Physical Geography Notes PDF

Yellow- definitions Green- dates Blue- places Pink- subtitles [Underline]- important **Intro to Physical Geography** [Crust]- kinder egg Continental crust- sponge cake Oceanic crust- chocolate mousse Jello- mantle Ridge- "scab" What is physical Geography? A study of the physical makeup o...

Yellow- definitions Green- dates Blue- places Pink- subtitles [Underline]- important **Intro to Physical Geography** [Crust]- kinder egg Continental crust- sponge cake Oceanic crust- chocolate mousse Jello- mantle Ridge- "scab" What is physical Geography? A study of the physical makeup of the earth-the process and patterns in the natural environment Geo- Earth or land -logy- The study of Answers to questions like... Why does the world look the way that it does? How did things like volcanoes, mountains and glaciers form The Earth is made up of three layers: - - - Each layer has a unique composition and impacts life on Earth's surface Most of Earth's interior is made up of the mantle (the layer of molten rock between the solid crust and the core) Earth's outer surface is a cold, thin, brittle outer shell of rock The crust: - - - - - The Mantle - - - - - The core - - - - If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle Continental Drift - Pangea: "Entire Earth" (pan=entire, Gaia=Earth) - **What is continental drift theory?** Earth\'s continents were once part of a larger supercontinent that had split apart, leading them to arrive at their present destinations. They need proof To prove the continental drift theory with proof. Oceanic plate hitting the continental plate allowing magma to let the earth rise  Image for Wegner Evidence \#2 Wegners Evidence 1. 2. 3. 4. - - What are plate tectonics? - - - - Lithosphere= the lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the earth and is composed of rock and minerals. It is made up of the entire city as well as the upper part of the mantle. (Crust + little bit of upper mantle) Why are tectonic plates significant? - Volcanoes- are also often found near plate boundaries because molten rock from deep within the earth called magma can travel upward at these intersections between plates Mountains- are formed when 2 continental plates collide and they push each other upward **Continental →←** Continental to continental - creates a mountain Continental to the ocean - creates volcanoes Ocean to ocean - creates volcanic island arcs **Divergent ←→** **Transform ↑↓** Earthquakes Divergent plate movement Occurs when two plates move apart - - - - : Both plated diverge and get larger - ADD CONVERGENT PLATE MOVEMENT Worksheet --------- **Origin of Tectonic Plates** The theory of plate tectonics explained **how** and **why** continents move, which Alfred Wegener\'s idea of continental drift could not. Wegener thought continents moved but didn't know what made them move. Plate tectonics showed: - - - This proved the forces behind the movement of continents, making the idea true Convection currents in the Earth\'s mantle are caused by heat from the core. Hot, less dense magma rises, cools near the surface, becomes denser, and sinks, creating a continuous flow. These currents drive tectonic plate movement by: - - - **Tectonic Movement** **There are three types of plate tectonic movement. What are they?** The three types of plate tectonic movement are Convergent, Divergent and Transform. Continental plate boundaries happen when plates move toward each other. Divergent plate boundaries happen when plates move apart. Transform plate boundaries happen when plates slide past each other. **What is a fault line?** A fault line is a "crack" or "break" in the Earth\'s surface where two tectonic plates meet and move. **What is sea-floor spreading? Who is responsible for discovering it?** Sea-floor spreading is when new oceanic crust forms. Magma rises from beneath Earth\'s surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies which causes the older crust to be pushed outwards. Sea-floor spreading was discovered by Harry Hess. **Explain what is happening in the picture below. What type of plate movement is it?** The image is an example of divergent plate tectonics. Two tectonic plates are moving apart. As they separate, magma rises to form a volcano. This will cause new crust to be created at mid-ocean ridges or rift zones. **What is the mid-Atlantic ridge? Why is it significant?** The mid-Atlantic Ridge is an underwater mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean where plates are constantly moving apart. It\'s significant because a new ocean crust is created there, causing the Atlantic Ocean to widen over time. The largest ridge. **What is a convergent plate boundary? What are the three ways in which the crust can converge?** A convergent plate boundary is when two tectonic plates move toward each other. The crust then converges in three ways. Oceanic-continental convergence is when an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate forming volcanoes. Oceanic-oceanic is when one oceanic plate subducts beneath another which creates deep ocean trenches that also cause deep-water volcanoes. Continental-continental is where two continental plates collide, forming mountain ranges. **Define subduction.** Subduction is when one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth\'s mantle. **What kind of movement occurs along a transform plate boundary?** The movement is horizontal during a transform plate boundary. The tectonic plates slide past each other in opposite directions. **Consequences of Plate Movements** 1. Volcanoes are formed when the tectonic plates move away from each other and create a split down the earth for new magma to rise and create a new layer of crust. Volcanic eruptions happen because rocks are slowly melting into the substance of magma. An example is Hawaii which has 15 volcanoes with 6 active. 2. Conversion plate movement causes tsunamis. Earthquakes and movement on the ocean floor can cause tsunamis. They occur most in the Pacific Ocean. 3. Mountain ranges like the Himalayas are formed by convergent plate movement (where two continental plates collide and push upwards). Another example is the Alps in Europe. 4. An earthquake is when two tectonic plates slip past one another called a convergent. China is an example of a place that gets earthquakes. 5. The Ring of Fire is a region around the Pacific Ocean known for many earthquakes and volcanoes. It was caused by the movement of tectonic plates. 6. Tectonic plate movement shaped Canada by forming the Canadian Shield through ancient collisions. This created the Rocky Mountains from plate collisions. What is a Landform ================== - - - Canada's Physical Diversity There are three wings we look for when we group and categorize landform region - - - Canada's Landform Regions Canada is divided into 3 main landform types: - - - The 3 main regions are subdivided into the 7 landform regions of Canada 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Canada Physical Regions +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Landform | **What and | **Descripti | **Resources | **Populatio | | Region** | Where** | on | ** | n** | | | | of Land** | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Canadian | - | - - - | - - - | - - | | Shield** | | - | - | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Great | - | - - | - - | - - | | Lakes - St. | | | | | | Lawrence | | | | | | Lowlands** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Appalachi | +--------+ | - - | -- | --------- | | ans** | | - | | | -- | ----------- | | | | | | | | ----------- | | | | - - Glaciation [Glaciation is the formation, movement and recession is glaciers]. Glaciation was much more extensive in the past, when much of the world was covered in large, continental ice sheets. Currently, glaciers cover about 10% of the world\'s land area (14.9 million km2). Much of Canada's landscape was moulded by glaciers over thousands of years. Valleys were widened, moraines were sculpted and bedrock was smoothed. Glaciation also left behind many sediments, including gravel which is important to Canada's economy, Where are the world's Glaciers? - - [Map of where Glacier are formed ]  How they work - - - - - -