Understanding The Self PDF

3 | Understanding the Self 1 UNIT 3: UNPACKING THE SELF 3.0 Intended Learning Outcomes a. Understand the self in relation with the material world, religious beliefs, political views, and in the digital world; b. Demon...

3 | Understanding the Self 1 UNIT 3: UNPACKING THE SELF 3.0 Intended Learning Outcomes a. Understand the self in relation with the material world, religious beliefs, political views, and in the digital world; b. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in integrating the various aspects of the self; c. Assess one’s self based on the description of the material, spiritual, political, and digital self; d. Discuss the proper way of demonstrating values and attitudes online. 3.1 Introduction UNPACKING THE SELF is a gradual unfolding, a growth process, in which the aspects that surround the self and identity develop in an integrated and healthy way. The self continues to unfold throughout life but it develops and unfolds essentially during adolescence when young people struggle to come to terms with their identity. To understand the self requires one to understand the different aspects that make up the self and identity. This course explores the various aspects that make up the self-such as the physical, sexual, material, spiritual, and digital. All these aspects are equally important in self-understanding. The physical self requires the study of the physical development that happens in each stage of life including the genetic and environmental factors that influence the development of the physical self. Human sexuality and the desire for intimacy are also important aspects of the self. The lesson on sexual self- outlines the maturation process of the productive system, the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics, the phases of sexual response, and the method of contraception. It should be clear that the sexual aspect of then self should not be taken just as a biological process, but as a preparations for entering into and sustaining an intimate, happy, and long-time relationship in the future. Another goal of this course is to teach the students to become wise consumers by enhancing their ability to purchase quality goods and services and efficiently use available resources for good health well-being. Thus, the third topic discusses the role of material possessions in developing a sense of self and identity which will be discuss in the next learning packet. The fourth topic presents the spiritual aspects of self and the role  3 | Understanding the Self 2 of individual spirituality in understanding of self. Finally, the fifth topic discusses the digital self and the influences of social media and online interactions on the self. As consumers of information, adolescents need to adopt a critical attitude to examine the truthfulness of information available on the internet, television, newspapers, magazines, and radio. Concept Map Spiritual Sexual Material/ Economical Political Digital Aspects Of The Self Unpacking the self is a gradual unfolding, a growth process, in which the aspects the surround the self and identity develop in an integrated and healthy way. The self includes the following 5 aspects: physical, material, spiritual and digital. All of these aspects are equally important in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the self  3 | Understanding the Self 3 3.2 Topics/Discussion (with Assessment/Activities) 3.2.1 THE MATERIAL SELF A person’s tangible possessions like his or her car, house, clothes, even family and friends make up his or her material self. Regardless of how much or how little a person’s owns materially, he or she will always strive to acquire more because material possessions are usually a reflection of a person’s success or failure. This topic begins with a description of the material self and the components of the material self. The motives for acquiring material possessions are explained, as well as the key roles that media can play in a person’s desire to acquire material possession. Material Self To William James, the self is everything that an individual considers to be his or hers, not only his or her body and material possessions but also his or her reputation and beliefs. The self, therefore, is composed of the material self which is the manifestation of one’s identity through his material possessions. The basic component of the material self includes the body. One of the tasks of adolescents is to accept and Fig. 1: Love for material things. http://mylifeyoga.com/2014/04/12/five-things- appreciate the physical characteristics to-know-about-aparigraha/ of their body. However, few adolescents are able to do this successfully. Adolescents tend to worry about their bodies and physical appearance. o Girls are more concerned about the appearance of their body than boys. Perceptions about what makes a body beautiful are usually  3 | Understanding the Self 4 influenced by the media as shown in television and the internet. Another component of material self is the clothes that people wear. Clothes represent the self. The style and the brand of the clothes become significant symbols, particularly among adolescents. The clothes they tend to wear are greatly influenced by their peer groups because adolescents are anxious to conform to what their peer groups find fashionable and attractive. Apart from clothes, the material component of the self can include one’s house, car, pets, and other things that he or she considers includes people an individual has relationships with such as one’s immediate and extended family members as well as close friends with whom one feels psychologically connected. These people are likely to shape and influence the development of one’s self and identity. o Pets could also symbolically define a person’s identity. A person’s pet could be an expression of one’s social status, pride, and prestige, as in owning a dog or cat of a very Fig. 2: Queen Elizabeth and her pets expensive breed. