US History STAAR Guide - Leander ISD.pdf

US History STAAR Guide Leander ISD Social Studies Exit Level STAAR The Revolutionary Era George Washington – Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was also the 1st President of the United States. Thomas Jefferson – Author of the Declarati...

US History STAAR Guide Leander ISD Social Studies Exit Level STAAR The Revolutionary Era George Washington – Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was also the 1st President of the United States. Thomas Jefferson – Author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd President of the United States. Benjamin Rush – American physician and political leader, a member of the Continental Congress and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. John Hancock – American Revolutionary leader and first signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. John Jay – A Founding Father of the United States who served the new nation in both law and diplomacy. He established important judicial precedents as the first chief justice of the United States (1789–95) and negotiated the Jay Treaty of 1794. John Witherspoon – Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. John Muhlenberg – A Lutheran minister and a brigadier general in the Continental (American revolutionary) Army. He commanded the infantry at the battle of Yorktown. -2-  The Revolutionary Era Charles Carroll – American patriot leader, the longest- surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the only Roman Catholic to sign that document. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – One of the few Americans who served as governor in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post- Revolutionary state. During the American Revolution he was the only colonial governor who supported the American side. Declaration of Independence – Lists of grievances against King George III and justifies the colonies breaking away from England. Unalienable Rights – Rights that cannot be taken away: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Causes of the Revolution - The British taxed the colonies for revenue to pay for the French and Indian War. - “No taxation without Representation!” – Colonists resented being taxed without having a voice in Parliament. - Tax acts include the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act. - The Boston Massacre - The Intolerable Acts Loyalists – Americans who supported Great Britain during the revolution. Patriots – Americans who favored independence from Great Britain during the revolution. -3-  The United States Constitution Influences Magna Carta (1215) - Limited the king’s powers; provided trial by jury English Bill of Rights (1687) – Influenced the Constitution by forbidding cruel and unusual punishment; granting the right to bear arms; laws must be passed by the legislative branch; taxes must be approved by the legislative branch. Declaration of Independence (1776) – The Bill of Rights and the Constitution address grievances from the Declaration of Independence. It also lists the unalienable rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Federalist Papers (1787-1788) – Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. The authors include Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Replacing the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation (1781) – First form of government established by the thirteen states. Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government. Weaknesses include… - No executive branch to enforce laws - Congress could not collect taxes - No national court system - Each state had only one vote in Congress, regardless of population What is the role of government? Why do the United States’ founding documents still matter today? -4-  The United States Constitution Important Facts on the Constitution  1787- Delegates from the thirteen states drafted the U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia.  The Preamble is the introduction of the Constitution that states its purpose.  Ratification – to formally approve to go into effect, 9 out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution The Constitutional Convention of 1787 What characteristics should a government and its people have to allow it to endure? Alexis de Tocqueville – French political thinker and historian best known for writing Democracy in America, examining the equality of social classes and liberty enjoyed in the United States in the 1830s. Wrote about the values crucial to America’s success as a constitutional republic: liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism and laissez-faire. How do the values described by Alexis de Tocqueville compare to those of other nations and how have those values affected our nation’s history? -5- The United States Constitution Principles of the U.S. Constitution Separation of Powers – Divides the Checks and Balances – Makes sure powers of the government into three no branch of government becomes too branches powerful. Legislative Branch- makes the laws Example: The President can veto a Executive Branch – executes the laws bill and Congress has the power to Judicial Branch – interprets the laws override the veto. Limited Government – Power of the Federalism – Power is shared between govt. is restricted by the U.S. the states and national government. Constitution. “No one is above the law.” Republicanism – A system where Popular Sovereignty – The people people vote for elected representatives hold supreme power. Addressed in the to run the government. preamble…“We the people…” The Bill of Rights o The first ten amendments of the Constitution o Protect individual rights and liberties o The Bill of Rights was necessary in order for some states to ratify the Constitution 1st Amendment – Freedom of speech, religion, and press; right to assemble; right to petition 2nd Amendment – Right to bear arms 3rd Amendment – No quartering of soldiers during peace time 4th Amendment – No unlawful search and seizure 5th Amendment – No double jeopardy; cannot be compelled to be a witness against himself 6th Amendment – The right to a fast and public trial 7th Amendment – Trial by jury 8th Amendment – No cruel or unusual punishment 9th Amendment – Rights reserved to the people 10th Amendment – Powers reserved to the states -6-  Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny – the belief that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860s Texas (1845) – Joined the US as the 28th state Mexican Cession (1848) – California and New Mexico sold to US for $15 million after the Mexican War Utah Territory (1850) – Established as a territory; Brigham Young becomes governor Gadsden Purchase (1853) – Bought from Mexico for $10 million Oregon Territory (1859) – Becomes the 33rd state Railroads  Encouraged settlement in the West  Created thousands of new jobs  Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869 connected the U.S. east and west coasts by railway. -7-  Westward Expansion California Gold Rush (1849) – After gold was