UTS Midterms PDF

Psychology - Derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’ which “I know it was me who ate the cookie” means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘the study of’ scientific - The “Me is the empirical self the one who does the acting, study of human behavior and mental processes. whe...

Psychology - Derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’ which “I know it was me who ate the cookie” means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘the study of’ scientific - The “Me is the empirical self the one who does the acting, study of human behavior and mental processes. whereas the “I” is the self that is capable of thinking and - Psychology is study of mind and behavior. It encompasses reflecting. the biological influences, social pressures and environmental Self-Concept factors that affect how people think, act and feel. - Conceptualized by Carl Rogers, an American Goals of Psychology Psychologists who proposed the personality theory - Describe, Explain, Predict, Control “Person-Centered Theory” Biopsychosocial Approach - An integrated approach that - How a person thinks about or perceives himself/herself incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural Real Self-Concept levels of analysis. - refers to all information and perception the person has Carl Gustav Jung (1875 – 1955) about himself Psychiatrist and Psychoanalyst Ideal Self-Concept Analytical Psychology – a theory which assumes that occult - model version the person has of himself/herself one’s view phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone of self as one wishes to be Collective Unconscious - it refers to the idea that a segment Self-Discrepancy Theory of the deepest unconscious mind is genetically inherited and - Developed by Edward Tory Higgins in 1987 is not shaped by personal experience. - Individuals compare their “actual” self to internalized Archetypes - ancient or archaic images that derive from the standards or the “ideal/ought self” or self-guides collective unconscious Actual Self - Your representation of the attributes that you Persona- Represents the side of personality that people believe you actually possess, or that you believe others show to the rest of the world. believe you possess Shadow - The archetype of darkness and repression, Ideal Self - Your representation of the attributes that represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge someone (yourself or another) would like you, ideally, to but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. possess Anima - The feminine side of men and is responsible for Ought Self - Your representation of the attributes that many of their irrational moods and feelings. someone (yourself or another) believes you should or ought Animus - The masculine side of women, is responsible for to possess irrational thinking and illogical opinions in women. True and False Selves The Great Mother - The archetype of fertility and destruction - Came from an English Pediatrician and Psychoanalyst, The Wise Old Man - Archetype of wisdom and meaning, Donald Woods Winnicott symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries - D.W. Winnicott suggests that play is significant in the of life. development of the child Hero - The unconscious image of a person who conquers an True Self - a sense of being alive and real in one's mind and evil foe but who also has a tragic flaw. body, having feelings that are spontaneous and unforced Self - is the archetype of completeness, wholeness, and False Self - a defense, a kind of mask of behavior that perfection. complies with others' expectations William James (1842 – 1910) * Winnicott suggests that the self is composed of true self - American Philosopher and Psychologist and false self. According to him, the function of the false self - First educator to offer Psychology in the United States is to hide and protect the true self. (Father of American Psychology) * True Self Versus False Self Theory of the Self – an individual’s mental picture of the self The Self as Proactive and Agentic is divided into two categories: the “Me” and the “I” - Albert Bandura, a Canadian-American psychologist, is Concept of Self well-known for his “Social Cognitive Theory” (holds that - He theorized the components of the self, which he divided portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be into two categories: “Me” and “I” directly related to observing others within the context of - The “Me” is a separate individual, a person refers to when social interactions, experiences, and outside media talking about their personal experience. influences). - The “I” is the part of the self that knows who they are and - Bandura believes that observation allows people to learn what they have accomplished in life. without performing any behavior (observational learning). ME Self Modeling – the core of observational learning; it involves - Considered as a separate object or individual that the adding and subtracting from the observed behavior and person refers to when discussing or describing their personal generalizing from one observation to another. experiences. Self-Efficacy - Refers to people’s belief that they are capable - Also called empirical ME of performing those behaviors that can produce desired - Material Self, Social Self, Spiritual Self outcomes in a particular situation. I Self Self-Regulation - Ability to monitor and manage your energy - It is the self that knows and recognizes who they are and states, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in ways that are what they have done. acceptable and produce positive results such as well-being, - Also called the Pure Ego loving relationships, and learning. - Similar to the person’s soul or mind. - Self-regulation can occur when a person attempts to Eastern Thoughts - Its emphasis is relational rather than minimize the discrepancies between