Ergonomics PDF

ERGONOMICS ⚫ Ergo: Work ⚫ Nomos: Science (Law) ⚫ Ergo+nomics : WORKLAW ⚫ This name has been found in the UK in 1949. The origin of the Word is Latin. ⚫ Other names: ⚫ Human Factor Engineering in USA ⚫ Applied Psychology in UK ⚫ Biotechnology in Scandinav...

ERGONOMICS ⚫ Ergo: Work ⚫ Nomos: Science (Law) ⚫ Ergo+nomics : WORKLAW ⚫ This name has been found in the UK in 1949. The origin of the Word is Latin. ⚫ Other names: ⚫ Human Factor Engineering in USA ⚫ Applied Psychology in UK ⚫ Biotechnology in Scandinavian countries ⚫ Industrial Psychology in Germany Definition of Ergonomics: ⚫ It’s a multi-disciplinary science, that having regard to the people’s anatomical features, anthropometric characteristics, physiological capacity and tolerances, the influence of all the factors that may occur physical, physiological and psychological strain in industrial work environments, trying to reveal basic laws of system efficiency and human- machine-environment. Ergonomics is an optimization study of designs for human use and working-living conditions. It can be define as enviroment – work(machine) – human interaction. Objective of ergonomics Basic principle: compatibility Compatibility magnifying furniture, human dimensions, magnifying hand tools, equipment, capabilities job requirements limitations workplace environment expectations................. interfere to environment Observe people THE MAIN SCIENCES WHICH CONSTITUTES ERGONOMICS Anthropometry Work Physiology and Biomechanics. Other sciences that contribute: Physiology, biology Physics Psychology Information sciences Medicine Statistics Business Methods Design Management Science Business Psychology Sociology Engineering systems Classification of Ergonomics 1-Physical Ergonomics 2-Organizational and Managerial Ergonomics 3-Cognitive Ergonomics  Physical Ergonomics: It examines the physiological effects in working environment. Physical Risk Factors Chemical Risk Factors Biological Agents  Organizational and Administrative Ergonomics: It deals with administrative issues such as work and rest hour Business Plans Performance Models Motivation / Work Attendance Administrative Features  Cognitive (Perceptual) Ergonomics: The main work area is indicator design which is a sub-branch of ergonomics. It’s aim is to minimize the possibility of error. Command, control buttons, warning bells, signals, joysticks, steering wheel and car-plane indicators Göstergeler Ergonomics involves four key areas: ⚫ Human characteristics: Height, working positions, perceptions, physical and mental abilities such as decision-making ⚫ Human-machine relationship: Displays and controls, information flow, automation ⚫ Environmental conditions: Heating, lighting, noise, humidity, vibration etc... ⚫ Other aspects of human activities: Error, mistakes, accidents, safety rules etc...  PEOPLE MACHINE ENVIRONMENT  ERGONOMICS APPROACH LIGHTINING NOISE AND VIBRATION DUST, SMOKE AND TOXIC AGENTS ENVIRONMENT HEAT AND HUMIDITY RADIATION EFFECTS GENERAL ENVIRONMENT FOUNDERS HUMAN FACTORS PERCEPTION FINANCING PROJECTING PERSONAL INTELLLIGENCE AND SKILLS INSTALLATION AND WORK LOAD EFFECTS OPERATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITION AGE AND GENDER FACTORS MANAGEMENT SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS WARNING CONTROL PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES IMPROVEMENT LEVEL OF EDUCATION EXPERIENCE PRODUCTION CREATIVITY SKILLS JOB ENTHUSIASM PERSONAL HEALTH MACHINE INSTALLATION OPERATION SUPPLY AND CLOSE ENVIRONMENT MAINTANANCE INDICATORS IMPROVEMENT CONTROLS RENOVATION MACHINE AND HUMAN MECHANICS DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS POSITIONS AND SITTING BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS APPLICATIONS WORK TIME DECREASES FATIGUE DECREASES ACCIDENTS DECREASES ABSENCES DECREASES CORRUPTION AND WASTE OF MATERIALS DECREASES INCREASES QUALITY PRODUCTIVITY, PROFIT AND REVENUE OF EMPLOYEES INCREASES HUMAN BODY ⚫ Skeletal system forms the infrastructure of the human body. Skeletal system is made up of bones and articulations. ⚫ BONES: The human body has 206 bones. Short and long bones. ⚫ ARTICULATIONS: Articulations consists of cartilage, synovial fluid, articular disc and connective tissue. ⚫ There are three types of articulation: Amphiarthrosis articulations Abarthroses articulations Synarthrosis articulations SKELETON ROTATION MOVEMENT ⚫ Internal rotation: Adduction Extension Supination ⚫ External Rotation Abduction Flexion Pronation Rotation movement Foot and leg gap (a) Hyperextension (a) Abduction (b) Flexion (b) Adduction Rotation in flexion (a) Outside (b) Inside rotation (a) Adduction (b) Abduction (a) Dorsal flexion (b) plantarflexion 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan MUSCLES ⚫ They are the force arm of the movement system. Bağlantı