdayasnan Sabha, consider the following 1. The primary objective of the Deoband statements: Movement was to promote Western 1. It was a Parsi reform Sabha established in education among Muslims in India. Bombay. 2. The Deoband school welcomed the 2. Its primary objective was the restoration formation of the Indian National of Zoroastrianism to its original purity. Congress in 1885. 3. The Sabha was instrumental in promoting 3. The school opposed the principles and the education and abolition of the purdah beliefs of Syed Ahmed Khan’s system. organisation Mohammaden Anglo- How many of the statements given above are Oriental Association. correct? How many of the statements given above are (a) Only One correct? (b) Only Two (a) Only one (c) All Three (b) Only two (d) None (c) All three (d) None 74. With reference to the Arya Samaj, consider the following statements: 71. With reference to 10th May, 1857 in Indian 1. It accepted that the physical world is an history, which one of the following illusion (Maya). statements is correct? 2. It supported idolatry and polytheism in (a) Mangal Pandey wounded two British the Hindu Society. officers of 34th Native Infantry at 3. The Samaj started the Shuddhi movement Barrackpore. to reconvert people from Christianity and (b) The beginning of the revolt of 1857 from Islam to Hinduism. the Meerut. Which of the statements given above is/are (c) Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the correct? new Mughal Emperor of India. (a) 3 only (d) Delhi was captured by the rebels from the (b) 1 and 2 only British Empire. (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 72. With reference to Seva Sadan, consider the following statements: 75. Consider the following pairs regarding Revolt 1. Seva Sadan was established by Ramabai of 1857: Ranade. Region British Officer 2. It aimed at the complete abolition of the 1. Kanpur : Sir Hugh Rose caste system and socio-economic 2. Jhansi : Sir Colin Campbell inequalities. 3. Delhi : John Nicholson Which of the statements given above is/are How many of the above pairs are correctly correct? matched? (a) 1 only (a) Only one (b) 2 only (b) Only two (c) Both 1 and 2 (c) All three (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) None 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 76. Consider the following pairs: 79. Consider the following statements: Movement/ Leader Statement I: Based on the Madras Torture Organization Commission Report of 1855, a scientific land 1. Ahmadiyya : Mirza Ghulam Movement survey and a new revenue assessment was 2. Aligarh : Syed Ahmed Khan conducted in 1864 which resulted in a Movement reduction in the actual tax burden. 3. Faraizi : Titu Mir Movement Statement II: The Report highlighted the Which of the pairs given above is/are corruption and abuses in the revenue correctly matched? collection process under the Mahalwari (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only system. (c) 2 and 3 only Which one of the following is correct in (d) 1, 2 and 3 respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are 77. With reference to the Akali Movement, consider the following statements: correct and Statement-II is the correct 1. The Akali Movement was a regional and explanation for Statement-I. communal movement. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are 2. It was against the hereditary post of the Udasi Mahants in the Sikh gurudwaras. correct and Statement-II is not the correct 3. The movement resulted into the explanation for Statement-I. enactment of Sikh Gurudwaras Act in (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is 1922. How many of the statements given above are incorrect. correct? (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II (a) Only One is correct. (b) Only Two (c) All Three (d) None 80. Which of the following best describes the significance of India's export surplus 78. Consider the following: economy in the late 19th century? Land Revenue Dominant System/Settlement Region (a) It had minimal impact on Britain's 1. Permanent : North-Western economic standing in global trade. Settlement Province (b) It was essential in balancing Britain's 2. Ryotwari System : Bihar and Bengal trade deficits, especially as other markets 3. Mahalwari : Madras became more protectionist. System Presidency (c) It directly funded the infrastructure How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? development of British colonies (a) Only one worldwide. (b) Only two (d) It significantly increased Britain's (c) All three reliance on Indian manufactured goods. (d) None 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 81. In the context of Aligarh Movement, which of 84. Who among the following gave the theory the following was/were the main focus areas that the Congress was born through a of the movement? conspiracy to forestall a popular uprising in 1. Loyalty to British Government 2. Modern western education for the India and the Indian bourgeois leaders were a Muslims to compete with Hindus party to it? 3. To keep away the Muslims from politics (a) Lala Lajpat Rai Select the correct answer using the code given below. (b) W C Bonnerji (a) 1 only (c) Rajni Palme Dutt (b) 1 and 2 only (d) William Wedderburn (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 85. With reference to the major resolutions 82. With reference to the Wahabi Movement, related to local governance passed by the consider the following statements: British Indian Government, consider the 1. It was a revivalist movement. 