Ergonomics PDF

Ergonomics  ‫قــالــوا‬ ‫نت‬‫َ‬‫أ‬ ‫ك‬‫ن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫مت‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫َ‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ِ‬...

Ergonomics  ‫قــالــوا‬ ‫نت‬‫َ‬‫أ‬ ‫ك‬‫ن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫مت‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫َ‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬‫ن‬‫َ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بح‬ ‫س‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫يم‬ ‫العِليم الح ِ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫َ ُ َ ُ‬  Introduction to ergonomics  The term ergonomics is derived from two Greek words : ergon meaning work and nomos meaning natural laws or rules  So ergonomics means the laws of work  The ergonomics aims to design technical systems and tasks in such a way as to improve human safety, health, comfort and performance.  Ergonomics is the scientific study of people and their work  It based on the study of human characteristics which included recognition of human capacities , abilities, habits and limitations.  The limitation may be due to structure, function and behavior  Then application of this knowledge to the work place design including design of tools, equipment and the total environment Matching between people and their environment  The benefits of ergonomics  Improving the quality of life  Improving the quality of all human related activities  Good ergonomics minimizes product costs and human errors and maximizes user satisfaction and health  It makes the job safer by prevent injuries and illness  makes the job easier by adjusting the job to the worker  Makes the job more pleasant by reducing physical and mental stress N.B physical stress to the body parts like ms, joints, bones….cause injuries which called repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) or cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) like carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, tenosynovitis and epicondylitis.  The term man machine interaction in the human machine system (HMS) is the understanding of the interaction between people and the machine they used.  Ergonomics provides a good match between people and their environment which can result in better and more efficient human performance as well as the enhancement of health and safety.  environments Machine Human  Ergonomics contributes to the prevention of injuries, disability and reinjure  So It is therefore important in all stages 1- pre – injury stage called primary prevention which emphases should be considered on designing a safer human machine system via designing safe environment 2- in the post - injury stage. called secondary prevention. It contributes to the rehabilitation and management of trauma and disorders through effective comprehensive rehabilitation. 3 - in the post – rehabilitation stage called tertiary prevention. In this case emphasis is made on the design of effective programs to prevent reinjures. N.B  good engineering , awareness and physical fitness are the three common factors in all of these stages of prevention  The ergonomics is good in solving the problems associated with posture  Summary  Ergonomics is highly relevant to preventive and occupational medicine, the management of musculoskeletal injuries and rehabilitation  It help people to understanding their abilities and limitation and teaching them how to perform safely, effectively and comfortably within the environment  An ergonomist is a trained subject who has an experience in ergonomics and its application. An ergonomist can study human capabilities in relation to work demand in the human-machine systems(HMS)  There are specific ergonomic standards which are applied in companies and industrial sectors. The most common one is the international standardization organization (ISO)  Pushing is preferred than pulling  Pushing force is directed posterior on the spine  so the bending moment is also posterior this moment is counteract by the abdominal ms which have the larger lever arm measured from the center of motion than the erector spinae ms  so the required force is small  Pull force Push force Body Body wt Rectus wt force Erector Disk force Disk Erector load load force How to carry objects with maximum efficiency and least harms Choosing the seat Choosing the object’s hand design Correct Incorrect  Tool handle design  Tool handle is formed to fit the worker’s hand  Bad posture Too high Too low