noktalarına kuvvet tatbik eden tek yönde kasılabilen veya gevşeyerek uzayabilen güçlü yapılardır. It is divided into three: Striated muscle (comprised of fibers) Smooth muscle (autonomic nervous system) The heart muscle (exceptional) (Muscles are connected to the skeletal structure with powerful configurations which are named as TENDON.) MUSCLES ⚫ Two reasons of forcing the working muscles : Sudden and very strong contractions, hoisting Prolonged static work (fatigue in fibers, increase in biochemicals) Static work F= force T= time (second) Dynamic work D= transposition T= time (second) Blood Requirement in Recreation- Dynamic and Static Working 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan Muscular Load ⚫ Static(postural) load: Long time contraction ⚫ Dynamic load : Rhythmic contraction and relaxation ⚫ Static charges can not be maintained for a long time, it may change with dynamic loading for some time without seeing fatigue effects. ⚫ Static load examples: Push and pull heavy objects Standing for a long time Holding/transporting something Keeping arms parallel Safe Lifting Techniques  100 kg. 10 kg. 10 kg. 100 kg. 10kg. 10 kg. 10 10kg. kg. Carry the load close yourself Right moves for lifting load (Troisier, 1962 ) BIOMECHANICS ⚫ Biomechanics uses the laws of physics and engineering concepts to describe motion undergone by the various body segments and the forces acting on these body parts during normal daily activities (Frankel and Nordin, 1980). ⚫ It is mathematically related to mechanics, anthropometry, anatomy and physiology. ⚫ Research areas: Analysis of movement in time and space Energy consumption and effectiveness of musculature Basal Metabolism ⚫ It can be defined as the lowest lenergy consumption level when human body is in the complete rest. ⚫ While calculating energy expenditure by work, this energy level should not be ignored. ⚫ Job and Jobs (EFFOR) Classification : Jobs causing fatigue (1-2 min.) Maximal job(%75-100) Under maximal job (%50-75) Hard jobs ( %25-50) Light jobs (%25’in altında) Rest ⚫ It is very important for ergonomically. As a result of overwork and fatigue: ⚫ Work-related accidents have increased, ⚫ Work enthusiasm drops, ⚫ Work efficiency drops. ⚫ Rest Time (%)=[(Energy required for the job/4) -1)] * 0,01 ⚫ (kCal) Break: pause given to rest ⚫ Spontaneous break; employee’s own initiative break in extremely compelling job. ⚫ Masked break; doing secondary job, instead of actual job. ⚫ Job conditional break; cleaning machines, absent from work environment for consulting to friend or supervisior. ⚫ Scheduled break; tea time etc. 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan  Alternative Suggestions ⚫ Alternately job, ⚫ Different location job, ⚫ Interesting job, ⚫ Brisk job, ⚫ Job to acquire new knowledge, 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan Working postures (postures) 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan Deskwork 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan Seated Work 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan Standing - Sitting Work 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr. Ergün Eraslan Tight space work 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr.. Ergün Eraslan Work with display screen equipment 22.09.2024 12:52 Prof.Dr.. Ergün Eraslan FACTORS RELATED TO HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS 1-Physical Factors Force and power Response time (reply time) Body measurements Age Features of perception organs Reaction Time ⚫ Factors affecting: ⚫ The type and intensity of the stimulus ⚫ Number of variable ⚫ Dealing another job ⚫ Age ⚫ Fatigue ⚫ Gender Response Time of Perception Organ Perception ms Visual 190 Audition 125-215 Olfaction 290 Touch (hot and cold) 200-220 Taste 170 FACTORS RELATED TO HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS 2- Physiological Factors Muscle tension Metabolic work efficiency Resistance to diseases Sleep and rest requirements ** Fatigue, alcohol and cigarettes, chemical environment, disease, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, dust, etc.) FACTORS RELATED TO HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS 3-Psychological Factors Conflicts (surprise, mistake, forgetfulness) Sadness Family Issues Job Problems Economic Challenges Insecurity ** Resentment, anger, sadness, reluctance, lack of interest Stress on Human Created by the Job System ⚫ 1-Physiological (physical load) ⚫ Physical workload measurement methods: These are pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, respiratory frequency, body temperature, changes in blood chemistry and urine, electromyogram, lactic acid levels in the blood. ⚫ 2-Psychological (mental load) ⚫ Mental workload measurement methods: These are subjective methods such as secondary job method, NASA TLX index, SWAT, MCH.