discovered in California, over 40,000 people migrated from the East to “strike it rich.” Great Plains – Grassland of Central North America that extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Homestead Act (1862) – Law that provided 160 acres to anyone who was willing to settle land in the West. Exodusters – African Americans who migrated to Kansas after Reconstruction. Cattle Drives – As demand for beef increased, cowboys drove herds of cattle along cattle trails to be shipped to the East by railroad. Famous trails include the Chisholm, Western, and Goodnight- Loving. How do new technologies shape society? How does migration change lives? -8-  Westward Expansion Technology on the Great Plains Soddy – a house built of mud and grass that was settled because of a lack of wood on the Great Plains. Barbed wire – Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. Windmill – allowed dry-land farming by bringing up underground water to irrigate crops on the Great Plains. Steel Plow – Farm machine used to break up soil to allow the planting of crops. The steel plow made farming more efficient. Native Americans and A Way of Life Buffalo – The Great Plains Indians relied on the buffalo to continue their way of life. When the buffalo was killed off, so was the lifestyle of the Plains Indians. Reservations – Plots of land given to Native Americans to live on as white settlers moved West. Dawes Act – U.S. law that attempted to assimilate Indians by giving them individual plots of land. Battle of Wounded Knee – U.S. soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native Americans in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars. Are innovations in science and technology beneficial or detrimental? -9-  The Gilded Age Business During the Gilded Age Andrew Carnegie – Business tycoon who controlled most of the Steel industry. Carnegie was also known as a “Captain of Industry” and a “robber baron.”. “The Gospel of Wealth” was Carnegie’s famous essay about the role of industrialists. John Rockefeller – Business tycoon who owned Standard Oil and Controlled 90% of the oil industry in the late 1800’s. He was able to control the industry by making Standard Oil a trust. Monopolies – Situation in which one company controls the supply of a product or service. Trusts – Small companies join together to form one large company, usually as a monopoly. Reactions to Big Business Sherman Antitrust Act – Outlawed business monopolies Labor Unions – Organizations that protected the interests of the worker. - Labor unions dealt with the dangerous working conditions and long working hours that workers were faced with. - They helped end child labor practices. - Famous labor unions include the Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL). - Labor unions helped organize strikes to protest the injustices of the workplace. Industrialization & Urbanization Industrialization – The rise of a manufacturing economy and decline of an agricultural economy. Urbanization – The large growth of cities. With urbanization came a large range of urban problems including sanitation, transportation, and crowded living conditions. Jane Addams – Founder of Chicago’s Hull House; campaigned for feminists and child labor reform. Settlement houses – community centers that helped immigrants address the problems of squalid living conditions, disease, illiteracy, and unemployment. - 10 -  The Gilded Age Social Gospel- movement applying Christian ethics to social issues, particularly issues of social justice. Chinese Exclusion Act – Banned Chinese immigration to U.S. beginning in 1882. Ban was lifted in 1943. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 – Law designed to regulate the railroads and their monopolistic ways of doing business. Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – Created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar) and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender. Politics During the Gilded Age Political machines – Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A political boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. Tweed Ring Scandal – Political scandal involving William Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City. Political cartoons by Thomas Nast helped raise awareness of political corruption. Civil Service Reform – laws passed in the 1870s and 1880s began to require government workers to take tests to work for the government and began replacing the “spoils system”. - 11 -  The Gilded Age Why do people move? Immigrants  About 20 million European immigrants arrived in the U.S. between 1870 and 1920.  Before 1890, most immigrants came from Western and Northern Europe. These were known as the “Old Immigrants.”  An increase of Southern and Eastern immigrants occurred after 1890. They were known as the “New Immigrants” and their arrival increased social tension.  300,000 Chinese immigrants arrived between 1851 and 1883. Tenements – Apartments built in city slums to house large numbers of people. Many immigrants were forced to live in tenements in “slum” neighborhoods. Child Labor was a major problem during the Gilded Age. Sweat shops – A small factory where workers work many hours in bad conditions for little pay. Immigrants (and children) were considered cheap labor and paid very little for their work. Populism – The movement of the people, born with the founding of the Populist Party in 1892. William Jennings Bryan was their leader. Farm Crisis (1880s-1890s) - Farmers had overfarmed their land, were being overcharged to ship products and were deep in debt. Would lead to support of Populist Party. Frances Willard – American educator, temperance reformer and women’s suffragist. Influence was instrumental in the passage of the 18th and 19th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. How does government respond to the need to change? - 12 -  The Progressive Era Goals of Progressivism: - Protect social welfare - Create economic reform - Political reform of government Important terms: Muckraker – Reporters and writers who exposed government corruption and the abuses of big business. Suffrage – The right to vote. How do people/groups organize to create change? Important Legislation: 16th Amendment – Established the federal income tax. 17th Amendment – The direct election of U.S. Senators. Made govt. more responsive to the people. 18th Amendment – The prohibition of alcohol. 19th Amendment – The right to vote for women. Initiative – Procedure by which citizens can propose a law to be placed on a ballot. Referendum – A vote on an initiative. Recall – Procedure by which a public official may be removed from office by popular vote. Ida B. Wells – African American journalist who led an anti- lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. The photographs of Jacob Riis helped expose the poor living conditions of the inner-city: - 13 -  The Progressive Era Theodore Roosevelt’s Impact Trustbuster – Term used to describe Roosevelt’s attempt to reform big business by breaking up trusts. Conservation – The preservation of wilderness areas. Meat Inspection Act – Regulation of the preparation of foods and the sale of medicines. Bull Moose Party – Roosevelt’s political party in the election of 1912. Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate. Important People: Susan B. Anthony – Leader of the women’s suffrage movement. W.E.B. Du Bois – Early civil rights leader and founder of the NAACP. Du Bois demanded equality for African-Americans. Eugene V. Debs – Labor leader who attempted to form a labor union of skilled and unskilled workers. In 1912, he ran for President under the Socialist Party as a third-party candidate. He won 6% of the popular vote. Upton Sinclair – Author of The Jungle, a book that describes the terrible conditions of meat-packing plants and the struggles the immigrants faced. Led to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Woodrow Wilson – The last President of the Progressive Era. Wilson passed the Clayton Antitrust Act which continued to crack down on monopolies. What makes a good citizen? - 14 - - 15 -  Expansionism Expansionsim – refers to the doctrine of a state expanding its territorial base (or economic influence) usually, though not necessarily, by means of military aggression. Alaska (1867) –Purchased from Russia in 1867. Alaska was known as “Seward’s Folly” and was initially considered a bad purchase. Hawaii (1898) –Queen Liliuokalani was removed from power and Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898. Sanford B. Dole serves as President, Territorial Governor, and a US District Judge after the monarchy ends. What makes a country a world power? Spanish American War (1898) Causes of the Spanish-American War Spanish cruelty – Spain’s military abused power and mistreated Cubans Yellow Journalism – News that exaggerates the truth in order to get a reaction De Lome Letter – Letter intercepted from a Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley of the United States U.S.S. Maine – U.S. warship blown up in Havana Harbor off the coast of Cuba. The Spanish were blamed and war was declared. Results of the Spanish-American War - Spain loses most of its empire - The Platt Amendment allows the U.S. to control Cuba - The U.S. acquired the territories of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico - The U.S. increases its strength as a world power Open Door Policy – Ensured that the U.S. could trade with China Teddy Roosevelt and Expansionism Rough Riders – Volunteer cavalry unit led by Teddy Roosevelt that gained fame at the battle of San Juan Hill. Roosevelt Corollary – Teddy Roosevelt declared that the U.S. would act as an international police power in Latin America. Panama Canal – Man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Roosevelt was President when construction began in 1904. - 16 -  World War I (1914-1918) Causes of World War I Militarism Nations built large armies to help them secure their empires. Alliances European nations signed secret treaties with each other that created a system of alliances. Imperialism Competition between European countries to create empires. Nationalism Strong feelings of pride for one’s country. Important Dates 1914 – World War I begins in Europe 1917 – The United States enters WWI on the Allied side 1918 – The Allies win WWI when Germany surrenders Important People Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Archduke of Austria Hungary Assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the Causes of World War I. Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States during World War I. Wilson wanted to fight the war “to make the world safe for Democracy.” Gen. John Pershing – The commander of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. Under his leadership, American forces helped end the stalemate and led the Allies to Victory. Henry Cabot Lodge – U.S. Senator who opposed the League of Nations. Is conflict/war inevitable? Allied Powers Central Powers - Great Britain- - Germany - France - Austria-Hungary -The United States - The Ottoman Empire - Russia - Bulgaria -Serbia - 17 -  WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) Is war fair? Reasons for U.S. Involvement in WWI Close Ties with the Allies – Americans and British spoke the same language. We shared the notion of democracy. Many Americans traced their ancestry to Great Britain. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare – German policy of sinking any ships in the water, including merchant and passenger ships. Lusitania – British passenger ship that was destroyed by a German submarine. 128 Americans were killed. Zimmerman Note – Telegram sent by Germany, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany if the United States entered the war. In return, Mexico would receive land that it had lost to the United States. Key Terms: Trench Warfare – Opposing sides attack from ditches instead of an open battlefield. New weapons introduced during the war: machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplane warfare or “dog fighting.” Stalemate – A situation where neither side can gain an advantage in combat. Battle of Argonne Forest – final allied offensive of WWI Wilson’s Fourteen Points – Woodrow Wilson’s proposal for peace after WWI. Wilson called for freedom of the seas, ending secret treaties, a League of Nations and other peaceful measures. League of Nations – International organization formed after WWI to help solve disputes between countries. The United States did not join due to fears of being pulled into another international war. Treaty of Versailles – The treaty that ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment. The treatment of Germany in the treaty helped lead to the rise of Adolf Hitler and WWII. Alvin York – Medal of Honor recipient for leading an attack against a German machine gun nest in WWI. - 18 -  The Roaring Twenties Important People Henry Ford – Automobile manufacturer who created the Model T and began to mass-produce the automobile. Ford used the assembly line to speed up production and satisfy demand. The assembly line lowered the prices to make the automobile more affordable for an average American. William Jennings Bryan – The prosecutor in the Scopes Trial. He supported creationism in school. He is also famous for the “Cross of Gold” speech that argued against using the gold standard to back money. Clarence Darrow – Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial he argued that evolution should be taught in schools. Charles Lindbergh – American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Glenn Curtiss – Pioneer aviator and leading American manufacturer of aircraft by the time of the United States’ entry into World War I. Marcus Garvey – Charismatic black leader who organized the first important American black nationalist movement (1919–26), based in New York City’s Harlem. What role does media play in politics? What determines a society’s values and beliefs? - 19 -  The Roaring Twenties Political Issues Red Scare – The fear that Communists were going to take over the United States in the 1920’s. This fueled people’s suspicions of foreigners and led to immigrant quotas. Teapot Dome Scandal – The prime example of corruption during Warren G. Harding’s Presidency. Economic Issues: Causes of Prosperity during the 1920’s - Government policies that reduced govt. interference in business - The growth and use of the automobile industry - Efficient production techniques such as the assembly line - Mass consumerism from the American public - Overconfidence of American consumers led to the widespread use of credit. Can evolution and intelligent design both be taught? Social Issues Women’s Issues in the 1920’s - Flappers embraced urban attitudes and fashions. - Women began to demand more freedom and assert their independence. - A double standard between men and women still existed. Flappers Prohibition – Reform movement that banned the sale and consumption of alcohol. It also increased organized crime. 