Engineering Utilities 2 Reviewer Quiz 1 PDF

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] UNIVERSITY VISION Nationalism through tangible contributions to the rapid The Technological University of the...

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] UNIVERSITY VISION Nationalism through tangible contributions to the rapid The Technological University of the economic growth of the country Philippines shall be the premier state Shared responsibility, hard work, university with recognized excellence in and resourcefulness in engineering and technology education compliance to the national at par with the leading universities in the mandates of the University ASEAN region. COLLEGE GOALS UNIVERSITY MISSION To produce high quality engineers The University shall provide higher and equipped with proper values. advanced vocational, technical, knowledge and skill relevant to industrial, technological and professional the changing needs and education and training in industries and conditions. technology, and in practical arts leading To provide continuing graduate to certificates, diplomas and degrees. It education to engineers who wish shall provide progressive leadership in to pursue higher and advanced applied research, developmental learning in their field of studies in technical, industrial, and specialization. technological fields and production To produce valuable research using indigenous materials; effect outputs and render quality technology transfer in the countryside; extension services in the various and assist in the development of small- areas of engineering and and-medium scale industries in identified engineering education. growth centers. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES CORE VALUES Achieve a high level of technical Transparency and participatory expertise to succeed in their chosen governance profession Unity and Cooperation in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and Engage in lifelong learning actively in objectives progressive leadership in applied Professionalism in the discharge research, development studies in of quality service technical, industrial and engineering Integrity and consistent fields and production. commitment to maintain the Engage in professional services to good name of the University effect technology transfer and assist in Accountability for individual and the development of small and medium organizational quality scale industries to contribute to national performance development ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] IMPORTANCE OF THE COURSE Water, liquid and other carried- wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, Significance: life and property. "Effective management of building Pipes and fixtures after installation utilities is essential for maintaining i.e., the 'plumbing system' building performance and occupant comfort." WHAT IS PLUMBING SYSTEM? Application: ✓ all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all plumbing "This course will prepare you for practical fixtures and traps; all sanitary and applications in civil engineering. allowing storm drainage systems; vent you to address real-world problems in pipes, roof drains, leaders and building design and maintenance." downspouts; and all building drains and sewers, including their respective joints and connections; PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the property; water lines in the TOPIC 1: Introduction to Plumbing premises; potable, tap, hot and Systems chilled water piping; potable DEFINITION OF PLUMBING water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water Plumbing is both the art and science of heaters and vents for same. installing, maintaining, and repairing water supply, drainage, and venting -NPC 217.12 systems. "Plumbum" (Latin for Lead) Plumbing has two main objectives: IMPORTANCE OF PLUMBING To supply water to different parts of the Clean Water building Waste Removal To remove and discharge human waste and other substances out of the Hazard Prevention (Health risks, building into the public sewer or septic property damage, environmental tank contamination) The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in Water Supply System buildings for bringing in the supply of A system in plumbing which provides and liquids, substances and/or ingredients distributes water to the different parts of and removing them. the building or structure, for purposes ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] such as drinking, cleaning, washing, o "Ilustrados" or the elite group to culinary use, etc.; it includes the water act as consultants of plumber distributing pipes, control devices, journeymen equipment, etc 1902 o City of Manila. Conditions for an effective water supply o Master Plumber John F. Haas in buildings: became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction To provide sufficient amount of water and Inspection. to supply each fixture o Building Code for the City of To prevent back flow of used water into Manila. the water supply system 1935 o National Master Plumbers Ventilation System Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) A system of pipes, fittings and other o Manila City Ordinance 2411, the devices installed for the purpose of "Plumbing Code for the City of providing circulation of air and creating Manila" balanced atmospheric condition within the system thereby preventing 1954 siphonage and backpressure. o House Bill No. 962, June 18, 1955 o R.A. 1378 "Plumbing Law of the Philippines" signed by