what a person already individual accomplished and what the person still wants to achieve. - The self is considered not in isolation but in relation to According to Albert Bandura, self-regulation is a continuously others, society, and the universe active process in which we: - Eastern theories are highly practical. They offer a variety of - Monitor our own behavior, the influences on our behavior, techniques for cultivating a deeper understanding of the self and the consequences of our behavior; - They do not utilize the scientific techniques of investigation - Judge our behavior in relation to our own personal Different Eastern Thoughts standards and broader, more contextual standards; 1. Buddhism - comes from the root word “budh” meaning - React to our own behavior (i.e., what we think and how we awake feel about our behavior). Siddhartha Gautama - known as “Buddha” is the founder of Multiple and Unified Selves Buddhism Multiple Selves Theory - This suggests that there exists in The 5 parts that compose the individual: the individual different aspects of the self. Matter, Sensation, Perception, Mental Constructs, Unified Self - Integration of the different and conflicting Consciousness aspects of the self. - There is no self (or soul) Other Selves in Psychology - There is only nothing and all else is an illusion Global Self - It represents the overall value that a person - They also believe that nothing is permanent, but change places upon himself Anicca - Literally means impermanence - The product of all experiences that a person had in the - Means that everything in life is always changing, that society which accounts for the kind of person he presently is nothing last forever Self-Differentiation - Coined by an American Psychiatrist, - The ideal is to experience Nirvana, a state of Murray Bowen transcendence devoid of self-reference - The process of freeing yourself from your family's - This statue of transcendence can be achieved through processes to define yourself meditation Why is it important to know yourself? 2. Hinduism - religion of ancient people known as the Aryans - Happiness, Less inner conflict, Better decision-making, Law of “Karma” - is the most important doctrine of Hinduism Self-control, Resistance to social pressure, Tolerance and - Hindus believe that Atman being an immortal continues to understanding of others, Vitality and pleasure be reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it freed from the cycle of rebirth and reach a state of nirvana or non-birth. Self in Western and Eastern Thought - Karma does not end with a body’s death; its influence may - In the United States, off-springs who reach the age of extend through incarnation of the soul. eighteen (18) years are expected to ‘move out’ of the house, 3. Confucianism - often characterized as a system of social support himself and make his own decisions. Though, family and ethical philosophy rather than a religion is important, individual freedom and the ability to stand on Confucius (551-679 BC) - Chinese Philosopher and his own is expected. Politician - Philippines, on the other hand, is well-known in having a The Golden Rule - Do not do others what you would not close long-term commitment to the member ‘group’, be that a want others to do to you family, extended family, or extended relationships. The - Another important feature in Confucian thought is the society foster strong relationships where everyone takes individual’s greatest mission of attaining self-realization responsibility for fellow members of their group. wherein self-cultivation is instrumental Individualism - A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that Self-cultivation - could be accomplished by knowing one’s emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her = role in the society and act accordingly rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals - Based on Confucian thought, moral character is perfected Collectivism - A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation through continuously taking every opportunity to improve that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community oneself in thought and action rather than each individual person The Self in Confucian Thought Ecological Self - a broad, expansive sense of self, related Li - Rendered as “ritual; “proper conduct”, or “propriety” not only to other humans but also to our home—the living Xiao - or filial piety, is a virtue of respect for one’s parents, earth—and the nonhuman others that co-inhabit it. elders, and ancestors. Western Thoughts - It conducts scientific investigations to Yi - it means "justice, righteousness” meaning it involves a understand the self and developed theories and difference moral disposition to do good, and also the intuition and among them sensibility to do so competently - It emphasizes the importance of scientific methods of 4. Taoism - An ancient tradition of philosophy and religious investigation to provide satisfactory answers to belief attributed to Lao Tzu understanding the self - Taoism believes that the self is an extension of the cosmos, - The Western culture is what we would call an individualistic not of social relationships culture since their focus is on the person - They describe the self as one of the limitless forms of the - Most of the philosophers we have discussed in our Tao previous lessons fall under western thoughts - The tao is commonly regarded as a nature that is the foundation of all that exists - The perfect man has no self and the selfless person leads The Protestant Reformation to a balanced life, in harmony with nature - Martin Luther and others started a movement - There should be unity and harmony among opposing - Sexuality is a natural part of life and that priests should be elements: the Yin and Yang allowed to marry and have families - Sexual intimacy is to strengthen the bond between SELF-UNDERSTANDING - Individual’s cognitive husband and wife and not just for procreation representation of the self. 17th and 18th Century GROWING UP - PHYSICAL SELF IS THE CONCRETE, - Puritans (discontented with the Church of England) rallied TANGIBLE DIMENSIONS OF THE BODY. for religious, moral, and social reformation - ADOLESCENCE 10 TO 19 Y.O. (WHO) - Premarital sex was considered immoral - YOUTH IN NATION BUILDING ACT DEFINED YOUTH AS Victorian Era (1800s to 1901) AGES 15-30 Y.O. - Homosexuality and prostitution were rampant PUBERTY - Sex was a marital duty (pure) - Puberty is not the same as adolescence because puberty - Ejaculating more than once a month can weaken a man, ends prior to the end of the adolescent period. masturbation leads to blindness, insanity, and death - The most essential marker of the beginning of adolescence - 20th century, separation between the church and state BODY IMAGE reduced the influence of the church over sexual matters and - The way one sees himself/herself morals - Girls are less happy with their bodies than boys during - Pregnancy was controlled by natural and artificial puberty contraception - A healthy body image is made up of positive thoughts, - Increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases feelings, and acceptance of one’s body and overall physical because of risky sexual activities. appearance. - Rise of feminism (employment, home life) - Resorting to whitening products, slimming products, - Overtime, it led to today’s view of what is considered cosmetic surgery sexually normal. IMAGINARY AUDIENCE 2. BIOLOGICAL - young adolescents believe that many people are actively - It is the brain that initializes and organizes sexual behavior. listening to or watching him/her. - Sexual reproduction - This is called SPOTLIGHT EFFECT in Social Psychology. - Starts with the body being prepared (secondary sex Sexuality - It is a central aspect of being human throughout characteristics) life which encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. It is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles, and relationships. The Sexual Self - Human sexuality is influenced by physical, psychological, spiritual, and cultural factors - Understanding the human sexual response - Identifying sexual orientations and differentiating love from lust - Avoiding risky sexual behavior - This is an important topic that should be discussed objectively Perspectives of Human Sexuality Sexual Selfhood – how one thinks about himself or herself as a sexual individual. - Reproductive organs are being prepared for functional * sexuality just like beauty is culturally diverse maturity Various ways of understanding sexuality: - During intercourse, fertilization may take place 1. HISTORICAL * Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes (threadlike Ancient Greece - Penis is the symbol of fertility and the male structures composed of genes) body was greatly admired - 22 pairs are called autosomes - Wives were objects to be possessed - 23rd pair (sex chromosomes) determines the sex - Women have no legal and political rights, not even allowed female – x male -x or y to read and write. 23rd pair or chromosome: xx-female xy-male - Only function is to bear children “gyne” –bearer of children 3. SOCIOBIOLOGICAL/EVOLUTIONARY The Middle Ages - Influenced by the church especially Natural selection – process by which organisms that are best “sexuality” suited for their environment are most likely to survive. - Church decree: all sexual acts which do not lead to - Traits that lead to reproductive advantage tend to be procreation is evil passed on and maladaptive traits are lost. - Women were labeled as “temptress” or “of virtue” * It all begins with physical attraction - Beauty is more than just a cultural standard. - It is an evolutionary standard used to attract best male or Hormones are natural substance that is produced in the best female body that influences the way the body grows or develops. Women with big breasts – produce more milk and ensures Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone are some offspring’s survival. examples of hormones. Men with broad shoulders and muscles – ensure safety and During puberty, testosterone and other androgens stimulate security for offspring the development of primary and secondary sex - Survival is the goal of evolutionary perspective but what’s characteristics and also increase sex drive. The level of important is the love, care and responsibility each gender testosterone production is fairly constant. has for each other. In women, the ovaries produce K estrogen and - Aside from physical survival, the kind of life the offspring progesterone. Estrogen promotes female reproductive will pass on to the next generation is also important capacity and secondary sex characteristics. 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL The production of female sex hormones follows a cyclical - Sexuality involves emotions pattern, on an approximately 28-day monthly cycle. The Freud’s sex instinct greatest production occurs during ovulation period, when an - (pleasure principle of the ID, EGO, SUPEREGO egg is released from the ovaries. The two ovaries produce, Erogenous zones – areas of pleasure in the body store and release egg cells during ovulation. 