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/3425 55115407107251/ The role of material possessions on the sense of self and identity The more expensive they are, the more people are impressed. Material possession act as an objective manifestation of the self. Material possessions can be a reflection of hard work and success. Normally people tend to measure success through the amount of their material possessions. Owning a material possession becomes a driving force in urging an individual to seek high level of achievement in order to be able to acquire more possessions. Defining the self by material possessions can also contribute to a feeling of well-being, including a sense of personal growth and purpose or meaning in life.  3 | Understanding the Self 5 Lack or loss of material possessions can be disruptive to one’s mental health, like people losing their houses and other possessions because of disasters and calamities. Greater the material possessions, the more likely one will be accepted and regarded well by other people. The important point is that these components of the material self-become a significant reference of one’s sense of self and identity. Materialism refers to giving more importance to material possessions than intangible values. A materialistic person is one who is excessively concerned with acquisition of material possessions. The strong desire for material could lead to psychological dysfunction or impairment in functioning such as a compulsive buying disorder (CBD) which is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behaviours that can cause adverse consequences. (e.g., debts) Retail therapy is shopping with the primary purpose of improving the buyer's mood or disposition. Often seen in people during periods of depression or stress, it is normally a short-lived habit. Items purchased during periods of retail therapy are sometimes referred to as "comfort buys" (compare comfort food). Consumer Culture Consumer culture is a social system in which consumption is dominated by the consumption of commercial products. Consumer culture denotes a social arrangement in which the relations between lived culture and social resources, and between lived culture and social resources, and between meaningful ways of life and the symbolic and material resources on which they depend on, are mediated through markets. The consumption of market-made commodities and desire-inducing marketing symbols is central to consumer culture. A consumerist society is one in which people spend a great deal of time, money, and energy to “consume” commercial  3 | Understanding the Self 6 products, goods and services. Consumerism is the consumption of material goods and services in excess of one’s basic needs. Consumerism is closely tied to materialism. Both heavily influence the way individuals view the self. It can be viewed positively and negatively. For instance, people tend to be happier and more motivated when their wants and needs are met. On the other hand, it encourages people to buy products and services that they do not really need or afford. The state of needs and wants tends to be endless, and thus could cause negative effects such as dissatisfaction, unhappiness, and depression. Assessment: Reflection Paper: You will write a reflection with the theme “Me and My favourite Things”. Your paper should manifest your identity in connection with the things you value most. The thing should be tangible or a material thing. Introduction should showcase these things, describe them, and how you get it. The body of your work should present its value to you and why it is valuable to you. Lastly, the last part of your work should give the moral implication of this things to you as a person. Criteria 3 2 1 Depth of Demonstrate a conscious Demonstrate a basic Demonstrate limited to reflection and thorough understanding of the no understanding of the understanding of the subject matter. subject matter. Did not subject matter. Somewhat define what define what beauty is. Adequately define what beauty is. beauty is. Use essential Use the lesson above and Use the lesson in a Did not use the any of information expounding it to clearly limited way and the lesson as provided in state the idea. somewhat use it to the instruction. about the topic. clearly state the idea.. Language use Use stylistically Use basic but Use language that is language that is precise appropriate language. unsuitable with the topic. and engaging.  3 | Understanding the Self 7 3.2.2. SPIRITUAL SELF Spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of the self. It connects to the satisfaction of having an ability to argue and discriminate, of one’s m or al sensibility and conscience. The ability to use oral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the expressions of religion, its beliefs and practices. Cultural rituals are also manifestations of what people believe in. Seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the spiritual self is on. Religion – a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually include: a belief in anthromorphic supernatural being; such as spirit/gods a focus on sacred supernatural, with a feeling of reverence and awe presence of supernatural energy that is found on supernatural as well as physical beings and objects performance of ritual activities articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives/’stories provide creation of social bonds and social control within a community Ritual – the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or sacred law. A specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by societies. It is possible to view it as a way of defining/describing humans. Three fundamental characteristics of rituals: (Penner 2017) ✓ A feeling of respect, awe, admiration, in relation to the sacred ✓ Dependence upon a belief system expressed through myth ✓ Symbolic in relation to its reference Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices Buddhism - believes that life is not a bed of roses. There are suffering, pain, frustrations. When people suffer, they want to experience the goodness of life and avoid disappointments. This can be resolved by practice of meditation, acquiring wisdom, and deeper understanding and acceptance of things as they are. Buddhists also believe in the non-violence principle. And the acquiring of wisdom through the reflection of Dharma. Customs and Practices – two types of meditation practices: samatha: mindfulness of breathing and development of loving kindness vipassana: aims at developing insight into reality.  