Pres. PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES Ramon Magsaysay HISTORY 1956 1700 o National Plumbing Code of the o WALLED CITY known as Intramuros Philippines - January 28, 1959 was established by the Spaniards o NAMPAP was promulgated and as a model community. approved by Malacañang o Friar Engineers who built the o National Waterworks and government buildings, residential Sewerage Authority (NAWASA) and other structures, incorporated 1996-1969 o European standards in their o Board of Examiners for Master plumbing installations. Plumbers 1800-1900 o November 28, 1967, First Amendment to the National o Filipino plumbers were assigned Plumbing Code the task of maintaining, repairing o “Asbestos-Cement Pipe” as an and/or remodeling plumbing approved plumbing material systems in all "pueblos" or towns ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] 1972 on premises abutting on a street, alley or easement where there is a o Republic Act No. 6541 public sewer, shall be connected to o Building Code of the Philippines the public sewer system. o “National Plumbing Code of 6. Each family dwelling unit on premises 1959” referral code in full text abutting on a sewer or with a private 1999 sewage disposal system shall have at least water closet & 1 kitchen-type o Professional Regulation sink. Further, a lavatory or bathtub or Commission (PRC) shower shall be installed to meet the o Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 basic requirement of sanitation & o approved by President Joseph personal hygiene. Estrada in December 21, 1999 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of o Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as smooth non-absorbent material, free the Plumbing Law. from concealed fouling surfaces & shall be located in ventilated enclosures. 22 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE PLUMBING 8. The drainage system shall be CODE designed, constructed and 1. All premises intended for human maintained to safeguard against habitation, occupancy or use shall fouling, deposit of solids, clogging be provided with a supply of pure and with adequate cleanouts so and wholesome water, neither arranged that the pipes might be connected with unsafe supplies nor readily cleaned. subject to hazards of backflow or 9. All piping of plumbing systems shall back siphonage. be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and materials, free from defective appurtenances shall be supplied with workmanship, designed & water in sufficient volume & at a constructed by Registered Master pressure adequate to enable them to Plumbers to ensure satisfactory function satisfactorily & without service. undue noise under normal conditions 10. Each fixture directly connected to of use. the drainage system shall be 3. Plumbing shall be designed and equipped with a water-sealed trap. adjusted to use the minimum quantity 11. The drainage piping system shall be of water consistent with proper designed to provide adequate performance and cleaning. circulation of free air from siphonage, 4. Devices for heating and storing water aspiration or forcing of trap seals shall be so designed and installed as under ordinary use. to prevent dangers from explosion 12. Vent terminals shall extend to the through overheating. outer air and installed to preempt 5. Every building having plumbing clogging and the return of foul air to fixtures installed & intended for the building. human habitation, occupancy or use ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] 13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected the prevention of damage to walls to such tests to effectively disclose all and other surfaces through fixture leaks and defects in the usage. workmanship. 22. Sewage or other plumbing system 14. No substance which will clog the which may be deleterious to surface pipes, produce explosive mixtures, or subsurface waters shall not be destroy the pipes or their joints or discharge into the ground or onto interfere unduly with the sewage any waterway, unless first rendered disposal process shall be allowed to innocuous through subjection to enter the building drainage system. some acceptable form of treatment. 15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods & similar materials TOPIC 3: PLUMBING AND SANITARY by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or 3.1 WELLS appliance shall be connected 3.2 PUMPS indirectly with the building drainage system. 3.3 WATER TANKS AND CISTERN 16. No water closet shall be located in a 3.4 CONTROL AND VALVES room or compartment which is not properly lighted or ventilated. 3.5 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 17. If water closets or other plumbing 3.6 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS fixtures are installed in buildings were there is no sewer within a reasonable 3.7 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by some accepted method 3.1 WELLS of sewage treatment and disposal, - Wells are holes in the earth from such as septic tank. which a fluid may be withdrawn using 18. Where a plumbing drainage system manual or mechanical means such may be subject to backflow of as draw bucket, pump, etc. sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON THEIR DEPTH in serviceable condition by 1. SHALLOW WELLS Registered Master Plumbers. 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be properly Depth: Less than 30 feet. spaced, to be accessible for their Common Uses: Domestic water supply, intended use. small-scale irrigation. Vulnerable to 21. Plumbing shall be installed by surface contamination. Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the 2. INTERMEDIATE WELLS strength of structural members and Depth: 30 to 100 feet. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] Common Uses: Domestic water supply, - Limited to shallow depths. small-scale irrigation, livestock watering. More reliable and less susceptible to contamination. 2. DRIVEN WELLS: 3. DEEP WELLS Description: Casing or pipe driven into the ground using mechanical force. Depth: Over 100 feet. Construction: Driving the casing. Common Uses: Municipal Advantages: Water supply, industrial processes, large- - Simple and cost-effective. scale agriculture. Provides consistent - Suitable for high water tables. and reliable water with lower vulnerability to surface contamination. Disadvantages: 4. VERY DEEP WELLS - Limited to shallow depths. - Vulnerable to surface contamination. Depth: Hundreds of feet. Common Uses: Large-scale municipal water supply, industrial applications. 3. TUBE WELLS Supplies substantial volumes of water from deep aquifers. Description: Drilled wells with casing and perforated screen for sandy or gravel 5. ARTESIAN WELLS aquifers Depth: Varies. Construction: Drilling with perforated casing. Common Uses: Towns, factories. Unique wells with naturally flowing pressurized Advantages: water. - Efficient for sandy soils. - Prevents sand and sediment entry. TYPES OF WELLS: ACCORDING TO Disadvantages: METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION - Specific to certain geological 1. DUG WELL conditions. - Requires proper design for optimal Description: Excavated manually with performance. shovels and picks, wide and shallow pits. Construction: Manual digging. Advantages: 4. BORED WELLS - Simple and low-cost. Description: Created with a drilling - Suitable for high water tables. machine, more consistent diameter than dug wells. Disadvantages: Construction: Drilling with a machine. - Prone to surface contamination. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] Advantages: LOCATING A WELL - Consistent diameter. 1. Site Selection - Suitable for domestic and agricultural o Favorable topography, avoiding use. flood- prone areas Keep a distance from potential Disadvantages: contamination. - Limited to shallow to intermediate 2. Geological Considerations depths. o Use geological maps to avoid - May be vulnerable to surface flood-prone identify suitable contamination without proper well aquifers casing.5. 5. o Consult with geologists or Consider soil type, favoring sources. permeable sandy soils. 5. DRIVEN POINT WELLS 3. Water Table Depth Assessment o engage hydrogeologists for Description: Shallow wells created by depth studies. Drill test wells for driving a pointed pipe into the ground. depth and water quality. Construction: Driving a pointed pipe. o Maintain a minimum distance Advantages: from the deep-water table to prevent interference - Cost-effective and easy to install. 4. Legal And Regulatory Compliance - Suitable for sandy soils. o Understand and comply with local regulations. Obtain Disadvantages: necessary permits before drilling. - Limited to shallow depths. 5. Accessibility And Proximity: - May not be suitable for all o Optimize proximity to users to geological conditions. reduce infrastructure costs. Ensure easy access for maintenance and 6. DRIVEN CASING WELLS repairs. 6. Testing And Evaluation: Description: Casing driven directly into o Conduct water quality tests for the ground without a separate screen. safety. Construction: Driving the casing. o Assess well yield through pumping Advantages: tests. 7. Future Planning: - Simple and cost-effective. o Anticipate population growth. - Suitable for high water tables. o Consider potential changes in Disadvantages: land use and infrastructure. 8. Expert Consultation: - Limited to shallow depths. o Seek advice from hydrogeologists - May not provide optimal and local well drilling experts. protection from 9. Community Involvement: contamination. o Involve the local community in decision-making. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] oCOLLABORATE WITH LOCAL PIPE FRICTION AUTHORITIES FOR COMMUNITY o Head loss due to friction in the PROJECTS. suction and discharge lines, 10. Environmental Considerations: elbows and valves, and suction o Implement measures to entrance loss minimizing environmental impact. Use erosion control to protect the VELOCITY HEAD surrounding ecosystem. o Change in kinetic energy of water from sources to the discharge point. Velocity head is equal to the square of the velocity divided by twice the acceleration of gravity. 2 BASIC TYPES OF PUMPS 1. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS Advantages o Precise flow control. o suitable for high-pressure tasks. o Versatile with various fluids, including o viscous liquids. Disadvantages o Higher maintenance. o Not ideal for high-flow situations. o some types have limitations with 3.2 PUMPS specific fluids. PUMP TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD(TDH) TYPE OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS o The sum of the static head, pipe a) RECIPROCATING PUMPS friction and velocity head at the Description: Use a piston or plunger in a point of discharge back-and-forth motion within a cylinder. STATAIC HEAD Application: Common in hydraulic o The total discharge in elevation of systems, car washes, and high-pressure water from suction level to the processes. discharge level ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] Advantages: Precise flow control, Applications: Ideal for viscous or sensitive suitable for high- pressure tasks. fluids. Used in oil and gas, and food processing. Disadvantages: Higher maintenance, not ideal for high-flow situations. Advantages: Good for thick fluids. Gentle pumping action. Disadvantages: Slightly more complex b) ROTARY PUMPS design. Higher initial costs. Description: Use a piston or plunger in a back-and-forth motion within a cylinder. e) VANE PUMPS Application: Common in hydraulic systems, car washes, and high-pressure Description: Use sliding vanes to move processes. fluid. Creates constantly flow with low noise. Advantages: Precise flow control, suitable for high- pressure tasks. Applications: Versatile, used in various industries. Common in fuel transfer and Disadvantages: Higher maintenance, hydraulic systems. not ideal for high-flow situations. Advantages: Versatile and compact. Provides a constant flow. c) GEAR PUMPS Disadvantages: May have limitations on Description: Use two gears to create a certain fluids. Requires periodic steady flow of fluid. Simple design with maintenance. fewer parts. Applications: Best for constant, smooth 2. DYNAMICS PUMP / CENTRIFUGAL flows. ‘*] Common in hydraulic and PUMP lubrication systems. Advantages Advantages: Simple design. Good for thicker fluids. o Precise flow control. o Suitable for high-pressure tasks. Disadvantages: Not great for abrasive o Versatile with various fluids, materials. Limited in high-pressure including viscous liquids. situations. Disadvantages o Higher maintenance. d) SCREW PUMPS o Not ideal for high-flow situations. Description: Move fluid with rotating o Some types have limitations with screws. Creates a continuous, smooth specific fluids. flow. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] TYPES OF DYNAMIC PUMP Disadvantages: May not excel in extreme high-flow or high-pressure a) CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS scenarios. Description: Uses an impeller to spin and push fluid radially outward, creating a flow. d) RECIPROCATING PUMPS o Piston pumps that operate with Applications: Common in water supply, controlled speed. The discharge heating, cooling, and chemical from a reciprocating pump is processes. pulsating and changes only when Advantages: Efficient for high- flow, low- the speed of the pump is changed. pressure tasks. Simple design. Sometimes an air chamber is introduced to regulate the pulsation. Disadvantages: Limited pressure capability. Challenges in precise flow control. e) ROTARY PUMPS o Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver Rotary b) AXIAL FLOW PUMPS pumps can discharge from 900 to Description: Fluid flows parallel to the 1200 GPM pump axis, guided by blades. o Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids Applications: Ideal for high-flow, low- head applications like irrigation. f) TURBINE PUMPS Advantages: Well-suited for large o Turbine Pumps are centrifugal volumes. Efficient for low to moderate pumps used for large applications head applications. because of their multiple impellers o Turbine Pumps can discharge up Disadvantages: Limited to low to to 2000 GPM moderate head applications. Less effective in high- pressure scenarios. g) JACK PUMPS o Piston pump with an exposed lift c) MIXED FLOW PUMPS and push rod to activate a submerged piston Description: Combination of radial and axial flow, fluid moves both radially and parallel to the pump axis. h) SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS Applications: Versatile, balancing flow o Submersible Pumps are designed rate and head in various applications. to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage Advantages: Offers a compromise receptacle. between axial and radial flow. Suitable for diverse ap- plications. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] o Many common types of pumps stainless steel, or reinforced can be designed by concrete, it can come in various manufacturers to be submersible shapes and sizes. b) GRAVITY SUPPLY TANKS i) SUMP PUMPS o Sump pumps are used in o Used in Overhead Feed System applications where excess water must be pumped away from a Main components: particular area. 1. Supply Pipe o Some pumps, In general, is a 2. Inlet category that encompasses a 3. Overflow number of styles of pumps that 4. Pipe are used to pump out collected 5. Drip Pan fluid 6. Gate Valves c) PNEUMATIC WATE TANKS 3.3 WATER TANKS AND CISTERN o May be centralized or per PURPOSE OF WATER TANKS: bathroom group o Also makes use of a pressure relief Storage: Ensures continuous water valve, which relieves pressure supply, critical in areas with inconsistent automatically if necessary water availability. d) STORAGE TANK Pressure Regulation: Elevated tanks create gravitational pressure, aiding o Large hot water tank (60-130 cm water distribution with- out extra pumps. in diameter; 5m max length) o Made of heavy-duty material Backup Supply: Acts as a reserve during sheets applied with rust proof water interruptions or emergencies. paint Domestic Use: Supplies water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and cleaning. 