5 psychosexual stages of development: Ovulation period can occur 14 days after the beginning of 1. Oral – eating, sucking the menstrual period 2. Anal – urinating, defecating Reproductive system is the system of sex organs designed 3. Phallic – sexual attraction towards opposite sex parent for reproduction or sexual function. Female reproductive 4. Latency – sexual impulses become dormant, preoccupied system includes two ovaries, the fallopian tubes, uterus, with social activities vagina, and clitoris 5. Genital – sexual attraction to others Male reproductive system includes penis, testes, scrotum, 4. RELIGIOUS prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and Judaism – marital sex is blessed by God and is pleasurable epididymis for both man and woman Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone - Sexual connection is an opportunity for spirituality production in the embryo results in strange abnormalities. Islam – family is important For instance, a genetic male develops the female - Celibacy within marriage is prohibited accessory structures and external genetalia if the embryonic - Muslim men are allowed to have up to 4 wives while testes fail to produce testosterone. women must have only 1 husband If a genetic female is exposed to testosterone, the embryo - Extramarital sex is penalized has ovaries but may develop male accessory ducts, glands Taoism (China) – sex is natural and healthy as well as a male reproductive organ and an empty scrotum. - Sexual union is a way to balance male and female energy Pseudo hermaphrodites are formed whose individuals Hinduism – sexuality is seen as a spiritual force having accessory reproductive structures that do not "match" Ritual of lovemaking is celebrating and transcending the their gonads. physical Hermaphrodites are individuals who possess both ovarian Roman Catholic – marriage is purely for intercourse and and testicular tissues, but this condition is rare. procreation Puberty - Homosexual orientation is not sinful but homosexual acts it is the period of life, generally between. the ages of 10-15 are immoral and sinful. years old, when the reproductive organs grow to their adult - Opposes use of birth control and abortion is prohibited size become functional under the influence of rising levels of Physical Development - The beginning of adolescence is gonadal hormones marked by rapid physical changes including the maturation after this time, reproductive capability continues until old of the reproductive system and the development of different age in males and menopause in females sexual characteristics. in males, as they reach the age 13, puberty is Primary Sex Characteristics - These are physical characterized by the increase in the size of the reproductive characteristics that are present at birth organs followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, In women, these characteristics include the vagina, uterus, & axillary and the face ovaries. the reproductive organs continue to grow for two years - In men, the primary sex characteristics include the penis, until sexual maturation marked the presence of mature testes or testicles, scrotum, & prostate gland. semen in the testes Secondary Sex Characteristics in females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at - the Secondary Sexual Characteristics develop during the the age of 11 signals their puberty stage onset of puberty Menarche - is the first menstrual period of the females - for women, the earliest evidences of puberty are the which happens two years after the start of puberty enlargement of the breasts, menstrual cycle, widening of HETEROSEXUAL - romantically and physically attracted to hips, enlargement of buttocks, and growth of pubic hair members of the opposite sex: Heterosexuals are sometimes - testicular growth, sperm production, appearance of facial, called "straight." pubic, and other body hair, and deepening of voice are some ASEXUAL - may not be interested in any sex, but they still of the first signs of puberty in men feel emotionally close to other people. PANSEXUAL - pan (all) In men, the penis becomes erect, the skin of the scrotum - Individuals who can experiencesexual, romantic, or thickens, he begins secreting a lubricating liquid and the emotional attraction to all person, regardless of that person's testes increase in size. gender, sex, or sexuality. In women, the clitoris swells, the lip of the vagina open and HOMOSEXUAL - is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or the inside of the vagina moistens in preparation of sexual sexual behavior between members of the same sex or intercourse gender. Phase 2: Plateau Phase Erogenous Zones of the Female Body The change in the body is continued Clitoris - It is considered as "the body part contributing most Breathing becomes more rapid, heart rate increases, body to sexual arousal." This is extremely sensitive. temperature rises. Vagina - The interior of the vagina does contain nerve Blood pressure increases during this stage. endings and women reported that deep stimulation leads to In men, the penis become more erects, the circumference a more intense orgasm. of its head increases, and releases few drops of fluid. Neck - is very sensitive to light touch, especially among In women, the outer part of the vagina swells with people with low body fat increased amount of blood to that area, while the clitoris Breast and Nipples - Nipple stimulation sets fireworks off in retracts under the clitoral hood nut remains highly sensitive. the same region of the brain that processes sensations from The outer lip of the vagina becomes redder in color. clitoris and vagina Phase 3: Orgasm Phase Cervix - is located at the lower end of the uterus. It has its Blood pressure, heart rate and breathing are at their own feel- good nerve pathways. highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. Mouth and Lips - Many women rank the mouth and lips. There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension. highly erogenous areas. Orgasmic contractions of the muscles happen in the Ears - are super sensitive to the touch, probably due to a release of the semen which contains the sperm cells large number of nerve endings. Men usually achieve one intense orgasm. Erogenous Zones of the Male Body In women, orgasm involves the contraction of the pelvic Penis - Penile stimulation significantly contributes to sexual muscles that surround the vaginal walls and can happen satisfaction. Circumcision doesn't appear to decrease multiple times sensation or sexual