UTS Reviewer Midterm PDF

LESSON 1: PHILOSOPHY SELF-ESTEEM – How you value yourself. PHILOSOPHY (Intro) - Philosophy is a training guide for your mind, showing how you think SELF-CONFIDENCE – Believe that you can do what you can do. in clear, analytic...

LESSON 1: PHILOSOPHY SELF-ESTEEM – How you value yourself. PHILOSOPHY (Intro) - Philosophy is a training guide for your mind, showing how you think SELF-CONFIDENCE – Believe that you can do what you can do. in clear, analytic, and powerful ways. - Studying philosophy in a serious and reflective way will change you INTROSPECTION – to understand ourselves better by evaluating as a person. our emotions. - Learning to think philosophically will help you become more I – The active agent part of the self; the doers (Manipulative part). thoughtful, open-minded, and aware of life’s complexities. It encourages critical thinking and deeper understanding, helping you make better choices and reach your potential. ME – The one who processes the experiences. The object of reflection and evaluation (Introspection). WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? A study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that involves in answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in. Philosophy is often called the mother of all disciplines simply because all fields of study began as philosophical discourses. WHAT IS SELF? It is defined as “a unified being,” essentially connected to consciousness, awareness and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational choice). SELF CONCEPT – How you see yourself. SELF IDENTITY – How you project yourself and is shaped by social interactions. 1. SOCRATES 2. PLATO - The 1ST MARTYR of education, knowledge, and philosophy - “FATHER OF THE ACADEMY,” (student of Socrates) emphasized emphasized the importance of “KNOWING ONESELF.” the importance of “SELF KNOWLEDGE” - Though accused of corrupting minors, he died as a martyr, ACADEMY - a place where learning and sharing of advocating against IGNORANCE & NARROW-MINDEDNESS knowledge happens. Later became one of the pillars and basis of what schools and education is now in the present A person's ACCEPTANCE OF IGNORANCE is the beginning of acquisition of knowledge. He wrote several literatures about Politics, Human Nature, & ideas of Virtue, and Intelligence. Possession of knowledge is a virtue; ignorance is a depravity (evil, corruption, wickedness). A person who is a follower of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by vices and will always be correct/moral/ethical. Knowing ourselves, lies in our own abilities, and wisdom. DUALISM = BODY & SOUL Understanding ourselves is through internal questioning or INTROSPECTION (understanding our strengths and weaknesses, 1. Appetitive soul (abdomen) – driven by physical desires and needs like vs. dislike) 2. Spirited soul (chest) – courageous part of a person (wants to do Men's goal in life is to OBTAIN HAPPINESS. It motivates us something or to right the wrongs that they observe), competitive to act towards or avoid things that could have negative effects and very active in our lives. Competitiveness drives one to expect positive results and winning. By FULLY knowing oneself, a person will be able to achieve 3. Rational soul (mind) – the drive of our lives. The part that thinks happiness. and plans for the future (the conscious mind) 3. ST. AUGUSTINE SOCRATIC METHOD - a teaching method that involves asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking. – Saint and Philosopher, believed that a close relationship with God enhances all aspects of life. DUALISM = BODY = IMPERFECT, SOUL = PERFECT & – emphasized “SELF-UNDERSTANDING IN RELATION TO LIFE-GIVING ASPECT GOD”, asserting that we are created in God’s likeness but being alive means that we are still far from god  He rejected the doubtfulness of the academy in which one - We should focus on the mind in order to perceive who we are cannot or should not accept ideas from others. or the essence of our existence because we cannot always trust our senses St. Augustine emphasized that we may not be able to give our agreement to everything other people tell us, but we can still 5. JOHN LOCKE agree to those who we are from our own perception - ENGLISH philosopher and physician, “FATHER OF CLASSICAL (we should form beliefs based on personal perception and faith) LIBERALISM”, greatly influenced modern Governance, Economics, and Politics by challenging absolute power of monarchies. Knowing ourselves through God defines our purpose and role in the world - emphasized that PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT depends on accumulated LIFE EXPERIENCES and EXTERNAL influences BIFURCATED = BODY = LIMITED, SOUL = WILL GO TO GOD “TABULA RASA” (blank slate) - born without innate knowledge (with knowing nothing) and that is susceptible to 4. RENÉ DESCARTES stimulation and accumulation of learning from the experiences, – FRENCH philosopher, “FATHER OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY,” failures, references, and observations of the person , and their pioneered the use of systematic and scientific methods in philosophy EXPERIENCES & PERCEPTIONS = important in the - emphasizes that being in CONSTANT DOUBT of EXISTENCE is establishment of WHO that person can become proof that a PERSON EXIST 6. DAVID HUME METHODICAL DOUBT - continuous questioning as - SCOTTISH philosopher, focused on Skepticism, Empiricism, and essential to understanding existence Naturalism DUALISM - MIND & BODY are separated NO PERMANENT SELF = COLLECTION OF COGITO = MIND IMPRESSIONS (sources of experiences with NO permanent (thinks and questions what the body has experienced) essence) EXTENZA = BODY [extension of the mind] (perceives from the different senses that CAN’T FULLY be trusted or SELF = BUNDLE OF IMPRESSIONS & EXPRESSIONS can easily be deceived) IDEAS & KNOWLEDGE come from these impressions, “COGITO ERGO SUM” = I think, therefore I am which CAN EVOLVE or be entirely replaced over time.  IMPRESSIONS = basic objects of our direct experiences/sensations (they form the vivid core of our) Conceptualized about the different levels of consciousness thoughts that provides an idea how a person develops a sense of self: IDEAS = copies of impressions (not lively & vivid) 3 ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY 7. IMMANUEL KANT 1. Id – the childlike, pleasure-seeking part focused on immediate – GERMAN philosopher, focused on Empiricism and Rationalism self gratification. – emphasized that UNDERSTANDING the SELF, requires a LEVEL 2. Superego – the moral conscience, guided by principles of right of CONSCIOUSNESS that uses intuition to synthesize experiences, and wrong. impressions, and perception 3. Ego – the mediator between id and superego, balancing desires with reality. SELF IS THE MIND = that organizes IMPRESSIONS (conscious mind) = APPARATUSES OF MIND 3 LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (beliefs, habits, values, cultures, & morality) Conscious – accessible memories. Preconscious – memories accessible with some effort. PERSON = COLLECTION OF IMPRESSIONS & DIFF. Unconscious – deeply stored memories, often requiring therapy CONTENTS to access. Awareness of Emotions, Impressions, and Behaviors is ONLY We are a BY-PRODUCT of our EXPERIENCES in the past a PART of the TRUE SELF and that our actions are driven by the idea of avoiding pain, and are molded from our need for pleasure or being happy. “TRANSCENDENTAL APPERCEPTION” = fundamental aspect of consciousness that integrates accumulated 9. GILBERT RYLE experiences, intuition, and imagination to form a coherent – BRITISH philosopher, that used a BEHAVIORISTIC approach to sense of self. This synthesis, according to Kant, is essential for understand the self defining and understanding who we truly are. SELF = BEHAVIOR presented by the person 8. SIGMUND FREUD the things that we do, how we behave and react and all other components like the way we talk, walk and look is generally who we are as a person – AUSTRIAN psychologist and physician,“FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS,” who explored Human Nature and the Actions, Emotions, and Reactions REFLECT THE MIND, Unconscious Mind. showing who we are Man has different constructs of personality.  BODY & MIND COEXIST as parts of a whole. “PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION” - influenced by Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes viewing things as a “GHOST IN THE MACHINE” WHOLE rather than in parts MAN/BODY = complex machine with different functioning parts BODY perceives the world + CONSCIOUSNESS (MIND) INTELLIGENCE/BEHAVIOR = “ghost,” or true essence gives meaning to these perceptions = shaping our within the “machine” of our body understanding of ourselves WITHOUT MIND there is no substance Actions, Behavior, and Language reflect our unified perception of the world. What the MIND TELLS the BODY FOLLOWS 12. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS 10. PAUL CHURCHLAND – A prominent 13th-century scholar and key figure in medieval – CANADIAN philosopher, focused on the idea that philosophy, UNDERSTANDING the SELF involves recognizing the BRAIN’S ACTIVITY (scientific approach) MATTER = HYLE Greek for “common stuff” that makes up everything in the SELF = BRAIN (no mind), self is defined by constant brain universe” activity. FORM = MORPHE, Greek for “essence of a substance or a thing/SOUL” “ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM = NO MIND, JUST BRAIN = studying neural pathways and brain function offers Human body shares similarities with animal bodies, it is the a measurable way to classify and understand behavior, soul—our essence— that distinguishes humans from other shaping our sense of self. living beings. 11. MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY SOUL animates the body and is the defining characteristic – FRENCH philosopher in Existentialism and Phenomenology, that makes us truly human. BODY + MIND = SINGLE UNIT ( 2 components is ONE & SAME) MIND & BODY are INTERTWINED JOHARI WINDOW ANXIETY is the source of defense mechanisms. It is an unpleasant, inner state that people seek to avoid. - Developed by JOSEPH LUFT & HARRY IINGHAM in 1955 to enhance self-awareness and interpersonal relationships. DEFENSE MECHANISM can be both good and bad. It can help to develop greater self-awareness. 1. Open Area (Arena) - what a person knows about themselves & known by others TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISM 1. DISPLACEMENT – taking feelings out on other people. 2. Blind Area - what a person DOES NOT know about themselves but which 2. DENIAL – denying that somethings exist. OTHERS KNOWS 3. REPRESSION – unconsciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind. 3. Hidden Area (Façade) 4. SUPPRESSION – consciously keeping unpleasant information - what a person KNOWS about themselves but others DO NOT know from your conscious mind. 5. SUBLIMATION – converting unacceptable impulses into 4. Unknown Area more acceptable outlets. - Information neither you nor others are aware of. 6. PROJECTION – assigning your own unacceptable feelings or The purpose of the Johari Window is to improve qualities to others. communication and understanding within groups by 7. INTELLECTUALIZATION – thinking about stressful things encouraging openness, feedback, and self-disclosure, ultimately in a clinical way. fostering better relationships and personal growth. 8. RATIONALIZATION – justifying unacceptable feelings or behavior with logic. DEFENSE MECHANISM 9. REGRESSION – reverting to earlier behaviors. It protects the conscious mind from contradiction between 10. REACTION FORMATION – replacing an unwanted impulse ID and SUPEREGO, continuing “mental homeostasis.” with its opposite. EGO employs some sort of defense mechanism to help reduce 11. DISSOCIATION – becoming separated or removed from your the feeling of anxiety. experience.  12. FANTASY – avoiding reality by retreating to a safe place TWO PARTS OF SELF within your mind. 1. SELF-AWARENESS 13. HUMOR – pointing out the funny or ironic aspects of a – the ability to reflect on oneself situation. (recognize and understand emotions, thoughts & behaviors) 14. PASSIVE-AGGRESSION – indirectly expressing anger. 2. SELF-IMAGE 15. UNDOING – trying to make up for what you feel are – the perception of oneself shaped by social interactions. inappropriate thoughts, feelings, or behavior DEVELOPMENT OF SELF - BODIES age biologically, SELF emerges through social interactions & grows as individuals age. It LESSON 2: SOCIOLOGY is shaped by reflecting on how others perceive us, which helps form SOCIOLOGY our self-image. - Study of social relationship - science of society or social phenomena MIRRORING REACTIONS - SELF is influenced by the reactions of others. - An attempt to understand society - systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, & SELF-IMAGE - recognizing how others are perceiving us collective behavior of organized groups of human beings IMITATION - constantly trying to put ourselves in the shoes of another and think about how they are seeing this event or situation or SOCIUS = COMPANION/ASSOCIATE this action transpiring LOGOS = STUDY GENERALIZED OTHERS (product of imitation) - internalized the 1. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD widespread cultural norms, mores, and expectations of behaviors - SOCIOLOGIST from the UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SYMBOLIC INTERACTION PERSPECTIVE ROLE OF OTHERS - By taking the role of others, we enhance our - how people interact with each other and society through the self-awareness. meanings they attach to symbols and language THE “I” and “Me” OF THE SELF THEORY OF SELF - SELF IS NOT STATIC; it develops continuously through “I” the spontaneous, active part of the self that engages with social experiences and interactions. the world.  “Me” the reflective, socialized aspect of the self, shaped by METAPHYSICAL = abstract concepts & philosophical reasoning are societal interactions and perceptions. used 2. HENRI DE SAINT-SIMON (1760-1825) AUGUSTE COMTE - Historic founder of FRENCH SOCIALISM POSITIVISM - states that “genuine” knowledge (knowledge - focuses on PROGRESSION IN ECONOMICS of anything which is not true by definition) is exclusively derived from experience of natural phenomena and their COMTISM - society guided by scientific reasoning & properties and relations. organized according to laws of social behavior through scientific inquiry states that metaphysical & theology should be replaced by a HIERARCHY OF SCIENCE, where MATH is at the BASE His idea of the reconstruction of society were conditioned by the French Revolution and by Feudal and Military system 3. HERBERT SPENCER - believed in the process of NATURAL SELECTION = “SURVIVAL The social aim was to PRODUCE THINGS USEFUL TO OF THE FITTEST” LIFE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY - Encompassed physical, INDUSTRIALISTS = who are successfully able to organize psychological, biological, sociological, and ethical domains society for productive labor are entitled to govern it PARASITES = followers MORAL PHILOSOPHY 1. SOCIAL STATISTICS SOCIALISM = system of social organization of empirical happiness through fulfilling individual needs without evidence and the distribution of income are subject to control infringing on others’ rights (during INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION) finding pleasure in others’ happiness “SOCIETY OF SCIENCE” influenced his disciple Auguste connected moral laws with LAISSEZ-FAIRE Comte capitalism, reflecting biological competition - social order governed by the principles of Science, organized societies would overcome less organized Rationality, and Positivism. ones, enhancing social complexity, despite war’s destructive aspects. > scientific knowledge and empirical methods should guide society’s organization and decision-making processes, rather than theology or metaphysical speculation. 2. PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS NATURAL LAWS, arguing that moral and social laws THEOLOGY = phenomena through supernatural/religious case align with nature’s laws.  1. MORAL DICTUM - Humans should obey natural - Certain aspects of logical thought common to all human did laws and avoid social or political systems that exist, but they were products of collective life and that they contradict them. Believed society should minimize were not universal a priori since the content of categories external regulation, as natural and social laws are differed from society to society equally inviolable. COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS 2. SCIENTIFIC POSITION - laws of social - symbols and images that come to represent the ideas, beliefs, organization can no more be violated than can those of and values elaborated by a collectivity and are not reducible to the physical universe, and to seek to do so will create, individual constituents in the long run, more severe problems - created through intense social interaction and are products of collective activity 3. IMPLICITLY OBEY THEM! - Humans should be as free from external regulation as possible LANGUAGE – a social product that structures and shapes our experience of INDIVIDUALIZATION reality “In the union of many men into one community” – product of collective action, language contains within it a - How a thing is identified as an individual thing that is not history accumulated knowledge and experience that no something else. individual would be capable of creating on their own 4. DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM 5. ALBERT BANDURA - key figure in MODERN SOCIAL SCIENCES - Established SOCIOLOGY as an academic field with MARX and SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY WEBER explains SOCIALIZATION’s impact on self-development - Focused on how societies maintain coherence in modernity with weakened traditional ties and new social institutions IDENTITY is shaped by social stimuli, not the unconscious. ACCEPTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY AS A LEGITIMATE Individuals model behavior based on social expectations. SOURCE Behaviors form through reinforcement from others. SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE SELF-EFFICACY - Explored how concepts and categories of logical thought - BELIEF ABOUT THEIR CAPABILITIES to produce designated arise from social life, varying across societies rather than being levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect universally fixed. their lives - High self-efficacy leads to confidence, goal setting, and resilience in 6. KARL MARX challenges. - during the PEAK OF ECONOMIC PROGRESSION FOUR SOURCES OF SELF-EFFICACY THEORY OF SELF-ALIENATION 1. Mastery Experience: Successes build confidence; overcoming Self-Estrangement/ Self-Alienation - Describes the loss of obstacles strengthens resilience. connection to one’s essence and objectivity. 2. Vicarious Experience: Observing similar others succeed Alienation in Society - Individuals may feel isolated from boosts belief in one’s abilities. others and society. 3. Social Persuasion: Encouragement builds effort and Workplace Alienation - When work lacks meaning, persistence; discouragement fosters avoidance. individuals can lose their sense of self, feeling detached from 4. Psychological Responses: Physical and emotional states their work and purpose. impact self belief; stress may signal vulnerability. 7. MAX WEBER 4 MEDITATIONAL STAGES: - Religion is the core of society (bind to act morally within a society) 1. Attention 2. Retention Protestant Ethic and Capitalism: 3. Reproduction - Argued that capitalism emerged from Protestant values, which 4. Motivation viewed work as a religious calling. - Over time, capitalism separated from its religious roots, 3 STAGES OF BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT: becoming an “iron cage” that dominates society. 