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- Understanding ourselves is through Internal Questioning or Introspection LESSON 1 b. Plato - Student of socrates Phi...

- Understanding ourselves is through Internal Questioning or Introspection LESSON 1 b. Plato - Student of socrates Philosophy - mother of all disciplines, all - Father of academy fields of study began as philosophical - Division of body and soul aside from discourses. the material things that could be associated with a person What is Philosophy? - A person who is a follower of truth - Study of acquiring knowledge and wisdom will not be tempted by through rational thinking and vices and will always be correct inquiries that involve answering and moral questions regarding the nature and - Believed that a soul is divided into 3: existence of man and the world we 1. Appetitive soul - driven by live in. desire and need to satisfy What is Self? oneself - unified being, essentially connected 2. Spirited soul - courageous to consciousness, awareness and part, competitive, wants to do agency. something right 3. Rational soul - drive of our Know thyself - first introduced by lives, thinks and plans for the Scorates, Plato, Aristotle (self and the future (conscious mind) qualities that define it) decides what to do c. St. Augustine PHILOSOPHERS - Saint and philosopher - God encompasses us all that everything will be better if we are with God a. Socrates - Rejected the doubtfulness of the - first martyr of education, knowledge, academy in which one cannot and philosophy accept ideas from others - Knowing oneself - Idea of a man is related to our - Socratic method (asking and understanding of who we are and answering questions to stimulate how we question ourselves critical thinking, ideas) - How to understand who we are as a - Person’s acceptance of ignorance is person is related to our the beginning of acquisition of understanding of who we are and knowledge how we question ourselves - Possession of knowledge is a virtue - Establishing our sense with God - Charged with corruption of minors identifies the essence of our and died as a martyr existence and role in the world - Main goal of a man is : to obtain d. Rene Descartes happiness - French philosopher  - Father of modern philosophy - Collection of impressions and (scientific method to aid ideas) different contents is what it only - Modern dualism, the existence of takes to define a person body and mind and its importance to - Awareness of different emotions ones existence impressions and behavior is only a - Methodical doubt (continuous part of ourselves process of questioning) - Certain level of consciousness that - Quote: Cogito ergo sum (“I think uses our intuition therefore I am”) - Transcendental apperception, - A person is comprised of mind and understanding the notion of self by body synthesizing accumulation of - Body and its perceptions cannot fully experiences be trusted or can easily be deceived H. Sigmund Frued - We should focus on our mind, the - Father of Psychoanalysis more we think the better - Austrian - Being in constant doubt regarding - Human nature and unconscious one’s existence is proof that a - 3 aspects of personality; person exists 1. Id - child aspect, driven by e. John Locke pleasure, satisfaction of one’s needs and self gratification - English philosopher and physician. 2. Super Ego - conscience, uphold - Father of Classical Liberation justice and socially acceptable - Tabula rasa(blank slate) actions, morally right, RIGHT AND - Fight monarchs and rulers of his WRONG time 3. Ego - police or mediator between ID - Experiences and perceptions are and Super Ego. Boundaries of important for establishment of who reality, maintain the impulses of the we are as a person id to an acceptable degree - A person is born with knowing nothing - 3 Levels of consciousness f. David Hume 1. Conscious - memories - Scottish philosopher stored are easily tapped or - Field of empiricism, skepticism, accessed naturalism 2. Preconscious - memories - Self is the accumulation of different are access but with a little impressions and does not exceed difficulty the physical realm. 3. Unconscious - childhood - There is no permanent self because memories, difficult to tap the impression of things are based from memories our experiences where we can - By-product of our experiences in the create our ideas and knowledge past G. Immanuel Kant - Actions are driven by the idea of - Empiricism and rationalism resisting pain, molden from our need for pleasure or being happy  I. Gilbert Ryle 1. Matter/hyle - common stuff - Behavioristic approach to self that makes up everything - Self is the behavior 2. Form/morphe - essences of a presented by the person substance of thing - Behavior are the reflection of - Human body is akin(similar) to the our mind and a manifestation cells of any other living, organic of who we are being - MIND and BODY are NOT - What makes a human a person