satisfaction. In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of Mouth and Lips - Highly sensitive, male lips respond to light the penis result in the ejaculation of semen. touch, temperature, or pressure. Kissing also triggers a A rash or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body release of hormones involve in intimacy. Phase 4: Resolution Phase Scrotum - The scrotum is one of men's most notable The body returns to its normal state after orgasm erogenous zones. Lots of nerves mean that this area is In men, the erection is lost, the testes decrease in size and super-sensitive to touch the skin of scrotum thins again. Neck - has great sensitivity to vibration, making it a prime In women, the clitoris, the color of the outer lip of the spot for light erotic touch vagina, and the lips of the vagina return to its normal state Nipples - While male nipples don't appear to serve any real Some women are capable of a rapid return to the orgasm purpose, that doesn't mean that they are totally useless. phase with further sexual stimulation and may experience Perineum - It's the area between the anus and the scrotum, multiple orgasms. which help convey sensations of sexual pleasure from Men typically need recovery time after orgasm, called a genitals to the brain. refractory period, during which they cannot reach orgasm Ears - Highly sensitive to touch because a high number of again. sensory receptors of the skin Love and Sexual Issues Sexual Response Cycle - Physical attractiveness (though beauty is in the eye of the - The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of beholder) physical and emotional changes that occur as a person - Reciprocity (liking those who also like us) becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually - Proximity (being around anytime, physically or virtually) stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation. - Similarities (age, religion, education, race, both physically - William Masters and Virginia Johnson used the term attractive, intelligence, socio-economic class, etc.) sexual- response cycle to describe the changes that occur in - Human sexual behavior is an activity either solitary, by pair the body as men and women become sexually aroused. or by group which induces sexual arousal. They divided the sexual response cycle into four (4) phases - But not all sexual arousal lead to sexual activity. Phase 1: Excitement Phase - Humans are constantly exposed to sexual stimuli, either Beginning of sexual arousal through an attractive person, an advertisement, movies and Can last from one minute to several hours shows with sexual themes. Thus, it should be regulated. Pulse rate increases, blood pressure rises, breathing There should be a balance on when and where to properly quickens, and the skin shows a rosy flush particularly on the express and suppress it. chest and breast area during this phase Sociosexual behavior – involving more than one person. It is The nipples harden and erect in both men and women. generally expressed in heterosexual and homosexual behavior. Solitary behavior – self stimulation or self-masturbation - while it may relieve stress, improve fertility, and lower the 5. CHLAMYDIA – the most common urinary tract and chance of getting prostate cancer, if it begins to interfere with bladder infection as well as vaginal yeast infection your life such as frequently missing work or social 6. HIV AND AIDS engagements, then it is a sign of a problem. - Erotic dreams, nocturnal emission or wet dreams - Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, Sexual sadism and masochism - A person’s predisposition or inclination regarding sexual behavior, emotional attachment or physical attraction to one or both sexes (Rosenthal, 2013) Orientation vs. Preference 1. HOMOSEXUAL – a person whose sexual orientation is toward another of the same sex. a. Lesbian – a woman whose sexual and romantic attraction is toward women. b. Gay – a man whose sexual and romantic orientation is towards other men 2. HETEROSEXUAL - a person whose sexual orientation is toward others of the opposite sex. 3. BISEXUAL – a person who may be sexually orientated to both men and women. 4. PANSEXUAL – a new sexual orientation of persons who are sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender identity. Pan – greek word for ‘all or every’ - also called gender blind, more ‘fluid’ - aside from men and women, they may also be attracted to transgender, transsexuals, androgynous, and other gender categories 5. TRANSGENDER – broad spectrum of individuals who persistently identify with a gender different from their natal gender. -most go through Sex Reassignment Surgery. Gender dysphoria – distress that may accompany the incongruence between one’s expressed gender or gender identity and one’s assigned gender. Diseases contracted though sexual contact with an infected individual. It is an increasing health problem: 1. GENITAL HERPES – caused by a large family of viruses of different strains. These strains also produce other non-sexually transmitted disease such as chicken pox. 2. GENITAL WARTS – caused by human papillomavirus. They are very contagious and are commonly acquired in the US in 15-24 age group. 3. GONORRHEA – thrives in the moist mucous membranes linings of the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, urethra, and the anal tract. Symptoms: Males – discharge from the penis and burning sensations during urination *complication may lead to prostate, bladder, and kidney problems as well as sterility. Females – irritating vaginal discharge *complication may lead to infertility 4. SYPHILIS – if left untreated, it may progress through 4 phases: 1. Primary - Sores appear 2. Secondary - General skin rashes occur 3. Latent – no overt symptoms which may last for several years 4. Tertiary – cardiovascular disease, blindness, paralysis, skin ulcer, liver damage, mental problem and death