3 | Understanding the Self 8 Christianity - believes in the holy trinity: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit. Eternal life after death will be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ, God the Son, who came into flesh to spread the Good News. He died on the Cross for Fig. 3: Christianity the sins of humanity. https://time.com/5929478/christianity-white- supremacy/ Customs and Practices: Sacrament of Baptism and Communion are practiced by Christian churches. Baptism symbolizes birth in Christian World, while Communion is an act of remembrance of Christ’s love. Christmas and Resurrection are two major celebrations in Christianity. Hinduism - believes that existence is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma. It is a concept where the reincarnated life will depend on how the past life was spent. Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus. It is large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Customs and Practices: Diwali and Navrati are the most celebrated festivals of the Hindus. Diwali is the Festival of nine nights, which celebrate the triumph of good over evil. Hindus have set dates to honor particular manifestations of God. Islam - means “willing submission to God”. They believe in Allah, who is their “One God.” Muslim believe that Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God. The Holy Book of Islam is called Quran. Customs and Practices: Muslim believes in the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of Muslim life: Shahadah- statement of faith: “There is no God but the one true God and Mohammed is his messenger.” Salat- the prayer that is practiced five times a day. Zakat- 2.5% of a Muslim’s assets; monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. Hajj- yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Sawm- the fasting during the celebration of Ramadan on the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar.  3 | Understanding the Self 9 Eidul-Fitr (celebration at the end of Ramadan) and Eidul-Adha (celebrated upon completion of pilgrimage) are the two major festivals in Islam. Finding and Creating Meaning of Life According Viktor Emil Frankl, an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, a Holocaust survivor, “meaning is something to discover rather than to invent.” It has the same concept with inner happiness, life satisfaction, self- actualization, deep spirituality. He believes that in life, there is an existential vacuum which means that life is empty, meaningless, purposeless, aimless, adrift, and so on. Because of this existential vacuum, we fill our Fig. 4: Viktor Emil Frankl lives with pleasure, eating beyond all https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https %3A%2F%2 necessity, or even having promiscuous sex. Frankl says that we fill our lives with “busy- ness,” conformity, conventionality, anger, hatred, and even attempts to destroy what we think is hurting us. Logotherapy - “man’s primary motivational force is search for meaning.” It aids individuals to find personal meaning of life, whatever life situation they may be. Logotherapy holds that human beings are driven to find purpose and meaning in life. It offers three distinct ways whereby one can discover meaning in life (Devoe, 2012): o Creative value: By creating a work or accomplishing a task. o Experiential value: Receiving something from the world through appreciation and gratitude. By fully experiencing something or loving someone. o Attitudinal value: By the adopting a certain attitude toward inevitable suffering. It includes practicing virtues such as compassion, a good sense of humor, and the like. Frankl’s Sources of Meaning 1. Love - Love is the strongest bond between people and will lead to wonderful inspiration and great sacrifice. Many of the great works  3 | Understanding the Self 10 of art were inspired by love, including more general love such as of nature or God. 2. Work - Without work, people easily fall into an aimless existence. Work provides both short- and longer-term objectives and completion of these can result in a deep satisfaction and sense of value. 3. Suffering - Suffering as a source of meaning is both curious and also understandable when it is seen in the light of pain that leads to enlightenment. There is more than one religion in the world that is founded on the suffering of its prophet. A key effect is that with a loss of outer freedom, we often turn inwards and find meaning in places where external cruelty cannot reach. In the manner of the Stoics, we may also reframe suffering as our 'task', of 'bearing the cross' and gaining a sense of achievement simply by surviving. Assessment: Narrative Essay: Interview an elderly in your locale about how they view life in the context of spirituality. Ask him/her following questions: 1. How does he/she view God in his life? 2. In what way did God intervened with his/her life? 3. How would he/she describe his/her relationship with God? 4. What are the rituals/habit he/she usually make to honor God? 