18th Amendment – Prohibition is enacted and alcohol is illegal. Al Capone 21st Amendment – The 18th Amendment is repealed and Prohibition ends. The Scopes Trial – The famous “Monkey Trial” that pitted creationism agains Darwin’s theory of evolution. The trial represented the clash between science and fundamentalist religion. - 20 -  The Roaring Twenties Social Darwinism – theory of societies applying the theory of Darwinian evolution to sociology and politics. Eugenics – applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population, usually referring to human populations. Nativism – favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Cultural Issues The Jazz Age – Term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald to describe the 1920’s. Jazz – A popular form of music. Famous jazz composers include Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. The Great Migration – The mass migration of African-Americans to Northern cities from 1910-1930. The Harlem Renaissance –Period of African-American cultural creativity in music, art, and literature during the 1920’s, centered in Harlem. Ex: poet Langston Hughes. American Indian Citizenship Act 1924 – granted citizenship to America’s indigenous people. What role does social engineering play in the 1920s? - 21 -  The Great Depression, 1929-1940 Causes of the Great Depression - Decline in agricultural prices What role - Unequal distribution of income. should - Overproduction of consumer goods. government - Consumer overconfidence & buying goods on credit. - Buying stocks on margin for quick profit play in - Bank failures everyday Important Date life? 1929 – The Stock Market Crash.Presidents Herbert Hoover (1929-1933): President when the Great Depression began. Hoover is criticized for allowing the Depression to deepen. He was defeated when voters looked toThe federal government for help. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945): Defeated Hoover in1932. Implemented the New Deal to help with the Great Depression. Gave fireside chats on the radio to communicate with the American public. Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady and supporter of FDR’s New Deal and WWII policies. Also, championed civil rights for women and minorities. Life during the Great Depression Unemployment – Unemployment rose as high as 25% during the Great Depression. “Hoovervilles” – Shantytowns on the outskirts of the cities of homeless and uemployed people. Bread lines and soup kitchens – Methods by which the needy could obtain free or low-priced food. Dust Bowl – Term used to describe the area of the Great Plains where heavy droughts had dried up the farmland. This forced many residents of the Great Plains to relocate. John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath – Famous novel that describes the hardships of the Great Depression. In the novel, a family from Oklahoma moves to California to escape the Dust Bowl. - 22 -  The Great Depression, 1929-1940 Programs during the Great Depression Hoover Dam (Boulder Dam) – Dam built on the Colorado River to help stimulate business and provide jobs. What influences an economy? The New Deal: Roosevelt’s program to fight the Great Depression. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – Law that attempted to raise crop prices by lowering production. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – Public works program that gave jobs to young men. The workers planted trees, fought forest fires and built public parks. Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Created jobs by hiring writers and artists. New Deal Programs still in effect today: FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) – Provided insurance for people’s bank accounts. SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) – Govt. agency that regulates the stock market. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Program that built dams in the Tennessee Valley area in order to control flooding and provide electric power. ***Social Security Act*** -- The most important act of the New Deal. Social Security provided unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, old age pensions, and insurance for families. -FDR battles the Supreme Court – The Supreme Court had declared several New Deal programs unconstitutional. In order to get his programs passed, FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court, a tactic known as court-packing. -WWII brought us out of the Depression by creating jobs in industry and the military. - 23 -  World War II (1941-1945) Important Dates 1939 – Adolf Hitler invades Poland. WWII begins. 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii. As a result, the U.S. enters the war. 1945 – Germany is defeated to end the war in Europe. The atomic bomb is dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war in the Pacific. Important People Franklin D. Roosevelt – President of the United States during WWII. Declared war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Harry Truman – President of the United States during WWII. Made the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan. Gen. Dwight Eisenhower – U.S. general in Europe during World War II. He was in charge of the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day). Gen. Douglas MacArthur – U.S. general in charge of the Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean. Gen. Omar Bradley – U.S. general who led the U.S. 1st Army during the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day). Gen. George Marshall – Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during World War II. He oversaw all military operations in the War in Europe. After the war, he was responsible for the Marshall Plan. Adm. Chester Nimitz – Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War II. Gen. George S. Patton – U.S. Army officer who was an outstanding practitioner of mobile tank warfare in the European and Mediterranean theatres during World War II. - 24 - What makes a good leader?  