2. In the wake of 1857 revolt, it turned into following statements: an armed resistance against the British. Resolution Provisions 3. The movement aimed to transform India 1. Mayo’s : It authorized from a 'Dar-ul-Harb' (land of conflict) to a 'Dar-ul-Islam' (land of Islam). Resolution, provincial How many of the statements given above are 1870 governments to levy correct? local taxes (a) Only one (b) Only two 2. Ripon’s : It recommended to (c) All three Resolution, give powers like (d) None 1882 judicial jurisdiction on petty crimes to village 83. In the context of the Theosophical Society, which of the following statements is not panchayats correct? 3. Royal : It recommended for (a) The first branch of the Theosophical Commission, non-official members Society in India was established in Madras presidency. 1908 to act as chairpersons (b) The members of this society believe that to these bodies a special relationship can be established How many of the pairs given above are between a person's soul and God. (c) During her presidentialship of correctly matched? Theosophical Society, Annie Besant laid (a) Only one pair the foundation of the Central Hindu (b) Only two pairs College in Benares. (c) All three pairs (d) The Society accepts the Hindu beliefs in re-incarnationtion and karma. (d) None of the pairs 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 86. Consider the following statements regarding 88. Consider the following statements regarding the Government of India Act of 1858: the East Indian Association (EIA): 1. It included Indians in the law-making 1. Dadabhai Naoroji was the first president process by nominating them as non- of the EIA. official members of the Governor 2. Udam Singh shot Micheal O’Dwyer at a General’s Council. meeting organized by EIA. 2. The Governor General of India was 3. It superseded the London Indian Society replaced with the Viceroy responsible and was a platform to influence public directly to the British Parliament. men in England to promote Indian welfare. Which of the statements given above is/are Which of the statements given above are correct? correct? (a) 1 only (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 3 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3 87. With reference to the Indian National 89. Consider the following statements regarding Congress in Indian history, consider the S. N. Banerjee: following statements: 1. He was the first Indian to go to jail in 1. Normally, the President of the Indian performance of his duty as a journalist. National Congress belonged to the region 2. He believed, India as a nation existed where its session was being held. since ancient times. 2. In its Allahabad session of 1888, it was 3. He was not in favor of boycotting British decided that no resolution would pass if goods and institutions during the strongly opposed by a majority of either Swadeshi Movement. Hindu or Muslim delegates. 4. He was in favor of the Montagu- 3. From the initial years of formation, it Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 and left the largely included social reforms in its Congress to form the Indian National agenda Liberation Federation. How many of the statements given above are Which of the statements given above are correct? correct? (a) Only one (a) 1 and 4 only (b) Only two (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) All three (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) None (d) 2 and 3 only 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 90. Which of the following factors contributed to 93. Consider the following pairs: the development of modern nationalism in Act Purpose India? 1. Lex Loci : Gave inheritance right to 1. National liberation movements of Ireland Act, 1850 ancestral property to and Italy. person who converted 2. Development of the theory that the Indo- from one religion to Aryans descended from the same ancestor as Europeans. another. 3. Emergence of industrialisation and 2. Limitation : Prevented plantation urbanisation. Act, 1859 labourers from leaving Select the correct answer using the code given tea gardens without below. permission (a) 1 and 3 only 3. Inland : Loan bonds signed (b) 1, 2 and 3 Emigration between money-lenders (c) 2 and 3 only Act, 1859 and ryots would have (d) 1 and 2 only validity only for three 91. Consider the following personalities years associated with the freedom struggle: How many of the pairs given above are 1. Lala Lajpat Rai correctly matched? 