Introduction to Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

Which concept emphasizes the process of natural selection and survival of the fittest?

  • Moral Philosophy
  • Socialism
  • Synthetic Philosophy (correct)
  • Hierarchy of Science

Socialism is a system based on metaphysical and theological foundations.

False (B)

What does the 'I' represent in Carl Rogers’s theory?

  • Physiological responses
  • Actions and decisions (correct)
  • Attitudes shaped by society
  • Reflective thoughts about oneself

Indeterminism states that our actions are predictable based on prior events.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Survival of the Fittest'?

<p>The idea that individuals best adapted to their environment are the most likely to survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the hierarchy of science, __________ is at the base.

<p>Math</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does happiness represent according to the content provided?

<p>The meaning of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Social Statistics = Empirical distribution of income control Parasites = Followers within society Laissez-faire = Minimal government intervention in the economy Industrialists = Those who organize productive labor in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ self includes the psychological and subjective reflections about oneself.

<p>Me</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social aim does Herbert Spencer advocate?

<p>Producing things useful to life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theorists with their contributions:

<p>William James = Attitudinal change as a path to happiness Carl Rogers = Theory of personality with 'I' and 'Me' self Viktor Frankl = Survivor's perspective on finding meaning in life Indeterminism = Belief in the freedom of will and accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes 'attitudinal change' as per William James?

<p>A shift in mindset affects life outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Auguste Comte was influenced by the 'Society of Science' concept.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ Revolution significantly influenced the social ideas of Herbert Spencer.

<p>Industrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'pure ego' represents fragmented thoughts and lack of continuity in consciousness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the component of self that is nonreflective and impulsive.

<p>I Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-schema' refer to?

<p>Beliefs about oneself, including attributes and essence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'categorical self' is subjective in nature and aligns with the 'I'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'unconditional positive regard' (UPR)?

<p>Accepting and supporting someone as they are, without judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ self reflects who you aspire to be, shaped by personal desires.

<p>ideal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of self-concept with their definitions:

<p>Self-image (Real Self) = Who you are in the present, including roles and traits. Ideal Self = Who you aspire to be, shaped by personal desires. Ought Self (Self Esteem) = Who you believe you should be based on expectations. Dynamic Nature of Self = Evolving nature of self over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'identity'?

<p>Defined by personal traits, roles, and affiliations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of congruence in self-concept.

<p>Congruence refers to the alignment between an individual's self-concept and their experiences, which is essential for psychological well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The self-concept is a fixed structure that does not change over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does congruence refer to in the context of self-awareness?

<p>Alignment between the Real Self, Ideal Self, and Ought Self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-actualization is considered the lowest stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the 'Private Self'?

<p>Internal thoughts, feelings, and personal standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ comparison involves comparing ourselves to those worse off, which can boost self-esteem.

<p>Downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self involves focusing on how you present yourself to others?

<p>Public Self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upward comparison generally leads to an increase in self-esteem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emotional outcome of incongruence between the different selves?

<p>Agitation and negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Western perspective on individuality?

<p>Focuses on personal rights and independence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eastern thought prioritizes individual desires over group consensus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In literature, how are heroes and villains portrayed differently across cultures?

<p>They reflect the cultural values of individualism and social responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Western art often celebrates __________, while Eastern art focuses on harmony with nature.

<p>individualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cultural regions with their primary values regarding the self:

<p>USA = Individualism and personal triumph China = Community and moral duty Korea = Loyalty and familial connections Western thought = Equality and personal rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Western and Eastern thoughts differ in terms of decision-making?

<p>Western thought emphasizes personal perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social dynamics in the West often involve rigid hierarchies and deference to authority.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Eastern thought, decision-making often prioritizes __________ and group harmony.

<p>consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Eastern (Collectivist) cultures?

<p>Emphasis on hierarchy and maintaining harmony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals in Western cultures tend to describe themselves by focusing on their social roles rather than personal traits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept emphasizes the importance of interconnected relationships in Eastern cultures?

<p>interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Western cultures, self-evaluations often highlight personal __________ and accomplishments.

<p>achievements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cultural characteristics to their respective cultures:

<p>Western = Focuses on achievements and assertiveness Eastern = Sees the self in the context of social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is common in Eastern cultures regarding authority figures?

<p>Using respectful terms for seniors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-description in Eastern cultures often reflects personal traits and qualities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mindset encourages independence and assertiveness in Western cultures?

<p>Western Mindset</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Statistics

A branch of sociology focusing on measuring and analyzing social phenomena.

Herbert Spencer

Philosopher influenced by the French Revolution, who applied Natural Selection to society.

Synthetic Philosophy

A comprehensive philosophical system encompassing various disciplines.

