Urinary & Lymphatic Systems PDF

Urinary System Presented by Dr/ Mennat Allah Abd El-fattah Saqr MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University.  Urinary System Parts: 2 Kidneys 2 Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney...

Urinary System Presented by Dr/ Mennat Allah Abd El-fattah Saqr MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University.  Urinary System Parts: 2 Kidneys 2 Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney s  KIDNEY Extend from thoracic vertebra 12 until lumbar vertebra 3 left kidney 2a3la mn el right bc on right side fe Bean shaped organ found in organ mohm hwe el liver 2a3ed fo2 abdomen posterior its location: el right kidney posterior abdominal wall its region called lumbar region  Kidney Anterior surface Upper pole Number: - It is one on each side. Site: Outer boarder - It lies in the Inner abdominal cavity, in Posterior surface board the lumbar region. er - It extends from the 12th thoracic Lower pole vertebra to the 3rd lumbar vertebra. Hilum mawjod bel liver w bel lung bas bel lung esmo innerborder portahepatis Liver b y3mol secretion lal biliary secretion fa 7a nla2e bile duct tale3 mno Very imp struc. B foot mno blood vessels w nerves le 7a t8aze el kidney w b ytla3 mno she kteer mohm le hwe el ureter  Hilum - The hilum is the point of entry of the renal vessels, it contains the following: 1. Renal vein (anterior). B nsta5dmon la 2. Renal artery (intermediate). nfare2 byn el right w el left kid 3. Ureter (posterior + downwards). anterior Renal vessels interme diate Posterior downward 3amle relation ma3 kteer eshya 7awalya stomach…  Abd. Aorta w inferior venacava KIDNEY akbar artery w vein supply kidney :Blood supply Renal artery ytla3 mn abdominal aorta b 8aze A. Arterial supply el kids 3ala both sides - The renal artery arises from the abdominal aorta. Arterial blood b yje mn B. Venous drainage abdominal aorta by renal artery - Into the renal vein which drains in the IVC. B sob bel inferior vencava renal vein inferior vein mn both kidneys w el inf.vencava b wadyel venus drainage ta3e 3al heart  Abd. aorta Inf. venacava Ureters Ureters are pair on both sides Right ureter Left ureter  Ureter Definition: - It is a muscular hollow tube which conveys Jez2 urine from the kidney to mno abd. W the urinary bladder. jez2 (one on each side) pelvic w hwe Function: tawel it carries the urine formed by the kidney to the urinary bladder.  Urinary bladder la 5azen urine b ynzol mn el ureters Urinary bladder  Urinary bladder The urinary bladder is a reservoir of urine with a maximum capacity ofCan 500 ml. accumulate more to around 2l in some circumstances only Shaklo mtl el pyramid its apic anterior Since it is in pelvic while base region so hye posterior 3amle relation ma3 el pelvic organs so hye b t5telef btw mail and female la2no fe bel pelvis rep. organs  Urinary Bladder Site: Middle of the pelvic cavity. Shape: Pyramidal in shape. Function: Storage of urine.  Relation of the base (posterior surface) In the female : Cervix &vagina  Relation of the base (posterior surface) In male: Seminal vesicle Vas deference.  Urethra It is a muscular tube that conducts urine from the bladder (and semen from the vas deferens) to the exterior.  Male Urethra - It is 20 cm. - It starts at the neck of the urinary bladder, as the internal urethral opening, and ends externally as the external urethral opening. Parts 1. Prostatic 2. Membranous 3. Penile or spongy  Membranou s part bc pass thro. Muscle of pelvic cavity Prostatic urethra Most imp parts long 20cm  Female Urethra - It is short, 4 cm long. - It extends from the neck of the urinary bladder, then it passes downwards and forwards. - It lies just anterior to the Canula or catheter vagina. putting surgery 2awsa3 mn el male urethra la2no el will be easier in passway ta3a short female bc shorter straight forward ma and wider and its fe constriction bel curvature is str. nos to hinder w ma forward fe curves Vagina parallel to the urethra extended upward its posterior to urethra fe 2 opening 3nd el female w hyde el point lazem rakez 3lya lama bde e3mol catheter b n7et el  urethera Point of deference Male urethra Female urethra Length Long (20 cm) Short (4cm) Fluid passing Urine & sperms Only urine through Parts Prostatic Only one part Membranous Penile  Lecture Lymphatic System by Dr/ Mennat Allah Saqr MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University.  