2. M.S. Golwalkar (a) Only one 3. C.F. Andrews (b) Only two How many of the above given personalities (c) All three agreed with the "safety valve" theory related (d) None to the founding of the Indian National Congress? (a) Only one 94. Consider the following pairs: (b) Only two Political Founder (c) All three Organisation (d) None 1. Madras Native : M Association Viraraghavachari 92. Consider the following statements regarding 2. The Bombay : Badruddin Tyabj the Indian Councils Act of 1861: Presidency 1. Non-official Indian members of the Viceroy's Council cannot introduce a bill Association without prior permission of the Viceroy. 3. Poona Sarvajanik : Mahadeo 2. Apart from returning legislative power to Sabha Govind Ranade Madras and Bombay, it provided for new 4. Madras Mahajan : Gazulu Lakshmi legislative councils for Punjab and Sabha N Chetty NWFP. How many of the pairs given above are Which of the following statements given correctly matched? above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (a) Only one (b) 2 only (b) Only two (c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Only three (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) All four 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 95. Consider the following statements regarding 97. Consider the following statements regarding the Aitchison Commission on Public Service: administration in provinces during the British 1. The Viceroy Lord Lytton reduced the colonial government: maximum age for civil services from 21 1. Lord Ripon is known as the father of local to 19 based on its recommendation self-government in India. 2. It recommended the holding of 2. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 simultaneous examinations for civil introduced uniformity in the services in India and England administration of all British Provinces in 3. It recommended the filling of posts under India. Statutory Civil Services by Indians of 3. Lord Lytton divided all sources of high families through nominations. revenue between the centre and the Which of the statements given above are not provinces. correct? How many of the statements given above are (a) 1 and 2 only correct? (b) 2 and 3 only (a) Only one (c) 1 and 3 only (b) Only two (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) All three (d) None 96. Consider the following statements: Statement I: The Indian National Congress 98. Consider the following statements: supported the Indian Councils Act of 1892 for Statement I: In 1890's early nationalists did its recognition of the rights of the Indians. not address the working-class issues. Statement II: The Indian Councils Act of Statement II: Raising class questions at the 1892 expanded the legislative councils with non-official members, who had the right to beginning of the freedom struggle could discuss the annual budget and ask questions. weaken the unity of the Indian masses. Which one of the following is correct in Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is not correct incorrect (d) Statement-I is not correct but Statement- (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II II is correct is correct 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ 99. Consider the following statements: Statement I: The British adopted a more lenient attitude towards princely states after the 1857 revolt. Statement II: Princely states served as allies and supporters of British authorities during the course of the 1857 revolt. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 100. Which of the following were the contributions of the moderate nationalists of the Indian National Congress? 1. They opposed the extension of the Permanent Settlement to protect peasants from the exploitation of the zamindars. 2. They criticized the aggressive foreign policy of the Britishers toward Afghanistan. 3. They exposed England’s providential mission in India. 4. They demanded military expenditure should be evenly shared by the British government. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ o VISIONIAS www.visionias.in ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS GENERAL STUDIES (P) TEST – 4713 (2025) Q 1.C Introduced by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805, the Subsidiary Alliance System was a British policy designed to establish political dominance over Indian princely states. Components: Treaty with Native Ruler: The princely state signed a treaty with the British East India Company (EIC), agreeing to: o Maintain a British force within their territory (known as subsidiary force) o Pay for the maintenance of the subsidiary force. Hence, statement 1 is correct. o British Resident: Each Indian ruler was required to host a permanent British Resident in their court. The Resident acted as an observer, advisor, and representative of British interests. o Restriction on European Employment: Indian rulers agreed not to employ Europeans in their service without British approval. Hence, statement 3 is correct. o Non-Negotiation Clause: Indian rulers promised not to negotiate with other Indian rulers or foreign powers without consulting the Governor-General of India. In return, the EIC agreed to: o