1. Modelling 2. Aggression Arousal SELF-HELP IMAGINATION 3. Test for delayed imitation - “personality” is found through dedication to a subject rather than self-expression. Instructed teachers to focus on *IVAN PAVLOV the subject itself, engaging students with the content rather than Classical Conditioning – involuntary responses are the teacher’s personality. stimulated. “an inner devotion to the subject and only to the subject” *BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER Operant Conditioning – reinforcement (reward) or punishment. 8. LEWIS MORGAN 1. MARCEL MAUSS IROQUOIS ETHNOGRAPHY- Authored a foundational PRIMITIVE CLASSIFICATION - Remaining the same study on Iroquois society, setting a standard for future person and turning chameleon by adapting to one’s context anthropology. seems paradoxical MONOGENESIS - theory that ALL HUMANS descended 1ST CLASSES OF THINGS = CLASSES OF MEN from a common source (socio-logical category) THEORY OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION - The structure of the CULTURE – a system of inherited symbolic forms. family and social institutions develops and change according To understand culture “the differences” should be the focus not to a specific sequence the similarity. 1. SAVAGERY - hunting & gathering GIFT 2. BARBARISM - tools – create a bond (returning) 3. CIVILIZATION - industrialization – TOTAL PRESTATION = a PAYMENT in money/services KINSHIP AND SOCIAL PROGRESS - Emphasized kinship MANA – sacred power – tribes wellbeing. as a core element of society, linking social and technological GIFT EXCHANGE – a symbol of bond. If you did not progress, and exploring the interaction between technology, reciprocate, it is bad luck. family, property, governance, and intellectual development GIFT-GIVING - passed on a part of the giver LESSON 3: ANTHROPOLOGY RELIGION – plays a role in shaping human behavior and providing moral discernment in society, particularly in times ANTHROPOLOGY of conflicts. It can also be used as a resource for community The anthropological approach both starts and finishes with the group. development. The SELF needs to be seen as a socially defined phenomenon, MAGIC – or black magic represents the beliefs and behavior created by both the impression of the group upon the individual (power, natural forces, symbols, cosmic interconnection). and the expression of the individual upon the group. SACRIFICE = GOLDEN BOUGH - saw sacrifice originating from means of rejuvenating the Good Magical Experience DO UT DES – I give that you may give. TWO FACES OF THE SELF: JAMES GEORGE FRAZER Sympathetic Magic – Someone can be magically affected by Moi (I): Refers to a person’s basic identity, biological givenness, and sense of self. an object/action that represents or is connected with them Personne (ME): Represents the social aspects of identity, (imitative magic). shaped by family, religion, nationality, and societal HOMEOPATHY – likes produces likes. expectations. CONTAGION – lasting connection between things that were TOTAL SOCIAL PHENOMENON - Mauss studied once in contact. A permanent relationship between an non-Western societies and proposed that all sectors of a individual and any part of his body. community must cooperate to maintain a balanced social life. MAGICIANS – performers LANGUAGE MAGICAL REPRESENTATION – ideas/beliefs. - It is a salient part of culture and ultimately, has a MAGICAL RITES – actions tremendous effect in our crafting of the self. TRIBUTE – homage (alay). - usually points out to a specific group of people TOTEMISM – kinship or mythical relationship. Blood - interact with another language, it means that you are also relationship. interacting with the culture that speaks the language VEDIC RELIGION – oldest stratum of religion in India. - learn a new language, it not only involves learning its alphabet, the word arrangement and the rules of grammar, but 2. CLIFFORD GEERTZ also learning about the specific society’s customs and Geertz, an American cultural anthropologist, defined culture as behavior. When learning or teaching a language, it is important “a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic that the culture where the language belongs be referenced, forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and because language is very much ingrained in the culture. develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.” SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY – A study of cultural LANGUAGE & CULTURE - Language and culture are intertwined. symbols to understand society. Society is SEMIOTIC in nature. SEMIOTIC – a study of the use of symbolic representation.  “We cannot find our feet within them.” LESSON 4: PSYCHOLOGY KEY PREMISES FROM “THE IMPACT OF THE CONCEPT PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE ON THE CONCEPT OF MAN” psyche (soul/mind) + logos (study). (1966): Originally the “study of souls,” now focuses on behavior and Focus on cultural differences, not similarities; understanding the mind. human nature is more effective by examining the unique variations across cultures over time and space. Focus Areas: Culture connects what humans are capable of with how they Physiological: Physical processes. actually behave, helping to define human nature. Cognitive: Thinking processes. Culture is the “accumulated totality” of symbolic patterns Purpose: Understand behavior, thought, and individual that manifest in different societies. potential. THE SELF AND IDENTITY SUMMARY: According to the anthropological perspective, the self is Self: Personal identity; the sense of who we are as individuals. embedded in our culture. Personne is composed of the social concepts of what it means Self-identity: Beliefs about oneself, influenced by personal to be who he is. perception and others’ views. Moi refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his Self-development: A continuous, lifelong process that evolves basic identity, his biological givenness. Language is a salient part of culture and ultimately, has a over time. tremendous effect in our crafting of the self. Culture is a system of inherited conceptions expressed in 1. WILLIAM JAMES symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, PRAGMATISM – the truth of an idea can never be proven. perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes 1. “Right to believe” we have the right to believe in the future. towards life. 2. PRAGMATIC VALUE – sensory experiences FUNCTIONALISM – mental activity is to be evaluated to adapt in the environment. RELIGION- spiritual experiences that religion brings about. Key Distinctions: 3. Every on has a SOUL – the main “I”: Thinking, acting, and feeling self. actor in the greater reality and lead us to act. “Me”: Set of attitudes and characteristics formed through social INDETERMINISM – the will is free and that deliberate choices and interactions. actions are not determined by or predictable from antecedent causes (accountability). ATTITUDINAL CHANGE (WILLIAM JAMES) HAPPINESS – the meaning of life. The motivating factor that causes them to act and survive. Quote: “Human beings can alter their lives by altering their The core purpose of living – william james attitudes of the mind.” I (EMPIRICAL SELF) – A shift in mindset can lead to significant life changes. material self, social self, nominative self (I). 2. CARL ROGERS EMOTION STIMULUS – physiological response THEORY OF PERSONALITY PATTERN – affective experiences PURE EGO – continuity of consciousness 1. Sees hope in people despite being pessimistic about the world. *VIKTOR FRANKL – “man’s search for meaning” (he survived 2. Influenced by William James’s concepts of the “I” and “Me. because of love). (THE “I” AND “ME”) “I” AND “ME” IN CARL ROGERS’S THEORY 1. “I Self”: Represents actions and decisions. What others see The “I” (Self in action): Spontaneous, impulsive, (e.g., walking, eating, writing). nonreflective. Represents individuality and is active in the 2. “Me Self”: Psychological and subjective reflections about moment. oneself. Includes characteristics like being athletic, smart, or ○ cooperative. The “Me” (Self as an object): Organized, reflective, and shaped by interactions with others.Includes physical traits and psychological characteristics. The “I” is understood through the “Me.” SELF-SCHEMA EXPERIENCES OF THE SELF Organized knowledge about oneself, including personal 1. EXISTENTIAL SELF interests, roles, and traits. Refers to the awareness that you are distinct and unique from Changes as you grow and adapt. others. Examples: Subjective in nature (aligns with “I”). 1. Hearing your name catches your attention. 2. Familiar dialect or shared interests resonate with you. 2. CATEGORICAL SELF Involves recognizing visible traits and characteristics about UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (UPR) oneself. Accepting and supporting someone as they are, without Objective in nature (aligns with “Me”). judgment. Significance: Core principle of humanistic therapy and person SELF-CONCEPT AND COMPONENTS centered counseling. 1. SELF-IMAGE (REAL SELF) IDENTITY AND SELF-CONCEPT Who you are in the present (e.g., your roles, physical traits, and existential statements). IDENTITY - Defined by personal traits, roles, and affiliations (e.g., Includes current interests and challenges. job, birth order, academic standing). Influenced by self-perception and how others perceive us. 2. IDEAL SELF Who you aspire to be, shaped by personal desires, societal SELF- CONCEPT - Beliefs about oneself, including attributes values, and learned experiences. and one’s essence. 3. OUGHT SELF (SELF ESTEEM) Who you believe you should be, based on responsibilities and DYNAMIC NATURE OF SELF expectations. SELF, IDENTITY, AND SELF-CONCEPT- Not fixed in a single Influenced by social awareness and group identity. time frame; evolves over time. Example: CONGRUENCE VS. INCONGRUENCE Past: “I was a varsity player.” Present: “I am a college student.” Future: “I will be a politician.” Congruence: Alignment between the Real Self, Ideal Self, and Ought Self, fostering emotional well-being.  