is separate entities his SOUL. - Self is a ghost in the machine - Things we do, how we LESSON 2 behave and react and all other components like the way we talk, walk, and look is generally who we are as a person. Sociology - the study of social life, social J. Paul Churchland change, and the social causes and - People should improve our consequences of human behavior association and use of worth in identifying the self A. George Herbert Mead - Self is defined by the movement of - Symbolic interactions our brain perspective - The brain as the self - 2 PARTS OF SELF: - Eliminative materialism Self-awareness and K. Maurice Jean Jacques Merlaeu-Ponty self-image - Existentialism and phenomenology. - Self is something that - Phenomenology of perception (unity emerges through social of mind and body) is divided in 3 interaction division - Self develops as we AGE - Mind and Body is one and the same - SELF- IMAGE - recognize - gIVES IMPORTANCE on the whole how others perceive us. rather than the sum of its parts IMITATION - trying to put - Perception guides our action based ourselves in the shoes of on experiences another - bODY PERCEIVES, - SELF AWARENESS - taking CONSCIOUSNESS PROVIDES the role of others THE MEANING - Generalized others - - Self is established by the perception internalized widespread of we have in the world cultural norms, mores, and L. Thomas Aquinas expectations of behaviors - 13th century scholar - I : what is out there, acting, - Medieval philosophy doing things - Man is composed of 2 parts:  - ME: an object, combined observation and image of yourself from scientific evidence interacting with SOCIETY - Social statistics: Laissez faire “let B. Henri de SAINT-Simon people do as they choose” - Reconstruction of society - Individuation - the process by which were conditioned by the an individual becomes distinct french revolution and feudal - union of many men into one and military system community - War allowed more - French socialism organized races to conquer less - Men who are able to organized and inferior races organize society for F. David Emile Durkheim productive labor are entitled - Principal architect of modern and to govern it social sciences - SOCIETY OF SCIENCE - - Academic discipline included a strong emphasis - Sociology of knowledge on the role of experts and - Collective representations - professionals in guiding emphasized the role of society in society, influenced his shaping individuals disciple auguste comte - Language - the way we - COMTISM communicate is a product of - The social aim was to everyone working together produce things useful to life - 4 types of suicide: - Auguste Comte: positivism 1. Egoistic - lack of social C. Herbert Spencer integration, disconnection, - Survival of the fittest meaninglessness, apathy - Synthetic philosophy - realms 2. Altruistic - excessive social of physical, psychological, integration, needs are less biological, sociological and important as society’s needs, ethical overwhelmed by group goals, - Moral Philosophy - social sacrifice themselves for statistics (one must derive society (military) pleasure from seeing 3. Anomic - lack of social pleasure in others) + regulation, moral confusion, Principle of Ethics social direction, reflects a a. Moral dictum - failure of society to provide individuals should be moral guidance free to do as they 4. Fatalistic - excessive wish as long as their regulation, highly oppressive actions do not infringe societies where individuals upon the rights of feel their futures are blocked, freedoms of others social control, LESS b. Scientific position - Common knowledge should be G. Albert Bandura based on empirical  - Social Learning Theory: individuals - Class Consciousness - believed that learn by observing others and individuals, particularly the working imitation class, would develop a shared - Modeling/Observational Learning: awareness of their exploitation learning by observing and imitating and oppression, leading to a models revolutionary transformation of - Self-efficacy: individual’s belief in society their own ability to achieve specific I. MAX WEBER goals and produce desired - Bureaucracy: hierarchy, sp outcomes ecialization, formal rules and - Social Cognitive Theory: procedures emphasizing the role of cognitive - Iron cage of rationality: process in learning and behavior, argued that modern society, significance of self-efficacy, cognitive with its emphasis on factors and reciprocal determinism efficiency, predictability and - 4 MAIN SOURCES OF SELF calculability, constrains EFFICACY individual freedom and 1. Mastery Experience - first creativity, leading to a sense hand experience of of disenchantment and mastering a task alienation.’ 