Socialism

A theory of social organization aimed at achieving happiness through individual needs fulfillment.

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Hierarchy of Science

A belief that different fields of science should be ordered, with mathematics at the most fundamental level.

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Industrialists

Individuals who effectively organize societies for productive work and are entitled to govern.

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Natural Selection (Society)

Applying the principle of "survival of the fittest" to social organization, emphasizing the successful adaptation of organized societies.

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Parasites (in Society)

Those who follow and do not contribute to productivity in a society.

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Self-Schema

Organized knowledge about oneself, including interests, roles, and traits.

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Existential Self

Awareness of being distinct and unique from others.

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Categorical Self

Recognizing visible traits, characteristics and aspects about oneself.

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Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)

Accepting and supporting someone as they are, without judgment.

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Self-Image (Real Self)

Who you currently are, including roles, physical traits, and present experiences.

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Ideal Self

Who you aspire to be, based on desires and values.

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Ought Self

Who you believe you should be, based on responsibilities and expectations.

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Identity

Defined by personal traits, roles, and affiliations.

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Indeterminism

The belief that free will exists and our choices aren't predetermined.

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Happiness

The core purpose of living, driving force for actions and survival.

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"I" self (Empirical Self)

Part of the self, encompassing material self, social self, and nominative I.

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"I" self (in action)

Spontaneous, impulsive, and nonreflective actions and decisions.

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"Me" self

Organized, reflective, and socially-shaped part of the self, including physical and psychological characteristics.

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Attitudinal Change

Changing your mindset to improve your life drastically.

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Emotion Stimulus

The physiological response to feeling an emotion.

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Pure Ego

The continuity of consciousness, a part of you that stays the same.

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Individualistic Culture

Focuses on individual needs, autonomy, and achievements. Values personal expression and self-reliance. Examples include Western cultures.

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Collectivist Culture

Prioritizes group needs, social harmony, and respect for authority. Values interconnectedness and shared responsibilities. Examples include Eastern cultures.

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Western Self-Descriptions

Emphasis on personal attributes, traits, and qualities. Individuals describe themselves based on their unique characteristics.

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Eastern Self-Descriptions

Emphasis on social roles, relationships, and collective identity. Individuals describe themselves based on their position within a community.

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Western Self-Evaluations

Focus on individual accomplishments and successes. Individuals may be more likely to promote their achievements openly.

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Eastern Self-Evaluations

Focus on collective contributions and harmony. Individuals may prioritize group achievements and maintaining societal order.

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Conflict Resolution (Individualistic)

Direct confrontation and resolution of conflicts with authority figures. Open communication and assertiveness are valued.

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Conflict Resolution (Collectivist)

Emphasis on maintaining harmony and respecting authority. Open confrontation is often avoided, and conflicts are resolved indirectly.

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Incongruence

A mismatch between your real self (who you are), ideal self (who you want to be), and ought self (who you think you should be).

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Congruence

Harmony between your real self, ideal self, and ought self, leading to emotional well-being.

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Cultural Diversity and Self

Understanding different cultures helps us better understand ourselves by showing us alternative perspectives and challenging assumptions we hold.

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Western Self-Concept

Focuses on individuality, independence, and personal achievement. Values pursuing and proving the 'truth' through individual effort.

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Self-Actualization

Reaching your full potential and living a life that is meaningful and fulfilling.

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Eastern Self-Concept

Emphasizes social responsibility, collective well-being, and balancing harmony. Values acceptance of life's realities and finding peace within the community.

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Self-Esteem

The overall evaluation of ourselves, including our worth, acceptance, and approval.

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Social Comparison Theory

Understanding ourselves and our social status by comparing ourselves to others.

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Socialization in Western Culture

Social interactions tend to be less rigid, with individuals voicing their opinions, even to authority figures.

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Socialization in Eastern Culture

Respect and deference to authority are common, prioritizing harmony and maintaining social order.

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Downward Comparison

Comparing yourself to someone worse off, which can boost self-esteem.

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Art and Self-Expression in Western Culture

Western art often celebrates individuality, with artists expressing their unique perspectives and emotions.

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Upward Comparison

Comparing yourself to someone better off, which can either motivate you to improve or lower your self-esteem.

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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

Feeling threatened when someone close outperforms you, prompting responses like distancing or changing the relationship.

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Art and Self-Expression in Eastern Culture

Eastern art often focuses on finding harmony with nature and reflecting traditional values and spiritual beliefs.

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Clothing and Self-Expression

Western fashion favors personal style and individuality, while traditional Eastern attire often reflects group identity and cultural heritage.

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Study Notes

Philosophy Introduction

  • Philosophy is a mental training guide that teaches clear, analytical, and powerful thought processes.
  • Studying philosophy deeply and reflectively changes individuals by promoting thoughtfulness, open-mindedness, and awareness of complex life situations.
  • It helps people make better choices and reach their full potential.