Lymphatic System Lymp. System parallel 3ala circulatory sys 3na - The lymphatic system carries excess of the extracellular fluid back to the venous system. - This fluid is the result of filtration from capillaries. - - The lymphatic system consists of : 1. lymphatic vessels Filtratio 2. lymph nodes n B ymr2o bel 2 major 3. lymphatic ducts ducts Lymphatic 4.capil. El Spleen. organs B seer 3nda filtration of blood so el blood b ytla3 3al tissue mn blood vessels jez2 mno b yrja3 3al venus sys. W jez2 mno b dal tissue fluid 2aw extracellular fluid so b ymshe pathway tane la ytjama3 esmo lymphatic sys b la2e lymp. Vessel b kon s8eer ba3dan b ykbar.. Hwe w mashe b tare2o b ymro2 3ala 8odad le hne lymph nodes b y3mol filtration bel Cap. B tonwsel lymph nodes mn 2ay foreign body wba3dan b ytla3 mna  3al left side 3al right duct esmo thoracic esmon right left duct lymp duct  7a y3mlo vessel w ymsho fe el vessel 7a ybalesh ykbar la Lymph vessels yser duct 7a tsob 3al right w el left side fe el circ. System 3ashan twasel el lymph 3al Ma elo fat7a circ. system The lymph vessels start as blind capillaries in the tissues of the body. These capillaries come together to form larger and larger collecting vessels which reach the regional lymph nodes of the area The vessels which carry material to a lymph node are called afferent vessels while those that leave a lymph node are known as efferent vessels and carry the lymph from the regional lymph node to the next group of lymph nodes (for which they are the afferent). This progression from node to node is continued, usually for several steps, these trunks join together to from either thoracic duct, or right lymphatic duct  2-Lymph Nodes B ymro2 fya lymph duct Definition: They are small oval bodies along the course of lymphatic vessels represents a Collection of lymphoid tissue SIZE: vary from size of the head of a pin to 2 cm or more in diameter. They respond to infections, malignancies by enlargement ( lymphadenopathy) 31  2-Lymph Nodes Structure Each lymph node has convex outer surface and concave one which contains hilum. B foot Convex surface Bean shaped B y3mol filtration jowa w b ytla3 mn el efferent Concave surface B Mtl ta3 el kidney 32 w el  Functions of the lymph node: 1.Act as a filter as they prevent micro-organisms and certain substances from entering the blood stream. 2.Formation of lymphocytes. 3.Formation of antibodies. 33  Function of the lymphatic system In addition, infections and malignancies may spread B 7areb el saratan w momken yser tumor b through the lymphatic system. primary place like lung w b ynt2el 3lya el tumor w momken yseer fya primary b balesh The lymphatic system itself tumor fya may subject of primary malignancy, e.g lymphatic leukemia, and Hodgkin’s disease. 34  Structure of Lymph Nodes - It has two surfaces: a. Convex (outer) surface: - This surface receives afferent lymphatics. - Filtrations of its contents occur inside the lymph node. b. Concave (inner) surface: - It is called the hilum. - This surface gives exit to an efferent lymphatic in addition to the presence of a small artery and vein.  