Self-awareness and growth come from reflecting on your real, ideal, Incongruence: Discrepancy between these selves, leading to and ought selves while embracing social interactions with a balanced agitation and negative emotions. perspective. SELF-ACTUALIZATION 3. CARVER AND SCHEIER Defined as achieving your full potential. 2 TYPES OF SELF Represents the highest stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. SELF-ESTEEM AND SOCIAL COMPARISON 1. PRIVATE SELF (ME) Refers to internal thoughts, feelings, and personal standards. SELF-ESTEEM Represents the inner dialogue and personal reflection that guide Involves evaluating how much we value, accept, or approve of your actions. ourselves. Can be positive or negative, depending on perception. 2. PUBLIC SELF (I) Focus on the external image and how you present yourself to SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY others. We understand ourselves and evaluate our social status through Often involves adapting behaviors to maintain a positive comparisons. impression in social settings. 1. Downward Comparison: Compared to those worse off, it boosts self-esteem. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND DEINDIVIDUATION 2. Upward Comparison: Comparing those better off; may motivate or lower self-esteem. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY Heightened awareness of oneself, often leading to concern Feeling threatened when outperformed by someone close. about being judged or observed. Responses: Can be triggered by social settings or situations demanding 1. Distancing: Altering or ending the relationship. public attention. 2. Reconsideration: Changing the value of the skill or trait. DEINDIVIDUATION 3. Improvement: Enhancing your skills to achieve Loss of personal accountability and self-awareness in large success. groups. Leads to behaviors influenced by group emotions and anonymity (e.g., riots or mass demonstrations). 4. SIGMUND FREUD THE WOLVES ANALOGY: PSYCHOANALYSIS A method of uncovering unconscious conflicts through free 1. Good Wolf (True Self): Represents authenticity and moral association, dreams, and fantasies. values. 2. Evil Wolf (False Self): Represents suppressed desires and Freudian Theory of Personality: adapted behaviors. 1. Id: Instinctual desires and drives (e.g., hunger, sex). The wolf that thrives is the one you nurture most. 2. Ego: Rational self that mediates between the Id and reality. 3. Superego: Moral conscience, shaped by societal norms and INTEGRATION WITH OTHER THEORIES values. William James and Carl Rogers highlighted the duality of the For him, socialization is not only external but also an internal self: process engaging the unconscious and conscious mind. 1. “I”: The active agent, the doer. Humans are biologically driven organisms whose behavior is 2. “Me”: The self as an object of reflection and perception. motivated by the satisfaction of basic needs. Carver and Scheier extend this by distinguishing: TRUE SELF VS. FALSE SELF 1. Private Self: Inner standards and personal authenticity. 2. Public Self: Social persona shaped by external expectations. TRUE SELF: ME Represents the core, authentic self unshaped by societal or Understanding and balancing these facets can lead to environmental influences. self-awareness, harmony, and personal growth. Reflects innate qualities and a sense of originality. FALSE SELF: I A facade or adaptation created to meet societal expectations or fit into social roles. Includes repressed feelings and altered behaviors to maintain harmony with others. LESSON 5: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND Clothing: Western fashion favors individual style, while traditional ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT Eastern attire often reflects group identity and cultural heritage. EDWARD T. HALL ON LEARNING THROUGH CULTURAL CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SELFCONCEPT DIVERSITY Western Thought Hall emphasizes that understanding oneself is enriched by Prioritizes individuality, independence, and personal rights. engaging with other cultures. It helps us identify and reflect on aspects of life we may take for granted. This exploration of Focused on pursuing and proving the cultural differences deepens self awareness and broadens “truth.” perspectives. Example: In problem-solving, individuals might prioritize personal perspectives over group consensus. CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CONCEPT OF SELF Literature Eastern Thought Heroes and villains are portrayed differently based on cultural values. Emphasizes social responsibility and collective well-being. USA: Emphasis on individualism and personal triumph. Values balance, acceptance of life’s realities, and harmony. China: Focus on community and moral duty. Korea: Highlighting loyalty and familial connections. Example: In decision-making, consensus and group harmony are prioritized over individual desires. Socialization Social dynamics reflect cultural values: West: Hierarchies may be less rigid; individuals assert their opinions, WESTERN VS. EASTERN VALUES even toward authority. East: Respect and deference to authority are common, often prioritizing harmony. Artworks, Dance, Clothing Expressions of self vary culturally: Art: Western art often celebrates individualism; Eastern art focuses on harmony with nature. Dance: Western styles emphasize self expression; Eastern styles may reflect tradition and unity.  