4.4 CONTROLS AND THE VALVES Rainwater Harvesting: Collects and stores rainwater, reducing reliance on FUNCTION OF VALVES: traditional Water sources. CONTROL OF THE WATER SYSTEM START OR SHUT DOWN A SYSTEM REGULATE PRESSURE TYPES OF WATER TANKS CHECK BACKFLOW CONTROL THE DIRECTION OF a) OVERHEAD TANKS WATER o Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below Usually mode of galvanized steel, ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] RULES REGARDING LOCATION OF c. Check Valve VALVES: Main function is to prevent re- versal Locate & distribute valves in such of flow (backflow) in the line manner that they can isolate a 4 TYPES: certain section of the network in case of system breakdown 1. The Swing Check Valve (before each branch) 2. Vertical Check Valve Locate valves where they are not 3. The lift check valve too visible while remaining 4. Vertical check valve accessible 5. Horizontal Check Valve d. Angle Valve TYPES OF VALVES: Operates in the same - manner as globe valve (disc and a. Gate Valve seat design) Also known as “Full-way Valve” Used to make a 90° turn Use mainly to completely close or - reduces number of joints completely open the water line (does e. Butterfly Valve not control flow of water) Best suited to the main supply and Typically used to regulate a fluid pump lines wherein operation is flowing through a section of pipe infrequent - A flat circular plate is positioned in the center of the 2 TYPES: pipe. The plate has a rod o The Wedge Shape or Tapered through it connected to a Disc handle on the outside of the o The Double Disc Valve valve. Rotating the handle turns the plate either parallel b. Globe Valve or perpendicular to the flow. Controls the flow of water with a f. Foot Valve movable spindle Can reduce water Located at the lower end of the pressure(throttling) pumps Only one side of the valve is an inlet Used mainly to prevent loss off the priming of pumps 3 TYPES: - also known as ‘Retention Valve’ o The Plug Type Disc Valve - for throttling e. Safety Valve o The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Used on water systems, heating Type) systems, compressed air lines & - for shutting other pipe lines with excessive o The Composition Disc Valve pressure - for steam & hot wate ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] TYPES OF FAUCETS/ BIBBS common horizontal soil or waste branch a. COMPRESSION COCK Branch Interval - Operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal seat o A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a storey b. KEY COCK height, but in no case less than 2.43m - Operates with around tapering plug w/in which the horizontal branches ground to fit a metal seat. from one floor of a building are connected to the stack c. BALL FAUCET Cross Connection: - Constructed with a ball connected to the handle o Any connection or arrangement between a potable water supply system and any plumbing fixture or 3.5 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM any tank, receptacle, equipment or device through which enables Air Gap (water distribution) contaminated water or other sub- o An unobstructed vertical distance stances to enter into any part of the through the free atmosphere system between the lowest opening from Fixture Branch any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood- level rim o The water supply pipe between the of any tank, vat or fixture fixture supply pipe and the water distribution pipe Air Gap (drainage) Flood level o The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere o The level in a fixture at which water between the lowest opening from be- gins to overflow over the top or any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance rim of the fixture or appurtenance conveying waste to Gooseneck the flood level rim of the receptor o A flexible tubing connection Backflow between a service pipe and water o The flow of water or other liquids, main. mixtures or substances into the o A return bend of small-sized pipe distributing pipes of a potable supply commonly used as a faucet of water from any source other than Invert from its intended source o The lowest portion of the interior Battery of Fixtures part of any pipe or conduit that is o Any of two or more similar adjacent not vertical fixtures which discharge into a ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] Plumbing Unit Siphonage o A minimum standard quantity of o A suction created by the flow of plumbing fixtures that discharge liquids in pipes; a pressure less wastes into a plumbing installation than atmospheric including: Standpipe (1) water meter o A vertical pipe, or a reservoir, into (1) water closet which water is pumped to give it at a head (1) lavatory Tailpiece (1) shower head and drain for a stall / bathtub, o The piping or tubing that connects the outlet of a plumbing fixture to (1) kitchen sink, the trap (1) laundry tray Trap Arm (3) floor drains and o That portion of a fixture drain (4) faucets / hose bibbs between a trap and a vent Roughing-in o The installation of all piping and fitting DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: parts of the plumbing system, which WATER HAMMER EXPANSION can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures and - A knocking in the pipes caused when accessories. These include sanitary faucets in the lower levels or shut off and storm drainage, tap, hot and abruptly or automatically chilled water supplies, gas piping and - the force exerted by the decelerating the necessary fixture supports water causes the pipes to shake and Seal rattle. o The vertical distance between the CONTRACTION dip and the crown weir of a trap; - pipes expand and contrast due to o The water in the trap between the continuous changes in temperature. lines of hose into a single stream atmospheric dip and the crown weir - Any airspace should be provided to allow for breathing room Siamese FRICTION HEAD LOSS o A hose fitting with clapper valves for combining the flow from two or - friction occurs when liquid flowing