2. Vicarious Experience - - To be successful, you need involves observing others to use your imagination succeed or fail in similar task - Teach the subject, not your 3. Social Persuasion - interpretation influence of verbal - Personality makes little encouragement, feedback or sense support from others J. Lewis Morgan 4. Psychological Responses - - The Leasguge of the individual’s emotional Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois (1851) reactions to challenging or - Presented the complexity of Iroquois demanding situations society in a pathbreaking 5. Determines Human ethnography that was a model for Behavior: future anthropologist a. Cognitive Factors - Monogenesis - the theory that all b. Environmental factors human beings descended from a c. Behavioral factors common ancestors H. KARL MARX - Theory of self-estrangement or - The structure of the family and social self-alienation: view on work or institutions develops and change purpose of life according to a specific sequence - Alienation: Under capitalism, - Theory of Social Evolution individuals become disconnected - Critical link between social progress from the products of their labor and and technological progress the process of production  - Interplay between the evolution of expectation and influences technology, of family relations, of from others property relations, of the larger - Total Social Phenomenon: social structure, and systems of every sector in a community governance, and intellectual or society should cooperate development. to have a well-balanced living - 1. LANGUAGE a. Savagery: - Has something to do with the hunting-and-gathering stage culture. Salient part of culture b. Barbarism: settled agriculture - Self will adjust according to c. Civilization: more advanced its exposure agriculture - Language and culture are d. Kinship relations as a basic intertwined. part of society - Learning language is e. Critical link between social learning the society’s progress and technological customs and behavior progress - Should be referenced B. Clifford Geertz - American anthropologist - CULTURE: a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic LESSON 3 forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and ANTHROPOLOGY - study of what makes develop their knowledge about and us human attitudes of life. - The Impact of the Concept of Anthroplogical approach both starts and Culture of Man: finishes with the group. a. Look what makes people different, analyze human Self needs to be seen as a socially defined nature by noting the phenomenon, created by both the differences between cultures impression of the group upon the individual that arise over time and and the expression of the individual upon space than to try to form the group. vague notions of universals b. Culture reveals the link A. Marcel Mauss between what man is - French anthropologist capable of and how he - Every self has two faces: actually behaves personne and moi. c. Accumulated totality - culture - Moi: person’s basic identity - Personne: what it means to live in a particular institution, family, religion, nationality, LESSON 4 and how to behave given  b. Me - represents the PSYCHOLOGY objective and social aspect of the self, reflecting the self as - Study of souls an object of awareness and - Who what we are, why we act reflection - Study of behavior and mental process 1. Material self - Consists of what SELF - sense of personal identity and of belongs to a person, who we are as individuals such as the body, IDENTITY - concept of an individual family, clothes, or about oneself and often referred to money. as "self-identity" 2. Social self - Marks Self-identity - the belief of what the who you are in a individuals thinks and feels about specific social themselves. It can also be influenced by situation. We tend to how others perceive an individual change our actions, Self-development - a continuous process thoughts, emotions, throughout the lifespan; one's sense of self words, and may change, at least somewhat, throughout mannerisms based one's life on the current social Self-representation - has important situation or the implications for socio-emotional functioning people with whom we throughout the lifespan are interacting 3. Spiritual self Who we are at our core, PIONEERS WHO MOLD PSYCHOLOGY including our William James - personality, values, “THE GREATEST DISCOVERY OF MY and conscience. Our GENERATION IS THAT HUMAN BEINGS spiritual self typically CAN ALTER THEIR LIVES BY ALTERING remains relatively THEIR ATTITUDES OF THE MIND.” stable throughout our lifetime (Green, 1997) - “I” (self in action) - American psychologist and a. Self in process, in the philosopher. moment - He conceptualized the self as having b. Impulsive, spontaneous two (2) aspects: c. Non reflective a. I - subjective and active d. Part of the self that produces aspect of the self, reflecting individuality the immediate experience of - “Me” (self as an object in the world) one's own consciousness a. structured , determinate part and personal identity. of the self  b. Product of interaction and 1. Existential self - concept that you are conscious reflection different from other, subjective (I) c. We know the “I” ONLY 2. Categorial self - concept of you and THROUGH “me” others to focus on your visible - According to James, the "I" is the characteristics, objective (Me) thinking, acting, feeling self. While SELF CONCEPT the "Me" is the physical characteristics as well psychological Real self capabilities that makes who you are - who we actually are, how we think, feel, look, act. Carl Rogers - What others see us - American Psychologist - Self image - Human Psychology Self concept/Schema composed of 3 - Nondirective Psychotheraphy or things: Person Centered Therapy 1. Self image (real self) - Who you are atm 2. Ideal self I - acts and decides Me - what you think/ feel about yourself - Who you like to be 3. Ought self - Who you think you should be Self-Schema - our organized system or Self esteem and self-worth collection of knowledge about who we - We like, accept, approve of are. It may also include our interests, work, ourselves, how much we value course, age, name, physical characteristics. ourselves - positive/negative Example: if someone says your name or Self actualization speaks your language, it draws your - Need for personal attention. growth/development If you love something, you’ll notice it SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY everywhere. - Comparing aspects with other people Unconditional Positive Regard - accepting - Self evaluation maintenance theory and supporting another exactly as they are. 1. Downward - comparing yourself to those who are IDENTITY AND SELF worse off than us Identity 2. Upward - comparing to those - Concept of an individual who are better than us - Personal characteristics, social HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS roles, that defines who one is. - Roles in life (work, social standing) Self concept Self transcendence (fulfillment) - How someone perceives themself Self-actualization (achieving personal - Belief potential) Experience of the Self  True Self - authentic, genuine, innate Esteem (feeling of accomplishment) aspects of a person’s personality, values, Love/Belonging (intimate relationships, and beliefs friends) False Self - persona that an individual presents to others Safety (Security) Physiological (food water etc) Which wolf wins? The one you feed the most. CHARLES CARVER AND MICHAEL SCHEIER Levels of mental life 1. Conscious 1. The private self - internal standards 2. Unconscious 2. The public self - public image, - Pre-conscious (can be presentation of yourself to others brought to consciousness) SELF CONSCIOUSNESS - Unconscious proper - Concerned about being (inaccesible thoughts) observed/criticized Provinces of the mind ID - pleasure Looking outside - seeing other EGO - realistic people who are better, and dreaming SUPEREGO - moral to be the same (imposter syndrome, poor self esteem) Looking inside - reflecting on what LESSON 5 the heart desires SIGMUND FREUD The Self in Western and Oriental/Eastern - Austrian neurologist Thought - Father of Psychoanalysis Concept of Self can be analyzed through: Psychoanalysis - analyst unpacks - Literature unconscious conflicts based on the this: - Socialization - Artworks a. Free association - verbalization of - Cultural diversity thoughts WESTERN THOUGHTS b. Dreams - rich source of unconscious - They give higher value with material their personal rights c. Libido - sexual drive - The westerns society is trying to find and prove the In our minds, there are facets of ourselves. “truth” Socialization - learning behaviors EASTERN THOUGHTS appropriate to particular society - Giving more value to social responsibility and accepting the reality of life - balance  Jing - essence Qi - energy WESTERN EASTERN Shen - spirit Values: equality Values: hierarchy as the culture Concept of Harmony - harmony between people and tao Self-description: Social roles that Personal attributes invoke positive traits BUDDHISM - 4th largest religion Individualistic Collectivist - Indian - Goal of overcoming suffering and WESTERN AND EASTERN the cycle of death and rebirth PHILOSOPHERS 3 marks of existence: 1. Impermanence (anicca) Confucianism - also known as Ruism 2. Suffering (dukkha) - Rationalistic religion 3. Non-self (anatta) - Harmonious social life - Interwoven with the identity and Forget about the self to attain the state of status of his community NIRVANA - SUBDUED SELF - personal needs are repressed for the good of many There is no me, i, or mine in either - HEIRARCHAL conditioned and unconditioned. 3 essential core 5 basic virtues of values of confucianism confucianism Filial piety - respect Ren - benevolence, for elders humaneness Humaneness - Yi - righteous, goodness justice Ritual - proper Li - proper, rite conduct Zhie - knowledge Xin - integrity TAOSIM - Daoism - Chinese philosophy lao tzu - Humility and religious piety - TAO: Universe - How to attain life - Self is part of the universe, extension of cosmos not social relationship The 3 treasurers of 3 JEWELS