Protect the princely state from external threats o Guarantee internal security o Maintain the ruler's authority within his state o Protect the state's boundaries and territories o Non-Interference Pledge: The Company promised not to interfere in the internal affairs of the allied states unless there was a breach of the treaty terms. Hence, statement 2 is correct. The purpose of the alliances was to: o Establish British dominance over the Indian states without direct annexation. o Control Indian military forces by disbanding existing armies and replacing them with British-trained and supervised troops. o Prevent French influence and alliances in India. Q 2.A The period before 1799 was when there was an unregulated press existing under the threat of imprisonment, deportation and the withdrawal of government patronage and postal resources. Although editors were sometimes punished or chastised by the government, and in varying degrees under different governor-generals, there was no official written policy following the guidelines of a censorship act. In 1799 Governor-General Richard Colley Wellesley,changed this by bringing in a Censorship Act, which was ratified by the Board of Directors of the EIC. Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating French invasion of India. It imposed almost wartime press restrictions including pre-censorship. These restrictions were relaxed under Lord Hastings, who had progressive views, and in 1818, pre- censorship was dispensed with. Hence option (a) is the correct answer. 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ Q 3.C James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), known as the Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849, was a Scottish statesman and colonial administrator in British India. He served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. o He established the foundations of the colonial educational system in India by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education. o He introduced passenger trains to the railways, the electric telegraph and uniform postage, which he described as the "three great engines of social improvement". Before Lord Dalhousie the construction of Public Works had been a part of the job of the Military Board. A separate Public Works Department was set up for the first time and large amount of funds began to be spent on works of public utility during the tiems of Lord Dalhousie. Irrigational works were undertaken on an extensive scale. Hence statement 1 is correct. In Lord Dalhousie's time a number of important reforms were introduced in the field of education. In 1853 the Thomasonian system of vernacular education was recommended for the whole of the North-Westen Provinces, Lower Bengal and the Panjab with such modifications as their various circumstances might be found to require. Similar instructions were sent to the Bombay and Madras authorities. Hence statement 2 is correct. o In 1843 James Thomas was named Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces, a post he held for ten years. By 1853 he had also established a system of 897 locally supported elementary schools in centrally located villages that provided a vernacular education for children throughout the region. Because of the efforts he undertook in vernacular education, it was replicated in other states as well by the name of 'Thomsonian system of vernacular education'. For the Sikhs, the terms of the treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal, as well as their defeat in the first Anglo- Sikh War, were extremely insulting. The murder of two English officials by Multan’s Governor Mulraj gave Lord Dalhousie an excuse to Invade annex Punjab completely. On November 16, 1848, the British armies under Lord Gough crossed the frontier. Bloody encounters were fought at Ramnagar, Chilianwala and Gujrat. The Sikh cause collapsed. Lord Dalhousie decided in favour of annexation arguing that "there never will be peace in the Punjab as long as its people are allowed to retain the means and the opportunity of making war." By the proclamation of 29 March 1849, the Punjab was annexed. Maharaja Dalip Singh was pensioned off and the British took over the administration of the Punjab. Hence statement 3 is correct. Q 4.A The regulating Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament to control the territories of the East India Company majorly in Bengal. This act was passed due to the misgovernment by the British East India government that introduced a situation of bankruptcy and the government had to interfere with the affairs of the Company. The Regulating Act of 1773 vested the administration of British territories in India in the hands of a Governor-General assisted by a Council of four members. Hence statement 1 is correct. The Governor-General was to preside over meetings of the Council, but the decision of the majority was to bind the whole, the Governor-General having merely a casting vote in case of an equal division. Hence statement 2 is not correct. Three members formed the quorum. The