Nationalism Challenge Conservative Power PDF

Nationalism Challenge Conservative Power: \>Nationalism: a strong belief´s in one's nation and its right to self-govern.     Greeks: \>Were oppressed for centuries under the Ottomans. \>Desire for independence. \>Greek War of Independence (1821): inspired by ancient Greek heritage, Greeks rebe...

Nationalism Challenge Conservative Power: \>Nationalism: a strong belief´s in one's nation and its right to self-govern.     Greeks: \>Were oppressed for centuries under the Ottomans. \>Desire for independence. \>Greek War of Independence (1821): inspired by ancient Greek heritage, Greeks rebelled against Ottoman Turks. \>International Support: Europe and the US supported the Greek independence due to cultural and religious ties.   Revolutions of 1830: \>Congress of Vienna (1815): established a conservative order in Europe. \>Liberals and nationalist uprising: Challenges to conservative rule in Belgium and Poland \>Austrian Empire´s crackdown: Metternich's forces suppressed revolts, temporarily restoring order.   Revolutions of 1848: \>Revolutions erupted across Europe, challenging existing governments. \>Liberals sought for reforms while nationalists aimed for self-determination. \>Revolutions achieved some gains that were lost to conservatives (eventually crushed)   Return to conservatism: \>Conservatives regained their power. \>1830 and 1848 revolutions failed to bring change. \>Nationalist inspirations started to simmer (cocer a fuego lento), laying the groundwork for later struggles.   2\) Radicals change France:   The Fall of monarchy: \>King Charles X´s attempt to restore absolute monarchy. Leading to the July Revolution of 1830. \>Louis-Philippe, a liberal, replaced Charles but couldn´t meet the people´s demands. \>The February Revolution of 1848 took out Philippe and establish the Second Republic.   The Second Republic: \>Faced internal division between political and social reformers. \>Violent clashes erupted in Paris, driving crazy (alienating) the public. \>Moderate constitution was adopted, creating a parliamentary system with a strong president. \>Motto (lema) adopted: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité.   Rise of Napoleon III: \>Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. \>Elected president. \>Seized power and established the Second Empire in 1852. \>French was weary of instability, so they accepted his strong rule. \>Built railroads, encourage industrialization, and promoted programs for public works. \>Economic growth, and unemployment decreased on his rule. \>France experienced a period of prosperity.   3\) Reforms in Russia:   The challenge of serfdom: \>Under Russia´s Feudal system, serfs bound to the land and nobility. \>1820s, Russians argued about how morally wrong was serfdom, and hot it prevented Russia from advancing economically. \>Czars were reluctant to abolish it due to fear to loss support from landowners.   Defeat brings change: \>Russia´s participation and defeat on the Crimean War (France, Sardinia Britain and the Ottoman Empire) exposed weakness. \[industries and transportation system failed\] \>Czar Alexander II decided to modernize Russia. \>1861: emancipation of serfs \>Peasant community received half of the country farmland. Nobles kept the other half. \>Government paid nobles for their land, while peasants had a 49 year debt to pay the government for the land received. \>Limited impact of the reform: serfs were legally free, but they had a debt to pay.   Reaction and industrialization: \>1881: Terrorists assassinated Alexander II. \>Alexander III return conservative rule. However, he encouraged industrial development. \>Rise of nationalism and its impact on Russia.   4\) Understanding nationalism:   Defining nationalism: \>Nationalism: a strong sense of belonging to a nation and a desire for self-determination. \>Shared identity based on a language, culture, history or ethnicity. \>Goal: achieve independence or sovereignty for a nation.   Different context: \>19th century Europe: Greek war of independence, Italian unification, German unification \>colonial era:  Indian independence movement, African anti-colonial struggles. \>Modern era: Kurdish nationalism (middle east), Catalan nationalism (Spain) \>Global examples: Chinese nationalism, Mexican nationalism, Canadian nationalism.   The power of nationalism: \>inspire people to fight for their rights and freedoms. \>formation of new nations and collapse empires. \>source of pride, unity, but also conflict and division.   The Dark side:   \>can lead to xenophobia, racism, and intolerance. \>contribute to ethnic cleansing, genocide, and wars. \>dangers of extreme nationalism and potential violence.   5\) Nationalism shakes aging empires: \>Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires were multi-ethnic, had diverse population. \>nationalism emerged as a threat to their unity.   Austrian empire: \>faced internal divisions among ethnic groups. \>defeat in the Austro-Prussian war created Austria-Hungary. \>nationalist disputes weaken the empire. \>after World War I, it separated into several nation-states. \>Made up by: Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians.   The Russian empire: \>ruled over diverse groups \>policy of russification (to encourage non-Russian minorities to identify as Russian, for example by following the Russian Orthodox religion and speaking the Russian language) strengthened nationalist sentiments. \>weakness exposed during World War I \>the last Romanov czar gave up his power in 1917   The ottoman empire: \>faced challenges from nationalism (ottomans granted equal citizenship to everybody under their rule, due to pressure from the British and French, conservative Turks weren´t happy and caused tension) \>Armenians genocide as a result of nationalist tensions. \>the empire´s decline and breakup came after world war I   Impact of nationalism: 1- played a crucial role in the decline and fall of these empires 2- empires were unable to adapt to the changing political landscape 3-rise of nation-states as a result of nationalist movements   6\) Nationalism in the Austro-Hungarian   Multi-ethnic empire: \>composed of numerous ethnic groups \>Habsburg monarchy struggled to maintain unity Among the groups: -Slavonic people (40.6%) -Germans (21.6%) -Italians and Rhaeto-Romanic speaking (15.3%) -Hungarians (13.4%) -Romanians (6.8%) -Jewish, Romani, and Armenian (over 2%)   Rise of nationalism: \>19th century in Europe saw a rise in nationalism \>ethnic groups began to demand greater autonomy and self-determination   