Lymphatic ducts A-Thoracic duct It drains lymph from all the body except the upper right quadrant. B-Right lymphatic duct It drains lymph from the upper right quadrant (right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right side of the chest) Lymphatic ducts Nktet el eltka2 le bsob fya Lymphatic ducts Lymphatic ducts  A. Thoracic duct It begins in the cisterna chili in the abdomen (in front of the lumbar vertebrae) - It ascends through the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls. - It drains lymph from all the body except the upper right quadrant.  B. Right lymphatic duct - It is much smaller in size. - It drains lymph from the upper right quadrant (right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right side of the chest) Lymphatic ducts  Other lymphatic aggregations They are seen in: - Tonsils. - Mucous membrane of the intestine (Peyer's patches). - Spleen. - Thymus gland. Bel thorax w b tkon prominent aktar bel atfal w b tb2a redimentary bel kbar y3ne b serla enkmash w b t5sar its function Law 7ada sarlo tumer bel lymph node mo3ayan bel jsm fa momken y2ade la had el disease B tsereza sar obstraction y3ne sakarna el lymphedema is enlargement of the organ due to ska yle mashe fya el vessel like in one accumulation of the lymphatic fluid due to obstraction of lymphatic node the lymphatic vessels w bsee 3nd ba3d el nass lama Lymphedema n3mol 3amalye mtl breastestomy la2no b nshel breast ma3 el lymph node le hwe wasela wlama nshel el lymph nodes b ro7 ma3a el vessels el mawsolen 3lyab seer like accumulation lal lymph bel 2ed hek w bser hek shakla w fe stages  Q Which of the following parts of the body is drained by the thoracic duct? A. Right upper limb B. Right lower limb C. Right side of the face D. Right half of the neck 47  4. The spleen Medial end or Position  lies in the left posteriorSurface la na3m b ns hypochondrium between the diaphragm stomach and diaphragm. surface or Shape  It has two ends, three borders and two surfaces. In left side of abdominal cavity in relation with kidney and diaphragm fo2o w el stomach edamo Surface7ed el viscers 3amel impression rough 3ala elevation w Lateral end depression la2ni in relation with other organs so esmo visceral or anterior 48 surface w elo hilum b footo mna blood vessels b 8azo el spleen 49 50  4. The spleen It lies parallel to the left ribs number 9,10,11On. left side Its long axis lies parallel to the shaft of the 10th rib. Le rib 10 long axis ta3 el spleen le mashe ma3o on left side 51 52  4. The spleen Borders Fe surface bara related lal diaphragm 1- Upper border  It is sharp and notched. le jowa related lel viscer w b kon rough 2- Lower border  It is broad 3- intermediate border  It starts from the medial end of spleen till the hilum. 53 Surfaces 4. The spleen Diaphragmatic surface: It is convex and lies opposite the posterior part of 9,10,11 ribs. It is related to the diaphragm which separate it from left lung, pleura and 9,10,11th ribs. 54  Superior aw upper 4. The spleen border Surfaces B)Visceral surface: It is concave, irregular and directed to abdominal cavity contains the hilum: a. Gastric impression  above the hilum. b. Renal impression  below the hilum. c. Colic impression  close to the lateral end. d. Pancreatic impression  below the lateral end of the hilum. Lowe border 55 56  Blood Supply of the spleen Arterial supply: The splenic artery from the coeliac trunk from abdominal aorta. It passes in the lienorenal ligament with the tail of pancreas. It divides at the hilum into 5-6 branches which enter the spleen separately. Venous drainage: The splenic vein passes on the posterior surface of the pancreas to drain into portal vein which enters the liver. 57  Splenic artery abel ma yfot bel hilum b yn2som la she 5 aw 6 b B dal mashe la foto b 8azo nafs el 5 aw 6 vein yla2e el portal vein mas7oben bel artery 7a ytjma3o yale 7a ya5do w y3mlo single vein 7a ya5od el ytale3 el blood blood mn spleen la yrja3 3al circu. ta3o 3al liver w (heart) b ymshe wara el pancreas mno lal inf. Venacava then heart 58  Q The long axis of the spleen lies along which of the following ribs? A. Left 9th B. Left 10th C. Left 11th D. Left 12th 59