World War II (1941-1945) Allied Powers Axis Powers -Great Britain -Germany -France -Italy -United States -Japan -Soviet Union Causes of World War II - Harsh treatment of Germany after World War I. - The rise of dictators and totalitarianism in Europe. - Germany’s invasion of Poland. The War in the Pacific Pearl Harbor – On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, as a result, the U.S. enters the war. Battle of Midway – The turning point in the war in the Pacific. This pivotal battle dealt a severe blow to the Japanese navy. Island-hopping – Allied naval strategy to reach Japan by taking one island at a time. The atomic bomb – Powerful weapon dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Harry Truman made the decision to drop the bomb in an effort to reduce American casualties. As a result, WWII ends. Bataan Death March –The forcible transfer, by the Imperial Japanese Army, of 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of prisoners. The Flying Tigers – The 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942, famously nicknamed the Flying Tigers, was composed of pilots from the United States Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Navajo Code Talkers – Young Navajo men who transmitted secret communications on the battlefields of WWII. They drew upon their proud warrior tradition to brave the dense jungles of Guadalcanal and the exposed beachheads of Iwo Jima. Their unbreakable code played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and hastening the war's end. - 25 -  World War II (1941-1945) The War in Europe The Holocaust – The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps. Two-front war – Germany was forced to fight British and American troops from the West and Russia from the East. This divided Germany’s army in two and helped the Allies gain the advantage in Europe. Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) – On June 6, 1944, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower led an Allied attack on German-controlled France. The Allied forces won the battle, causing German forces to retreat. Tuskegee Airmen – Black servicemen of the US Armed Forces who trained at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama during World War II. They constituted the first African American flying unit in the U.S. military. The Homefront Entering WWII helped the United States end the Great Depression. Rationing – Wartime restriction of items used by the public. Internment of Japanese-Americans – Forcing over 100,000 Japanese- Americans to relocate to crowded prison camps during WWII. During the war, women and minorities played a large role at home. Women and minorities were asked to fill the jobs that were left behind by soldiers going overseas. Victory Gardens – Vegetable, fruit and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Germany during World War II to reduce the pressure on the public food supply brought on by the war effort. War Bonds – Debt securities issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war. US Office of War Information – a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Executive Order 9066 – Executive Order by Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1942 that led to the internment of Japanese and Korean Americans for the duration of WWII. Does the good of society - 26 - Rosie the Riveter ever outweigh individual rights?  POST-WAR AMERICA (1945-1974) Life under Harry Truman (1945-1952) GI Bill – A 1944 law that gives military veterans financial and educational benefits. Taft-Hartley Act – Law passed in 1947 that struck a blow to the power of the labor union. The bill overturned many rights won by unions under the New Deal. Suburbs – Communities built on the outskirts of Major cities. Levittown was the first suburb community. The Baby Boom – The period from the end of World War II through the mid-1960s marked by unusually high birth rates. Life under Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1960) Interstate Highway Act (1956) – Authorized the building of a national highway system. The new roads encouraged the development of suburbs away from the city. Rock N’ Roll – Form of music that became popular in the 1950’s. Space Race – Competition between U.S. and U.S.S.R. for supremacy in space exploration between 1957 and 1975. Civil Rights Act of 1957 – First civil rights legislations since Reconstruction. Protected voting rights of all voters by making it illegal to coerce, intimidate or interfere with a person’s right to vote. Beat Generation – a group of American post-WWII writers who came to prominence in the 1950s who originally met in New York and would later move to San Francisco. - 27 -  POST-WAR AMERICA (1945-1974) Life under John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Kennedy and Richard Nixon were involved in the first televised debate. Peace Corps – Volunteer program that helped developing nations. New Frontier – Kennedy’s program that addressed social and international concerns and the expansion of the space program. NASA – The United States’ space agency that sent Americans into outerspace. In 1969, the first man landed on the moon. On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Life under Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1968) Great Society – Lyndon B. Johnson’s program that addressed America’s social problems including health care, civil rights, and urban decay. The War on Poverty – Johnson’s agenda designed to help poor Americans. This included the Head Start program and Job Corps Training. Medicare (1965) – Federal program that provides health insurance to Americans over the age 65. Medicaid (1965) – Program that provides health insurance for people on welfare. HUD (Housing and Urban Development) – The federal department responsible for the major housing programs in the United States. Does the media accurately reflect American What makes a society? world power? - 28 -  POST-WAR AMERICA (1945-1974) Johnson’s Civil Rights record – Civil rights was a focal point during the Johnson administration and many laws were passed during his Presidency including: - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Made discrimination based on race, religion or national origin in public places illegal. - The Voting Rights Act of 1965 – eliminated literacy tests for voters. - 24th Amendment – abolished the poll tax. - The Civil Rights Act of 1968 – Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. Life under Richard Nixon (1969-1974) Silent Majority – Nixon’s reference to those who did not participate in the anti-war protests, public discourse or the counterculture. 26th Amendment – Gave voting rights to Americans 18 years and older. Nixon’s trip to China – In 1972, Nixon visited China, a Communist nation, to open up diplomatic and economic relations. This was seen as a success with the American public. Watergate – A political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice; led to the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Began under Nixon in 1970 and is charged with the protection of human health and the environment. Endangered Species Act – Signed into law by Nixon to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation." Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 – The law states, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance..." - 29 -  The Cold War Era Important Terms and Events Containment – The policy that the United States should prevent communism from spreading to other nations. United Nations (1945) – International organization formed after WWII to serve as a peacekeeper in world conflicts. The United States and Soviet Union used the UN to promote their beliefs during the Cold War. Truman Doctrine (1947) – U.S. policy that gave military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism. Marshall Plan (1948) – Program, proposed by Gen. George Marshall, to help European countries rebuild after WWII. The United States offered economic aid to the war-torn countries. NATO (1949) – North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A military alliance formed between the United States, Canada, and ten western European countries. Berlin Airlift – U.S. operation that flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet Union set up a blockade in 1948. Korean War (1950-1953) - After WWII, Korea was divided between North and South at the 38th parallel. - North Korea (Communist) invaded South Korea (Democratic) in 1950. - As a result, the United States sent troops to help the South Koreans. - In 1953, the war ended in a stalemate but South Korea remained a democracy. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - standing House committee that investigated threats of subversion and in the 1950s was used to investigate the communist subversion. The Rosenbergs (1951) – An American couple who were accused of Communism and helping the Soviet Union obtain information about the atomic bomb. They were found guilty and sentenced to death. Nuclear weapons – In 1952, the U.S. successfully detonated the H-bomb, the first nuclear weapon. The Soviet Union exploded a nuclear weapon in 1953. The arms race followed as both countries amassed more nuclear weapons. Are we always innocent until proven guilty? - 30 -  The Cold War Era Joe McCarthy – Senator from Wisconsin who became famous by accusing people of being Communists without providing evidence. McCarthyism (1954) – Witch-hunt of suspected Communists in the early 1950’s. This tactic was used by Joseph McCarthy. Sputnik (1957) – The first man-made satellite to be launched into outer space. Sputnik was a success for the Soviet Union and a symbolic success for communism. This caused the United States to increase interest in its space program and a space race developed between the United States and the Soviet Union. Berlin Wall (1961) – A wall built by the Soviets to separate East and West Berlin. The wall stood until 1989 when communism collapsed in the Soviet Union. Bay of Pigs (1961) – A failed invasion of Cuba planned by the United States government. The U.S. used Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, but were soundly defeated by the Cuban military. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – A standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union when it was discovered that the Soviets had installed missiles pointed at the United States. The United States pledged not to invade Cuba when the Soviet Union removed the missiles. Vietnam War (1954-1975) – A war between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non- communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. - At home, the nation was divided over U.S. involvement in the war. - The United States withdrew and South Vietnam was overtaken by communists in 1975. - 31 -  The Cold War Era Domino theory – The belief that if a nearby nation becomes communist, surrounding nations will follow suit. Was used as a rationale for containment. Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Congressional approval that gave President Lyndon B. Johnson the power to escalate the war in Vietnam. Tet Offensive – Military campaign launched by the North Vietnamese in January 1968 against the South Vietnamese and U.S. at a time when no fighting was to have taken place. Vietnamization – The policy under Nixon to equip and train the South Vietnamese soldiers and reduce the U.S. presence in Vietnam. Fall of Saigon – Capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese in April 1975 effectively ending the Vietnam War. Hawks – Supporters of the Vietnam War who believed the U.S. should increase military force in order to win the war. Doves – Critics of the Vietnam War who believed the U.S. should withdraw. War Powers Act – A law passed in 1973 that limited the President’s right to send troops into battle without Congressional approval. Was U.S. Cold War behavior that of a bully, police officer, or referee? - 32 -  CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Struggle for Freedom Slavery – Bound in servitude as the property of another person. The slave trade brought slaves from Africa to the colonies and the United States. Abolition movement – The movement to end slavery. Famous abolitionists include Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. Emancipation Prolamation (1863) – during the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln freed all the slaves in the Confederate states. Slave states loyal to the Union were allowed to keep their slaves. 13th Amendment – Abolished slavery. 14th Amendment – Gave all U.S. citizens equal protection under the law regardless of color. 15th Amendment – Gave African-American men the right to vote. Early Struggles for Equality Segregation – separation of races Jim Crow laws – Southern race laws that encouraged segregation and discrimination against African-Americans Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court decision that upheld segregation and said that “separate but equal” facilities were legal. Techniques used to prevent voting: - Poll taxes - Literacy tests - The Grandfather clause - Racial violence with the Ku Klux Klan and others Early African-American Leaders W.E.B. Du Bois – Early civil rights leader and founder of the NAACP. Du Bois demanded equality for African-Americans. Booker T. Washington – Early African-American leader who believed African-Americans should achieve economic independence before social equality. - 33 -  CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Important People Rosa Parks – Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized. Malcolm X – Black Muslim leader who argued for separation, not integration, and influenced the Black Power movement. He changed his stance but was assassinated in 1965. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Civil Rights leader during the 1950’s and 60’s. He helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott to protest segregation on buses. He organized the March on Washington where he delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. King was assassinated in 1968. Cesar Chavez –Helped organize mostly Spanish-speaking farm workers into the United Farm Workers of America. The success of this union led to other civil rights reforms for Hispanic Americans, including bilingual education. Dolores Huerta -- Co-founder of the United Farm Workers of America and longtime supporter of farm workers rights. George Wallace – 4 term Governor of Alabama in the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s. A staunch segregationist who ran for President 4 times. Famous for his quote “...I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.” Orval Faubus – 6 term Governor of Arkansas from 1955- 1967. Known for his stand against integrating schools in Little Rock and Eisenhower federalizing the National Guard in Arkansas and removing them from Faubus’ control. Lester Maddox – 1 term Governor of Georgia in the late 1960’s and a staunch segregationist who refused to allow MLK’s body to lie in state in the Georgia Capitol after MLK’s assassination. Why does society change over time? - 34 -  CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Important Terms Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Supreme Court decision that made segregation illegal in public schools. Thurgood Marshall – Supreme Court justice and argued many cases in the Supreme Court including Brown v. Board of Education. The Little Rock Nine – Group of African-American students that were integrated into an all-white school, Little Rock High School, in 1957. 24th Amendment – Abolished the poll tax. Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Made discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin in public places illegal and required employers to hire on an equal opportunity basis. American Indian Movement (AIM) – Oragnization of the Native American Civil Rights movement. Focusing on recognition of their rights, AIM temporarily seized some federal government properties in the early 1970’s Chicano Mural Movement – Outgrowth of the Civil Rights Movement and as a way to document history, express their cultural heritage and promote political social activism. National Organization of Women (NOW) – founded in 1966 to support “full equality for women in America.” Gloria Steinem was a leader of this movement. How does a changing population affect society? - 35 -  The Reagan Era Camp David Accords – Signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following thirteen days of secret negotiations at Camp David. President Jimmy Carter (39th President of the United States) worked for 18 months to bring the two leaders together to sign the agreement to bring peace to Egypt and Israel. Ronald Reagan – 40th President of the United States. Former Governor of California and radio, television and movie star. Reaganomics – Reagan’s economic policy, also known as supply-side economics. The 4 parts of the plan included: reduce government spending increases, income and capital gains taxes and government regulations and control the money supply. “Peace through strength” – the support of military strength for the purpose of creating peaceful international relations. Reagan used this as a basis for his foreign policy. Heritage Foundation – Conservative think tank in Washington, D.C. that took a leading role in the conservative movement during the Reagan years. Moral Majority – Political organization founded by Jerry Falwell that brought together the “religious right” groups. Active during the 1980’s. National Rifle Association (NRA) – National non-profit civil rights organization which advocates for the protection of Second Amendment Rights and promotion of firearm ownership. Rust Belt to Sun Belt migration (1970’s – 1980’s) – Migration of people from the manufacturing areas of the north and northeastern U.S. to the southern states due to changes in economics and industry. Phyllis Schlafley -- Constitutional lawyer and an American politically conservative activist and author who founded the Eagle Forum. Iran-Contra Affair -- senior Reagan administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo. Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras. - 36 -  The 1990’s Persian Gulf War – August 1990-February 1991; Liberation of Kuwait from invading Iraq by a 34 nation U.N. authorized force led by the United States. Balkan Crisis 1991-1995 – Ethnic war fought in former Yugoslavia between the Serbs and the Croats. Clinton Impeachment – President Bill Clinton (42nd President of the United States) was impeached by the U.S. House in Dec. 1998 and later acquitted by the U.S. Senate of perjury stemming from a scandal and a lawsuit. Trade Organizations OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Established in 1965 and consists of 12 countries who are net exporters of oil. GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Established in 1947 and was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1993. A set of rules on trade for nations who are a part of the agreement. NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement. Opened door to tariff free trade on certain products and increased imports and exports between the countries of the United States, Canada and Mexico. - 37 - The Turn of the Century and the 2000’s 9/11 – September 11, 2001terrorist attack on several airplanes. Two planes were used to attack and destroy the World Trade Center in New York City and one struck the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Nearly 3000 deaths occurred making it the largest attack on U.S. soil since the attack on Pearl Harbor during WWII. War on Terror – Phrase used by President George W. Bush to describe the international military campaign led by the U.S. and U.K., with support from NATO, against Al-Qaeda as a response to the 9/11 attacks. Led to war in Afghanistan and Iraq. USA PATRIOT ACT of 2001– signed into law by President Bush in response to the 9/11 attacks. Stands for Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) Providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. 2008 Presidential Election – Led to the election of, Barack Obama, the first black President of the United States. ARRA 2009 – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Signed into law by President Obama and was passed in response to the economic recession of the late 2000’s. Provided money for infrastructure, education, health, and energy, federal tax incentives, and expansion of unemployment benefits and other social welfare provisions. War in Afghanistan: 2001-2021 Triggered by the September 11 attacks President George W. Bush announced that American forces had launched attacks against the terrorist group and Taliban targets in Afghanistan War in Iraq: 2003-2011 To disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people. - 38 -  Key Court Cases Mendez v. Westminster – 1946 federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California. Held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional. Hernandez v. Texas – 1954 landmark United States Supreme Court case that decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Delgado v. Bastrop ISD – 1948 