5. What message can he/she gave to the new generation regarding the relationship with God? Note: In as much as possible, only interview elders which are close to you. Practice health protocol in doing so and write his/her answers. After the interview, make a narrative essay of his/her answers. Include in your work the things you realized while listening to the sharing of your resource person. Criteria 3 2 1 Depth of Demonstrate a Demonstrate a basic Demonstrate limited to reflection conscious and thorough understanding of the no understanding of the understanding of the subject matter. subject matter. Did not subject matter. Somewhat define what define what beauty is. Adequately define what beauty is. beauty is.  3 | Understanding the Self 11 Use essential Use the lesson above Use the lesson in a Did not use the any of information and expounding it to limited way and the lesson as provided in clearly state the idea. somewhat use it to the instruction. about the topic. clearly state the idea.. Language use Use stylistically Use basic but Use language that is language that is precise appropriate language. unsuitable with the and engaging. topic. 3.3.4. POLITICAL SELF Are you a Filipino? What makes you a genuine Filipino? Do physical characteristics such as having a black hair, flat nose and dark complexion make one a Filipino? Or is it a person’s language, birthplace, and ethnicity? If you were to introduce yourself as a Filipino to a person of another nationality and you will be asked, “Who are Filipinos?”, what will you reply? Technically, according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino citizens are: “those whose father and mother are citizens of the Philippines, those who are born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizen upon reaching the age of majority, and those who are who are naturalized in accordance with the law.” However, citizenship is not only the marker of being a Filipino. Culture and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live, and behave to date. Filipino Values and Traits The Filipino Hospitality - Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers and sisters; they always make their guests feel at home, offering them something to eat, or even a place to stay. Respect for Elders - Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying "mano po" and costantly using"po" and "opo" in conversations. Forgetting to address older people properly will regard them as rude and impolite.  3 | Understanding the Self 12 Colonial Mentality is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products more than their own. This does not only concern goods, but also the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty trends. Close Family Ties - Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children are old enough and already have families of their own. They are also fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays, or fiestas year- Fig. 5: Editorial: Colonial Mentality round. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/01/16/editorial-cartoons/colonial- mentality-influencing-choice-of-vaccine/828232 Cheerful Personality - Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. They smile when they are happy, or sometimes even when they are sad or angry. Smiling has been a coping strategy for many Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities. Self-sacrifice - attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino hospitality. Filipinos go out of their way to extend help to their loved ones and would even go to the extend help to their friends, and would even go to the extent of working abroad hundreds of miles away to earn more money and save up for them. Bayanihan - is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. It is also about giving without expecting something in return. Filipinos are always ready Fig. 6: Bayanihan to share and help their friends https://drybrush.com/artworks/james-m-sanorjo-jr/bayanihan and love ones who are in need. "Bahala na" Attitude - is the Filipino version of the famous line "Hakuna Matata", meaning no worries. The phrase is said to have originated from  3 | Understanding the Self 13 "Bahala na", where Bathala means God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's hands. “Maňana Habit” - This is a Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase called "Mamaya na" meaning dawdling things, which could have been done at an earlier time. It is a poor habit of laziness that results in heavier workloads. “Ningas Kugon” - "Ningas" is a Filipino term for flame and "Kugon" is a Filipino term for Cogon grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames. Ningas Kugon refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a cogon grass burns out moments after being ignited. Pride - Most Filipinos hold on their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good relationship with family and love ones. When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard to apologize and wait until the other party asks for an apology first. Crab Mentality - This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for that person. Just like crabs in a container, they pull each other down and ruin each other's reputation rather than bringing them up, resulting to no progress. Filipino Time - Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or parties especially if they are meeting someone close to them. They tend to not observe punctuality altogether, the 7:00 PM call time becomes adjusted to 7:30 PM, and almost everyone arrives at the same time because everyone is using Filipino time. How To Be A Good Filipino The problem now is how to truly become one and how you can be useful to the development and progress of our country. The following are few ways on how to be a good Filipino: Be an active Filipino Citizen. A good Filipino citizen is aware of the current events and participates in government programs that aim for the country's progression and development. Study the Philippine History. The road of the Philippine history is long and bloody, and by learning and fully understanding the events of the Philippine history, you will learn so much as to why it is so important for you to love your country with your life.  3 | Understanding the Self 14 Support local products. When you buy local products, you do not only support local manufacturers and businessmen, but also help strengthen the local economy Speak the Filipino language. The history of the Filipino language was as long and hard as the Philippine history. Jose Rizal highlighted the importance of speaking a national language as a way of displaying the love of one's country. Speaking Filipino also serves as a unique identifier of being a Filipino. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent. This period in the history of the Philippines has seen how the Internet has spawned ton of possibilities for people, both good and bad. Fig. 6: Philippine Flag For instance, it is easier for Filipinos https://www.divinalaw.com/dose-of- law/naturalization-pathway-filipino- working abroad to communicate with their citizenship/ love ones left in the Philippines through the internet. Assessment: Reflection Paper: You will write a reflection on how being a Filipino affects your “self”. How can becoming a better Filipino influence your duty to becoming a better version of yourself? Criteria 3 2 1 Depth of Demonstrate a conscious Demonstrate a basic Demonstrate limited to reflection and thorough understanding of the no understanding of the understanding of the subject matter. subject matter. Did not subject matter. Somewhat define what define what beauty is. Adequately define what beauty is. beauty is. Use essential Use the lesson above and Use the lesson in a Did not use the any of information expounding it to clearly limited way and the lesson as provided in state the idea. somewhat use it to the instruction. about the topic. clearly state the idea.. Language use Use stylistically Use basic but Use language that is language that is precise appropriate language. unsuitable with the topic. and engaging.  3 | Understanding the Self 15 3.3.5. DIGITAL SELF This topic explains the concept of digital self and the importance of digital technology in human activities. It also presents the implications of and the ethical issues involved in sharing personal information especially in social networks. Digital self Among the Filipino youth, the use of digital technology has now become part of the self – the digital self. The digital self is the aspect of the self that is expressed or shared with others through online interactions on the internet, specifically in social networking sites. Sharing of information in social networking sites may be related to the strong desire of adolescents for social approval and acceptance. Similar can be said about adults. Self-presentation and impression management The self is heavily influenced by feedback from others. The impact of others whom people interact with depends upon the nature of one’s relationship with them. Interaction with significant others may be very influential to how one presents himself or herself in a virtual space. The views of others through online interactions (social networking) are so important that they become part of the self. Person information that individuals disclose through online interaction which others judge favourably through “liking” and reacting” contribute to positive self- concepts. Nevertheless, people try to present themselves in such a way to impress – that is, to create positive impressions in the eyes of other people. Self-presentation refers to an individual’s attempts, both conscious and unconscious, to control how he or she projects himself or herself in social interactions. Some forms self-presentation may be authentic, but some may be tactical or selective. Self-presentation is inherent in all situations. The widespread use of online interactions has increased the  3 | Understanding the Self 16 opportunities to engage in self-presentation and impression management. Most people strive to create images that are positive. Thus, individuals use several methods to create positive impressions of them. Some individual try to alter their appearances through what they post on social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, and twitter by using photo editing tools. The desire to impress other people on social media may lead to showing off one’s work, achievements, and material possessions in a virtual place. The desire to create positive impressions and to be “liked” by others may lead to consequences that can be risky to one’s security and mental health, such as identity theft, cyber bullying, gossiping as well as anxiety and depression. Thus, individuals should be very careful with what they post or share on social networking sites. People should still be mindful of their privacy using social networking sites. Expression of Gender and Sexuality Online The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines sexuality as the quality or state of being sexual while gender is the psychological identification of a person as a masculine or feminine. Both could affect not only how people think about themselves but also their relationships with others and how others think of them as well. Individuals tend to be categorized based on their gender identities and sexuality in different types of situations that are visible in different forms of media, especially social media. The portrayal of male and female behaviors in media could affect the construction of appropriate sexual behaviors of people, especially adolescents. The internet and social networking sites provide channels for dissemination of information, including information about gender identity and sexuality. For these reason, better and accurate information is now becoming available.  