1. Western: Prefer to keep a low profile, as self promotion can be Emphasizes equality, where individuals can rise above societal norms. seen as boastful and disruptive to relationships. Promotes fair competition and protects the individual. Example: Calling bosses, parents, or seniors by their first names INDIVIDUALISTIC VS. COLLECTIVIST CULTURES is common. Conflicts can be directly addressed with authority 1. Western (Individualistic): figures. Focus on individual needs and the person. Emphasis on personal autonomy, achievements, and 2. Eastern: self-expression. Emphasizes hierarchy and maintaining harmony in society. Worldview sees the individual as distinct from others. Cultures value social order and respect for authority. Example: Using respectful terms for seniors; workers rarely 2. Eastern (Collectivist): confront high ranking officials. Group and social relations are prioritized over individual needs. SELF-DESCRIPTIONS The self is seen in the context of social roles and interconnected relationships. 1. Western: Worldview sees everyone as part of a larger collective, with Focus on personal attributes when describing themselves. shared roles in society. Self-description often reflects individual traits and qualities. Western Mindset: Encourages independence, personal growth, and 2. Eastern: assertiveness. Tend to talk about their social roles or the situations that evoke Eastern Mindset: Promotes interdependence, respect for hierarchy, positive traits. and collective harmony. Focuses on the collective aspects of identity. These cultural distinctions shape how individuals view SELF-EVALUATIONS themselves and interact with society, influencing their values, behaviors, and social relationships. 1. Western: WESTERN VS. EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS Highlight personal achievements and accomplishments. Individuals may openly promote their success. CONFUCIANISM Also Known As: Ruism, developed from the teachings of 2. Eastern: Confucius (551-479 BCE).  Emphasizes a harmonious social life, with individual identity CONCEPT OF HARMONY: interwoven with the identity and status of the community. Harmony between people, nature, and the universe. Personal needs are subdued for the good of the collective. The Yin-Yang symbol reflects this balance, important in Taoist Society is hierarchical to maintain order and balance. health practices for disease prevention and healing. 3 ESSENTIAL CORE VALUES: BUDDHISM Origin: Indian religion with over 520 million followers (4th 1. Filial Piety – respect for elders largest religion globally). 2. Humaneness – goodness Goal: Overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth 3. Ritual – proper conduct (samsara) through the attainment of Nirvana (freedom from suffering) or Buddhahood. 5 BASIC VIRTUES: 1. Ren – benevolence, humaneness 3 MARKS OF EXISTENCE: 2. Yi – righteousness, justice 3. Li – propriety, rites 1. Impermanence (anicca) – all things are in constant flux; 4. Zhi – knowledge nothing lasts. 5. Xin – integrity 2. Suffering (dukkha) – all things are conditioned and lead to suffering. TAOISM (DAOISM) 3. Non-Self (anatta) – denies the existence of an eternal “self.” Based on: Teachings of Lao-tzu (6th century BC). Living in the way of the Tao (the Universe), emphasizing WESTERN THOUGHT VS. EASTERN THOUGHT: simplicity and humility. The self is seen as part of the universe, living in harmony with 1. Western thought focuses on rational empirical approaches, nature and society. Encourages acceptance of change, equality, and often rejecting magical or superstitious explanations. interconnectedness. In Buddhism, the law of Karma implies actions have THE 3 TREASURES (ESSENTIAL ENERGIES SUSTAINING consequences, influencing outcomes in life. HUMAN LIFE): Every person has the potential for enlightenment. 1. Jing – essence 2. Qi – energy In Confucianism, moral character is perfected through 3. Shen – spirit continuous self improvement.  In Taoism, the self is seen as an extension of the cosmos. It is not about social relationships but about unity with nature and the Tao. Buddhism’s Goal: To renounce the self, as attachment and craving are seen as causes of suffering, leading to Nirvana. Gautama Buddha’s Teaching: All beings are conditioned by causes and are impermanent and suffering. There is no inherent “I” or “self” in the universe, neither in the conditioned world nor in Nirvana. Desire and attachment are the causes of suffering.