Hungarian Challenge: \>Hungarian government pursued a policy of Magyarization to promote Hungarian language and culture \>After "Magyar" \[Hungarian autonym\] was an assimilation process by which non-Hungarians nationals living in the kingdom of Hungary \>it faced resistance from ethnic groups (mostly Czechs and Slovaks)   Dual Monarchy: Austro-Hungarian Compromise: 1876- created a dual monarchy, granting greater autonomy to Hungary \>it did not fully address the demands of other ethnic groups   Empire´s decline: \>nationalism was a source of tension within the empire \>its participation in World War I weakened its position \>it eventually collapsed, leading to the creation of several new nation-states   7\) Understanding Nationalism in Germany and Italy:   \>Nationalism played a key role in the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century \*\*Nationalism: is a shared identity based on historical, cultural or linguistic ties. \[It can be powerful for unite and independence\]   Nationalism in Italy: \>Italians weren´t happy to live under foreign rulers \[book: \>Italians nationalist look for the leadership of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful Italian state. \>piedmont-Sardinia adopted a liberal constitution in 1848, this for liberal Italian middle classes, unification under piedmont-Sardinia seemed a good plan. \>1852: King Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister. \>Cavour was a cunning statesman who work hard to unify Italy. Using skilful diplomacy and well-chosen alliances \>the greatest roadblock was Austria \>1858: French emperor Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the NORTHERN Italian provinces. \>Cavour provoked a war with the Austrians, combined French Sardinian army won two quick victories \>Sardinia took all the northern provinces except Venetia \>Cavour secretly helped rebel nationalist in the south   \>may 1860: a small army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi (a visioner soldier), captured Sicily \>The Red Shirts: in battle, garibaldi and his followers wore bright red shirts, and they were given this name \>Garibaldi army started to march north \>garibaldi agreed to unite the southern areas he has conquered with Piedmont-Sardinia \>cavour arranged for king victor emmanuel II a meeting with garibaldi in NAPLES \>garibaldi agree to step aside and let sardinia rule \>1866: Venetia became part of italy \>1870: italian forces took over Papal States   \>Rome became the capital of Italy \>The pope will continue to govern the Vatican City after the unification\]   \[PPT: \>italy was divided into several states under foreign control \>The Risorgimiento or Italian Resurgence, was a nationalist movement aimed to unify Italy \>Giuseppe Garibaldi or Camillo di Cavour played key roles in the unification\]   Nationalism in Germany:   \[book: \>1815: German loosen states formed the German Confederation \>Austrian empire dominated the confederation \>Prussia was ready to unify germany. Advantages: had mainly german population, and army was the most powerful in central europe. \>1848: berlin rioters forced to write up a liberal constitution, paving the way for unification \>1861: Wilhelm I succeeded the throne. \>liberal parliament refused to give him money for reforms that would strength the army \>Wilhelm I saw this refusal as a chllanege to his authority \>he was supported by the junkers (conservative members of prussia´s wealthy landowning class \>1862:  he named Otto von Bismarck (a junker) prime minister \>Bismarck was a master of realpolitik (term to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism) \>with Wilhelm approval, Bismarck declared he would rule without consent of the parliament and without legal budget (actions who were in direct violation of the constitution) \>bismarck policy of blood and iron: aimed to achieve the unification through a combination of military force and diplomatic manoeuvring   \>1864: bismarck first step towards unification \>prussia and austria alliance declare wa to Denmark and won two provinces: Holstein and Schleswig \>bismarck stirred up border conflicts with austria \>1866: austria declare war to prussia, also known as the "Seven Week´s War" \>austria lost venetial, giving it to italy \>acceptance from austria of prussian annexation of more german territory \>prussia won the war, and took control of northern germany \>1867:  remaining states joined german confederation   \>1867: few southern states remained independent \>they were catholic and resisted domination by prostestant prussia \>bismarck felt he could win the support of southern states if they felt threatened \>bismarck being an expert causing incidents, said the french ambassador had insulted the prussian king \>the french reacted by declaring war on prussia→ July 19, 1870 \>1870: prussian army surrounded the french, and captured prisoner including Napoleon III \>Franco-Prussian War was the final stage of the unification \>they accepted prussian leadership   \>at the french palace of versailles, Wilhelm I was crowned kaiser (emperor) → January 19, 1871 \>Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe by "blood and iron"\]   \[PPT: \>divided into numerous states before unification \>Zollverein and the Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck were nationalist movements who played key roles in the unification \>Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) led the establishment of the German Empire\]   8\) Motives for Imperial Expansion:   Economic incentives: \>europeans sought to acquire new territories for economic benefits. \>colonies provided raw materials (materia prima), cheap labor, and new markets for manufactured goods. \>the industrial revolution increased the demand for resources and fueled imperial expansion.   Nationalism and Prestige: \>nationalism motivated imperial expansion. \>building an empire was seen as a way to demonstrate national power and prestige. \>competition among european powers to establish colonies →fueled imperial race.   The White Man´s burden: \>idea that was europeans duty to civilize and modernize non-european societies. \>this belief justified imperialism and was used to rationalize colonial rule \>this idea was accompanied by racism and exploitation   Strategic considerations: \>imperial powers sought to control strategic locations for military and geopolitcal reasons \>colonies provided: naval bases, refueling stations, and access to important trade routes \>competition for these areas often led to conflict and tension between empires