more combining the flow from through the pipe makes contact with the two or more pipe and closures, thus reducing the speed of water flow ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] - there is greater friction head loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes and the high number of bulbs are fitting., WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION Direct Pressure distribution Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin and extended into deep water. Components: water basin, receiving well, filtration plant, Indirect Pressure Distribution Water is taken from a drilled well or underground water. Involves individual special mechanical equipment 3.6 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PARTS OF THE COLD-WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Service Pipe pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the building served Water Maker device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] Horizontal Supply Main - Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and the principal water distribution is distributed to the fixtures by pipe running from the water meter means of gravity. from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken. Riser ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE EACH COLD-WATER DISTRIBUTION pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to UPBFEED SYSTEM the building served Disadvantages Fixture Branch 1. Pressure from water main is device used to measure in liters or inadequate to supply tall buildings. gallons the amount of water that 2. Water supply is affected during peak passes through the water service loud hour Controls & Valves Advantages the principal water distribution 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & pipe running from the water meter tanks from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken. AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM Storage Tanks Disadvantages 1. Water supply is affected by loss of TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBBUTION pressure inside the tank in case of SYSTEMS (WITHIIN THE BUILDING) power interruption. Direct Up feed 2. Maximum zoning for each system is only 10 levels. - Water is provided by the city water companies using Advantages normal pressure from public 1. With compact pumping unit water main 2. Sanitary due to air tight water Air Pressure System (Pneumatic) chamber 3. Oxygen in the compressed air serves - When pressure supplied by city as purifying agent water supply is not strong 4. Economical (smaller pipe diam) enough 5. less initial construction and - Compressed air is used to maintenance costs raise and push water into the 6. Adaptable air pressure system. Down feed( Overhead feed or Gravity System) ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] Over- Head feed System Bathtub 2 Kitchen sink 2 Disadvantages Laundry tub 2 1. Water is subject contamination Shower bath 2 2. high maintenance cost Slop sink 3 3. occupies valuable space Urinal 5 4. requires stronger foundation and Water closet 6 other structure to carry additional Bathroom group 8 load to tank and water (WC,Lav,Tub, and shower Advantages PROBABILTY OF SIMULTANEOOUS USE OF 1. Water is not affected by peak load FIXTURES hour 2. not affected by power interruptions Number Percentage of 3. time needed to replace broken of Simultaneous parts does not affect water supply Fixtures Use 1 to 5 50 – 100% 6 to 50 25 – 50 % 50 or more 10-25% MAXIMUM DEMAND - refer to the maximum water PIPE DIAMETER discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms of units. The maximum Dia 13 20 25 32 38 50 demand of water supply is met mm mm mm mm mm mm equal to the total fixture units er in plumbing. Gall 20 38 80 110 170 223 ons PROBABLE DEMAND - also referred to as the Peak 3.7 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSETEM load, it is the probable amount of water discharge at any given time. The fewer the Upfeed Gravity Return System number of fixtures installed the higher the per- centage of - Hot water rises on its own & probability of their simulta- does not need any pump for neous use. circulation - With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant FIXTURE UNIT VALVES circulation of water - Hot water is immediately Type of Fixtures Fixture drawn from the fixture any Units time Floor drain 1 Lavatory or wash basin 2 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 REVIEWER [QUIZ 1] - Provides economical 2 Types of Water Heating System: circulating return of unused Hot Water Space Heating System hot water - Water is confined within a system at Downfeed and Gravity Return System a low temperature - Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity Hot Water Supply System - Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water and - Not a closed system which operates gravity. on much higher temperature. Pumps Circuit System Protection of Hot Water Tank: - Pumps are introduced for a more System Relief Valve effi- cient circulation of hot water to - Used for hot water space heating the up- per floor levels of multi-storey buildings system Temperature and Pressure Relief HOT WATER CONSUMPTION - Used for hot water supply system Kind of Building Gallons per person per hour Office Buildings 4 to 5 School Buildings 2 to 3 Apartme 8 nt Buildings Hotels 8 to 10 Factories 4 to 6 Residential 10 WORKING LOAD OF HOT WATER SYSTEM Kind of Building Gallons per Person per hour Svhool, Office and 25% Industrial Types Apartments 35% &residence Hotels &Restaurants 50%