Governor-General and the Councillors were named in the Act, Warren Hastings was named as the first Governor-General and Clavering, Francis, Monson and Barwell as the four Councilors. At the time of his appointment Barwell was in India, already in the service of the Company. The other three Councilors reached India in October, 1774. The new Councilors set out from England with a strong prejudice that Warren Hastings was corrupt and so was the entire government of the Company in Bengal. Of the Triumvirate Clavering,Francis and Monson - Francis was undoubtedly the ablest and the' most ambitious. His ambition was to replace Warren Hastings or to succeed him. Q 5.A At the time Lord Auckland came to India as Governor-General in 1836, there were alarming reports from Teheran about Russian advances. Russian ambition in Central Asia dates from the acquisition of Georgia in 1801. 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ The Russo-Persian wars of 1811-13 and 1826-28 greatly humbled Persia and she was compelled to surrender important territories round the Caspian Sea to Russia besides being forbidden to keep armed vessels in that sea. Russian influence replaced British influence in Persia and thwarted an English scheme for the establishment of a new route by the Euphrates river to India. The Government of Auckland decided upon a 'forward policy' and signed a Tripartite treaty (June 1838) with Shah Shuja and Ranjit Singh. Hence statement 1 is correct. The treaty provided that Shah Shuja would be reinstated on the throne of Kabul with the armed assistance of the Sikhs. The Company was to remain in the background ‘jingling the money bag'. In return Shah Shuja bound himself to conduct his foreign relations with the advice of the English and the Sikhs; he further recognised the Maharaja's claims over the afghan territories on the right bank of the Indus and also gave up his sovereign rights over the Amirs of Sind in return for a large sum of money. Preparations were made on a large scale for the invasion of Afghanistan and an army of invasion was assembled at Ferozepur. Meanwhile the whole political situation changed. The despatch of a British expeditionary force to Karrack in the Persian Gulf so greatly alarmed the Shah of Persia that he raised the siege of Herat on September 9, 1838. Moreover, under diplomatic pressure from England, the Russian government recalled its envoy from Kabul. So the original irritants which had stirred Auckland to activity ended. Auckland, however, decided to proceed with his plan of the invasion of Afghanistan. His mind was set at establishing a permanent barrier against the schemes of aggression from the north- west frontier. He believed that he had gone too far to countermand his plans without damaging the prestige of the English. Moreover, the isolation of Dost Mohammad offered an additional reason for teaching the Afghans a lesson. Accordingly, an English army under the command of Sir John Keane marched through the Bolan Pass, captured Kandahar and Ghazni and entered triumphantly into Kabul in August 1839. Dost Mohammad surrendered in 1840 and was sent as a prisoner to Calcutta. Shah Shuja was proclaimed as the Amir of Afghanistan. Hence statement 2 is not correct. Q 6.D In 1882 an Education Commission was appointed under the Chairmanship of Sir William Hunter to review the progress of education in the country sInce Wood's despatch of 1854 and to suggest measures for further implementation of the policy laid therein. The Commission emphasized the State's special responsibility for the expansion and improvement of primary education. It recommended that primary education may be entrusted to the care of the newly established Municipal and District Boards under the vigilant supervision and control of the government. As far as secondary edụcation was concerned, the general principle was laid down that there should be two divisions of courses, one of literary education preparing students for Entrance Examination of the University and the other of a practical character opening commercials and a vocational careers. The Commission noted with satisfaction the: system of grants -in-aid and urged its extension for secondary and higher education. A general principle was laid down that government should withdraw as early as possible from the direct management of secondary schools.Hence statement 1 is not correct. The commission also drew the attention of the Government to the inadequate facilities for female education outside the presidency town and made suggestions for its spread. The Commission did not make any recommendations regarding University education for it was not in its terms of reference. Hence statement 2 is not correct. Most of the recommendations of the Hunter Commission were accepted by the government. Hence statement 3 is not correct. Q 7.D Within the General Committee on Public Instruction, the Anglicists argued that the government spending on education should be exclusively for modern studies. The Orientalists said while Western sciences and literature should be taught to prepare students to take up jobs, emphasis should be placed on expansion of traditional Indian learning. The famous Lord Macaulay’s Minute settled the row in favor of Anglicists. Hence statement 1 is not correct. 