What is Philosophy?

  • It is the study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiry into the nature and existence of humanity and the world.
  • Philosophy acts as the foundational basis for most other academic disciplines.

What is the Self?

  • The self is a unified being connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency or the faculty of rational choice.
  • Self-concept is how one views oneself.
  • Self-identity is how one presents/projects oneself which is shaped by social interactions.

Socrates

  • Emphasized the importance of "knowing oneself".
  • Died as a martyr advocating against ignorance and narrow-mindedness.
  • Believed that acknowledging ignorance is the first step toward knowledge acquisition.
  • Knowledge is a virtue, ignorance is a depravity.

Plato

  • Developed the Academy, a place of learning and knowledge sharing.
  • Emphasized the importance of 'self-knowledge'.
  • Believed a correct/moral/ethical person isn't swayed by vices, and will seek truth/wisdom.
  • Plato articulated three aspects of the soul: (1) appetitive - physical desires. (2) spirited - courageous, competitive. (3) rational - driven by reason, thought and planning.

St. Augustine

  • Believed that a close relationship with God enhances all aspects of life.
  • Self-understanding is essential in relation to God.
  • Stressed that human experience and perception, even if subject to limitations of error or doubt, can still offer access to valuable truth.

René Descartes

  • Considered the father of modern philosophy.
  • Emphasized doubt about existence as proof of the individual's existence.
  • Introduced the concept “Cogito ergo sum" -I think, therefore I am.
  • Differentiated between mind (thinking) and body (extension).

John Locke

  • English philosopher and physician.
  • Argued that human beings are born without innate knowledge.
  • Emphasized that personal development stems from experience and external influences.
  • Introduced the concept of "tabula rasa" - blank slate, which means people are born without pre-existing ideas or knowledge.

David Hume

  • Scottish philosopher.
  • Focused on skepticism, empiricism, and naturalism.
  • Argued that there's nothing like a permanent self; the self is a collection of impressions.
  • Believed perceptions are the foundation of all knowledge.

Immanuel Kant

  • German philosopher.
  • Focused on empiricism and rationalism.
  • Emphasized the need to synthesize experience & perception for understanding the self.
  • Argued that the mind actively constructs our experience of the world.
  • Stated the self is the mind organizing "impressions," including beliefs, habits, values, and morality.

Sigmund Freud

  • Austrian psychologist and physician.
  • Developed psychoanalysis, a psychological theory and method for understanding thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • Emphasized that the self is driven by unconscious desires.
  • Stated the self is a conflict between Id (primal desires), Ego (mediator), and Superego (moral conscience).

Max Weber

  • Believed that religion (Protestant ethic) is vital in society, specifically within the context of capitalism.
  • Argued that capitalism emerged from Protestant values, that viewed work as a religious calling.

Karl Marx

  • Focused on alienation (loss of connection to oneself) within capitalist societies as individuals become separated from their work and their humanity.
  • Social relationships and interactions define the self.

Lewis Morgan

  • Developed the theory of social evolution, which describes a sequence of stages of human societies (Savagery, Barbarism, Civilisation).

Marcel Mauss

  • Focused on primitive classification systems and primitive thought and culture.
  • Noted that the classification systems are shared, reflecting the group's collective understanding of the world.

Gilbert Ryle

  • British philosopher.
  • Argued that the self is behavior expressed through a behavioristic approach, rather than an abstract entity.

George Herbert Mead

  • Focused on the social nature of reality and human agency and how social experience shapes the self.
  • Developed the concept of symbolic interactionism – which means how people build knowledge and meaning through interaction with others and society.
  • Proposed the "I" (unstructured part) and the "Me" (structured), and how these two aspects come together.

Edward Hall

  • Emphasized the importance of cultural differences when understanding the self—especially with regard to cultural values like individualism vs. collectivism.
  • Cultures have their own unique set of perspectives, especially when it comes to self-awareness.

Carl Rogers

  • Influenced by William James's views on the "I" and "Me" concepts.
  • Introduced the concept of an ideal self.
  • Believed that incongruence between the inner self and the ideal self leads to distress or dissatisfaction.
  • Focuses on the experiences of the self.

David Emile Durkheim

  • Focused on social facts (things that influence societies) such as religious beliefs and rituals, which provide meaning and purpose to individuals.
  • His work highlights how societal structures and interactions shape individual behavior and personality.

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UTS Reviewer Midterm PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of philosophy, including the nature of self and the significance of self-knowledge. This quiz delves into the key ideas presented by philosophers, with a focus on Socrates and the concept of self-identity. Understand how philosophy influences critical thinking and awareness in everyday life.

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