3 | Understanding the Self 17 The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP), for example, provides scientific knowledge on the application of psychological theories, concepts, and principles on gender identity and sexual orientation to benefit society and improve the lives of the members of the LGBTQ+(lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, +) community. o In the PAP website, online resources and publications on LGBTQ+ issues, resources, and information addresses bias and discrimination issues. o With the increasing urgency to uphold human rights and to protect the dignity and equality of all persons of various sexual orientation, a measure prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity or expression is developed. o In particular, the Anti-Discrimination Act aims to protect the rights and welfare of the LGBTQ+ people in the Philippines. o The act recognizes the important role of telecommunications and social media in protecting, particularly, the LGBTQ+ people from discrimination. The importance of Digital Technology At present, the use of technology is essential for individual survival and for communication with other people. Just as the use of technology is becoming important for individuals, it is also developing to be important for the development of the society. The Business Dictionary defines technology as the application of information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities. There have been so many technological advancements over the past year. Technology has changed the social dimension of relationships and dictated new ways for people to relate with one another. Technology has changed the social features of people’s lives. It has altered the way people view the social dimension of relationships and dictated new ways for people to relate with one another. Advancements in computer and software technologies have  3 | Understanding the Self 18 reached an impressive level. Technologies improve not only very common areas of people’s daily life, but also areas of education, health and production industries. Forms of technology such as digital technology include all types of electronic equipment and applications that use information in the form of numeric codes. Digital technology includes the use of devices that process and use digital information such as computers and mobile phones. Digital technology has enabled volumes of information to be compressed in compact storage devices, so as to be easily contained and delivered, minimizing the time it takes for data to be transmitted. Digital technology has immensely changed the pattern of working as well as the learning of new concepts, including communication. Innovations in mobile phones, for example, resulted in the widespread use of the internet and social networking. Impact of Online Interactions on the Self The Philippines has the fastest growing internet population in Southeast Asia. This can be rooted to majority of the Filipinos, particularly the youth, use the internet primarily for social networking which is mostly used for communication, information, and entertainment. Mobile phones are ever more becoming a very valuable part of the daily life of today’s youth. They allow the users to keep in touch, connect with people, and be updated on the activities and whereabouts of others. The use of digital technology and online interactions limit face-to-face interaction with others and has drawn people away from meaningful and intimate communication with families and friends. The growing use of the internet and social networking sites changes the social behaviors of individuals, families and societies as a whole.  3 | Understanding the Self 19 The positive and negative outcomes of internet Positive Internet can improve one’s relationships through easier ways of communicating Social networking can be an important facility for debates on current issues in the country such as political issues. It can also be a facility to express the opinions, needs, and concerns of people. Negative Through social networking that identity theft, false information, and fake news are able to circulate. Privacy and confidentiality is a major concern, especially for adolescents who may not be entirely aware of the consequences of sharing private information online, for anyone to see. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to cyber bullying, gossips, and stalking. Assessment Answer the following question comprehensively: 1. What is the impact of technology in your life? 2. Explain why privacy and confidentiality matter in one’s life? 3. What can you do to help prevent and effectively manage the spread of identity theft, false information, and fake news in the country? 3.3 References Alata, E.J., Caslib Jr, B., Serefica, J.P., Pawilen, R. A.2018. Understanding the Self. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. Villafuerte, S., Quillope, A., Tunac, R., Borja, Estela. 2018.Understanding the Self. Quezon City, Philippines: Nieme Publishing House Co. LTD. Prera, A (2020, June 26). An overview of viktor frankl's logotherapy. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/logotherapy.htmlhttp://changingmind s.org/explanations/meaning/frankl.htm  3 | Understanding the Self 20 3.4 Acknowledgment The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were taken from the references cited above. DISCLAIMER: This module is not for commercial, and this is only for educational purposes. Some technical terminologies and phrases were not changed, but the author of this module ensures that all the in-text citations are in the reference section. Even the photos or figures are with in-text citations to abide by the intellectual property. 3 | Understanding the Self 21