state court case that declared educational segregation of Mexican American students illegal in Texas. Edgewood ISD v. Kirby – 1984 state lawsuit that challenged the state funding for public schools. The court found for Edgewood and it led to what is known as the “Robin Hood” law to fund Texas public education. Sweatt v. Painter – 1950 Supreme Court case of a black student suing to gain entrance to the University of Texas Law School. Set up the later case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) – Supreme Court case dealing with affirmative action programs designed to increase minority representation in colleges and professions. Edgewood ISD v. Kirby – 1984 state lawsuit that challenged the state funding for public schools. The court found for Edgewood and it led to what is known as the “Robin Hood” law to fund Texas public education. Sweatt v. Painter – 1950 Supreme Court case of a black student suing to gain entrance to the University of Texas Law School. Set up the later case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) – Supreme Court case dealing with affirmative action programs designed to increase minority representation in colleges and professions. - 39 - SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Transportation Transcontinental Railroad – Completed in 1869, it helped connect the West and East coasts. It made transportation of people and goods faster and helped jumpstart industry. Automobile – The automobile transformed the American landscape. It made the biggest impact on the economy from the 1920’s until the 1970’s. Airplane – In 1903, the Wright Bros. conducted the first successful flight of an airplane. Since then, the airplane has been used for military purposes and the transportation of people and goods. Space Travel – In 1961, the Soviets put the first man in space. In 1969, the Americans put the first man on the moon. Today, astronauts use space shuttles and other aircraft to travel in space. Communication & Entertainment Telegraph – Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph was the first machine to enable long-distance communication. The telegraph used the Morse code to translate codes. Telephone – Invited by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the telephone allowed people to transmit messages from long distance. Radio – This invention allowed communication through wireless sound waves making voice transmission possible. By the 1930s, the radio was a major source of entertainment and advertising. Television – The television became popular in the 1950’s. By 1960, 90% of American households had a television. The television is a main source of entertainment and advertising. Computer – Computers were developed in the late 1940’s and are the most important invention of the last 50 years. Computers have transformed life at home and in the workplace. - 40 -  Science and Technology Medicine Penicillin- Penicillin is an antibiotic used to cure or stop the spread of certain infections. The development helped people survive infections that would normally kill. Polio Vaccine- In the early 1950’s, Jonas Salk invented the vaccine for polio, a crippling disease. The most famous person affected by polio was President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Agriculture Barbed Wire- Used to fence in ranches on on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. Windmill—allowed dry-land farming by bringing up undergound water to irrigate crops on the Great Plains. Steel Plow – Farm machine used to break up soil to allow the planting of crops. The steel plow made farming more efficient. Other Revolutionary Developments Steel – Steel is a light, flexible and rust-resistant metal that helped in the development of structures such as bridges, cars and skyscrapers. Bessemer Steel Process – the technique used to convert iron- ore into steel. Electricity – In 1880, the light bulb, invented by Thomas Edison, was patented and helped change business. In the 1920’s, electricity was widespread in American homes and household appliances made life easier. Petroleum-based products – These products are used in our everyday life and include gasoline, oil, and asphalt. Gasoline powers vehicles. Asphalt is used to contruct the nation’s highways. Oil provides about 40% of the energy that Americans consume. - 41 -  Important Terms Important Economic systems Traditional Economy – An economic system in which economic decisions are made on the basis of customs. Example: Poor developing nations such as Congo or Bangladesh. Command Economy – An economy in whch decisions (supply, prices, etc.) are made by the government rather than by market forces. Example: Communist nations such as the former Soviet Union or Cuba. Free Enterprise Economy – A system by which people can conduct business free of government control except for reasonable regulations made for the public good. Example: Wealthy developed nations such as the United States. Subsistence Agriculture – The farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods. Market-oriented Agriculture – Agricultural goods are produced in mass quantities with the intention of selling them on the market. Cottage Industries – a home-based manufacturing business employing family members Megalopolis – A region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas. Communism vs. Democracy - Controlled by a dictator - Election of a President or leader - The government owns all property - Private property is allowed - One political party - Multiple political parties - Government controls the economy - Relies on a free market economy and wealth is distributed equally. or capitalism. - 42 -  Important Terms Immigration- Movement of people into a country from another country. Migration- Movement of persons from one location to another. Spatial Diffusion- To spread from within a community or from one community to another. Examples: Bubonic Plague- The epidemic experienced during the Middle Ages which killed nearly 1/3 of western Europe. Also known as the Black Death. Columbian Exchange- The exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas. The American contributions European contributions Maize, potatoes, sweet Horses, pigs, sheep, goats, potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts, burros, and cattle most beans, and Wheat, oranges, onions, squash lemons Environmental preservation Disease such as small pox, influenza, and the measles Developed Nations- Countries that have achieved a high degree of industrialization and enjoy higher standards of living made possible by wealth and technology. Developing Nations- Countries that have a lower standard of living and less industrialization than the world average. Indicators of Developed and Developing Nations: Developed Nations Developing Nations A high GDP Low income per person High literacy rates High infant mortality rates. Longer life expectancy Low literacy rates Mass consumption of natural Low income and high population resources growth - 43 - Continents of the World - 44 - NOTES - 45 -