UTS_REVIEWER_P2-EXAM.pdf

GEN002: Understanding the Self SECOND PERIODICAL EXAMINATION (P2) REVIEWER MODULE 6: The Cognitive Construction of Self Real self refers to who we truly are. Ideal self refers to the version of ourselves that we aspire to be...

GEN002: Understanding the Self SECOND PERIODICAL EXAMINATION (P2) REVIEWER MODULE 6: The Cognitive Construction of Self Real self refers to who we truly are. Ideal self refers to the version of ourselves that we aspire to be or believe we should be. Self-actualization - Living authentically and reaching one's full potential. Carl Rogers believed that an environment of acceptance and empathy is a key element for personal growth In Carl Rogers' theory the PRIMARY function of a therapist in facilitating self-actualization is to create a judgment-free environment for self-exploration and growth. Carl Rogers’ concept of self-actualization means true happiness comes from accepting oneself and living authentically. CONGRUENCE and BALANCE is the state where a person's ideal self (who they want to be) aligns with their real self (who we truly are) MODULE 7: Individualistic versus Collectivist Self Individualist Self (Western Thought) - this is a way of thinking that focuses on the needs and desires of the individual over the group. In Western cultures, like those in Europe and North America, people value personal goals, achievements, and independence. It means liking to do things on your own, making your own choices, and focusing more on yourself. Collectivist Self (Eastern Thought) - this is a way of thinking that emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual. In Eastern cultures, like those in East Asia, people value family, community, and social harmony. The focus is on the needs and goals of the group, and individuals derive their sense of self from their relationships and roles within the larger social context. MODULE 8: The Physical Self: The Impact of Culture on Body Image Body image is how you perceive your appearance. Physical Self is all about your body and what makes you unique physically. It includes things like how tall you are, your body shape and your facial features (PHYSICAL APPEARANCE). Genes can influence your physical self by determining your biological aspects – eye color, height,  hair color, etc. Self-Care is taking care of your body through healthy habits Cultural norms regarding beauty standards can be influenced by historical events MODULE 9: The Economic and Material Self: Living in a Material World Material Self is the extension of our physical self because the possession that we have is considered as an external representation of who we are. Material possessions can function as tangible representations of our identity and personality. The Diderot Effect describes a situation where acquiring a new possession leads to a desire to purchase additional related items and getting something new makes you want to buy more things. Needs are essential for survival Wants are primarily driven by desires for comfort, pleasure, or social status. Being a responsible consumer means distinguishing between needs and wants, and budgeting accordingly. MODULE 10: The Spiritual Self: The Inner Soul The concept of the Spiritual Self is the inner essence or soul that transcends the physical body. Spirituality influences an individual's behavior since tt leads to actions aligned with core values and compassion. Hinduism views the relationship between Atman as eternal and ultimately identical to Brahman. Buddhist teachings emphasize the concept of Anatta (non-self) as self is an illusion composed of ever-changing elements. The kararwa, or the main soul, is vital and only leaves after death. The karkarma, or second soul, can leave when frightened or stolen if one ventures to isolated areas, failure to return can lead to insanity. The aniwaas (aningaas or alingaas), or third soul, leaves during sleep to visit familiar places. Loss of the aniwaas upon waking can lead to insanity. The ar-aria, or fourth soul, is the liberated soul of the dead, visiting relatives and friends. MODULE 11: The Sexual Self: Development of the Secondary Sex Sexual Self is the part of you that helps you learn and understand how you grow and change sexually. Psychosexual Stages of Development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital  Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages propose that erogenous zones are areas of the body that, when stimulated, can create feelings of pleasure or sexual arousal. Main criticism of Freud's theory is it does not consider the influence of culture and society on sexuality. Latency stage is a period of reduced sexuality in children it allows children to develop socially and explore non-sexual interests. Puberty age for girls - 8-12 years old Puberty age for boys - 9-14 years old Primary sex characteristics are the physical attributes directly involved in reproduction. These include In females: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. In males: Testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland. Secondary sex characteristics are the physical features that develop during puberty and distinguish the sexes but are not directly involved in reproduction. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) is a key player in triggering puberty, it regulates emotions. Testosterone is main hormone responsible for most of the changes in boys' bodies during puberty. Main function of the hypothalamus in puberty is to release hormones that trigger puberty MODULE 12: The Sexual Self: Development of the Secondary Sex, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Methods of Contraception & Module 13: The Sexual Self: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression The Genderbread Person separates gender into four main components, it recognizes that gender identity is not limited to biological sex. The Genderbread Person is the visual aid used to represent the four main components of gender. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are spread mainly through sexual contact and are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Human Papilloma Virus, Syphilis and Herpes can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding Advantages of using condoms for contraception: readily available and protect against STDs. A Male Condom is a type of contraception involves a thin latex sheath worn on the penis.