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ As per Macaulay’s Minute the limited government resources were to be devoted to teaching of Western sciences and literature. Through the medium of English language alone. Lord Macaulay held the view that “Indian learning was inferior to European learning” which was true as far as physical and social sciences in the contemporary stage were concerned. The government soon made English as the medium of instruction in its schools and colleges and opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary schools, thus neglecting mass education. Hence statement 2 is not correct. The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class “Indian in blood and color but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect” who would act as interpreters between the government and masses and would enrich the vernaculars by which knowledge of Western sciences and literature would reach the masses. This was called the ‘downward filtration theory’. Q 8.A In 1902 a Police Commission was appointed under the presidentship of Sir Andrew Fraser to enquire into the police administration of every province. The report of the Commission was submitted in 1903. The report described the police force as " far from efficient, defective in training and organization, inadequately supervised, corrupt and oppressive" and emphasized its failure to secure the confidence and co-operation of the people. Among the various recommendations of the Commission were increase in salaries of all ranks of the police, increase in the strength of police force in all provinces, setting up of training schools both for officers and constables, direct recruitment in place of promotion in higher ranks, setting up a provincial police service, creation of a Central Department of Criminal Intelligence under a Director with subordinate departments in the provinces. Hence option (a) is the correct answer. Q 9.A Lord Ripon (1880-84) was a staunch Liberal democrat with faith in self- government. He was appointed as the Viceroy of India in 1880. He introduced the Factory Act of 1881 to improve the service condition of the factory workers in India. Hence statement 1 is correct. o The Factory Act, 1881 prohibited the employment of children under the age of 7, limited the number of working hours (9 hrs per day) for children below the age of 12 years and provided that dangerous machinery should be fenced. Hence statement 3 is not correct. o The Act was applicable in cases of factories employing 100 or more hands. Hence statement 2 is not correct. o Inspectors were appointed to supervise the implementation of these measures. The Act, though limited in its scope, opened a new phase in the industrial history of India. Q 10.A The Engineering College at Roorkee was set up in 1847; the Calcutta College of Engineering came up in 1856. In 1858, Overseers’ School at Poona was raised to the status of Poona College of Engineering and affiliated to Bombay University. Guindy College of Engineering was affiliated to Madras University. Hence statement 1 is not correct. Medical training started with establishment of a medical college in Calcutta in 1835. Hence statement 2 is correct. Lord Curzon did much to broaden the whole basis of professional courses—medicine, agriculture, engineering, veterinary sciences, etc. Lord Curzon established an agriculture college at Pusa which acted as a parent institution of similar institutions in other provinces. By 1857 there were only three medical colleges at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, and only one engineering college at Roorkee established in 1847 which was open only to Europeans and Eurasians. Hence statement 3 is not correct. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ Q 11.C Oropouche fever o Context: Two people in the Brazilian state of Bahia were the first people to die from Oropouche fever, the country’s health ministry reported July 25, 2024. o About Oropouche Fever § Disease: Emerging zoonotic arboviral disease caused by the Oropouche Virus (OROV). § Discovery: First identified in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955. o Transmission § Vector: Spread to humans via bites from infected midges (e.g., Culicoides paraensis) or mosquitoes. § Risk Factors: Urbanization, deforestation, and climate change increase vector proliferation and transmission risk. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. § Human-to-Human Transmission: No evidence of human-to-human transmission. o Symptoms § Onset: Symptoms typically begin 4 to 8 days after an infected bite. § Symptoms Include: Sudden fever, headaches, pain, chills, joint stiffness, and occasionally nausea and vomiting. o Treatment § Vaccines and Specific Treatment: None available. § Medical Care: Focuses on symptom management and aiding recovery. Q 12.C Lytton's Policy of Proud Reserve: Lytton started a new foreign policy of ‘proud reserve’, which was aimed at having scientific frontiers and safeguarding ‘spheres of influence’. According to Lytton, the relations with Afghanistan could no longer be left ambiguous. Hence option (c) is the correct answer. John Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity: John Lawrence (1864-1869) started a policy of masterly inactivity which was a reaction to the disasters of the First Afghan War. o John Lawrence’s foreign policy was a policy of self-reliance and self-restraint, of defense not defiance, of waiting and watching that he might be able to strike harder and in the right direction, if the time for aggressive action should ever come Forward Policy of Auckland: Auckland who came to India as the governor-general in 1836, advocated a forward policy. This implied that the Company government in India itself had to take initiatives to protect the boundary of British India from a probable Russian attack. This objective was to be achieved either through treaties with the neighboring countries or by annexing them completely. Policy of Ring Fence (1765-1813): This policy was reflected in Warren Hastings’ wars against the Marathas and Mysore, and aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company’s frontiers. The main threat was from the Marathas and Afghan invaders (the Company undertook to organize Awadh’s defense to safeguard Bengal’s security). Lord Wellesley’s policy of subsidiary alliance was an extension of the ring fence—which sought to reduce states to a position of dependence on the British Government in India. Major powers such as Hyderabad, Awadh and the Marathas accepted subsidiary alliance. Q 13.B In the beginning of the 19th century, Burma was a free country and wanted to expand westward. The expansionist urges of the British, fuelled by the lure of the forest resources of Burma, market for British manufactures in Burma and the need to check French ambitions in Burma and the rest of South-East Asia, resulted in three Anglo-Burmese Wars, and in the end, the annexation of Burma into British India in 1885. First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26) o The first war with Burma was fought when the Burmese expansion westwards and occupation of Arakan and Manipur, and the threat to Assam and the Brahmaputra Valley led to continuous friction along the ill-defined border between Bengal and Burma o The British expeditionary forces occupied Rangoon in May 1824 and reached within 72 km of the capital at Ava. Peace was established in 1826 with the Treaty of Yandabo. Hence statement 1 is correct. Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-53) o The second war was the result of the British commercial need and the imperialist policy of Lord Dalhousie. Hence statement 2 is not correct. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ https://upscpdf.com/ o This time, the British occupied Pegu, the only remaining coastal province of Burma. An intense guerrilla resistance had to be overcome before complete British control of lower Burma could be established. Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) o After the death of Burmese King Bhindan, his son Thibaw succeeded to the throne. Thibaw, from the beginning itself, was hostile towards the British and step-motherly treatment by Thibaw of British merchants. He had also been negotiating commercial treaties with the rival powers of France, Germany and Italy. o Finally, Dufferin ordered the invasion and final annexation of upper Burma in 1885 and this led to Third Burma War (1885). Hence statement 3 is correct. Q 14.D In 1902, Raleigh Commission was set up to go into conditions and prospects of universities in India and to suggest measures for improvement in their constitution and working. The commission precluded from reporting on primary or secondary education. Based on its recommendations, the Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904. Hence statement 1 is not correct. As per the Act: o universities were to give more attention to study and research; o the number of fellows of a university and their period in office were reduced and most fellows were to be nominated by the Government. Hence statement 2 is not correct. o Government was to have powers to veto universities’ senate regulations and could amend these regulations or pass regulations on its own; o conditions were to be made stricter for affiliation of private colleges. Hence statement 3 is not correct. o five lakh rupees were to be sanctioned per annum for five years for improvement of higher education and universities. Curzon justified greater control over universities in the name of quality and efficiency, but actually sought to restrict education and to discipline the educated towards loyalty to the Government. The nationalists saw in it an attempt to strengthen imperialism and to sabotage nationalist feelings. Gokhale called it a “retrograde measure". Q 15.C Key provisions of Charter Act of 1853: o The Company was