Urinary System (SYSTEMA URINALE) PDF

Urinary sistem (SYSTEMA URINALE) prof. d-r Marija Papazova The urinary system is comprised of two kidneys, two renal pelves, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. The kidney is the main organ of the urinary system. Its roles include plasma filtration, excretion of the wast...

Urinary sistem (SYSTEMA URINALE) prof. d-r Marija Papazova The urinary system is comprised of two kidneys, two renal pelves, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. The kidney is the main organ of the urinary system. Its roles include plasma filtration, excretion of the waste products of the metabolism, acid-base homeostasis, regulation of blood pressure and blood volume (via renin), hormone secretion (erythropoetin) and metabolism of vitamin D. Urine is transported via the renal pelves and ureters to the urinary bladder before being excreted through the urethra.  Structures of the urinary system 1.Kidneys (Renes) 2.Minor and major renal calices (Calices renales minores et majores) 3.Renal pelvis (pelvis renalis) 4.Ureter (ureter) 5.Urinary bladder (Vesica urinaria) 6.Urethra (Urethra)  Kidney (REN) ⮚ Pair organ with a shape of coffee bean ⮚ 120 – 150 gr ⮚ Retroperritoneal space ⮚ Th 12 – L3 vertebrae  Kidney The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on both sides of the vertebral column. The left kidney extends from vertebra T12 to L2 and the right kidney extends from vertebra T12 to L3. There are five renal segments, defined according to their vascular supply.  External morphology of the kidney ⮚ Faces of the kidney ✔ Anterior face ✔ Posterior face  External morphology of the kidney-borders ⮚ Borders of the kidney ✔ lateral border ✔ medial border Hilum of kidney (hilus renalis)  External morphology of the kidney ⮚ Extremities of the kidney ✔ Superior extremity of the kidney ✔ Inferior extremity of the kidney Coverings of the kidney ⮚ Renal fascia ⮚ Perinephric fat (capsula adiposа) ⮚ fibrous capsule(capsula fibrosa) Internal morphology ⮚ The kidney consists renal fascia and renal parenhim. ⮚ Renal parenhim consists of renal cortex and renal medulla. Internal morphology ⮚ Renal medulla (medulla renis) ✔ Renal pyramids- Malpighi (pyramides renales - Malpighi) ✔ Ferrein’s pyramids(Ferrein) Infernal morphology of the kidney ⮚ renal cortex (cortex renis) ✔ Renal columns - Bertini(columnae renales - Bertini) ✔ Renal labyrinth Internal morphology of the renal parenhim ⮚ Nephrone- basic anatomical and physiological unity of the kidney ✔ Malpighi-Renal corpuscle (corpusculum renis) ✔ Renal tubule(tubuli renales) Vascularisation and inervation of the kidney ⮚ Renal artery (a. renalis) ⮚ Renal veins (vv. renales) ⮚ Renal plexus(plexus renalis) Renal calices and renal pelvis ⮚ Minor renal calices(calyces renales minores) ⮚ major renal calices(calyces renales majores) ⮚ Renal pelvis(pelvis renalis) The renal pelvis and renal calices are parts of the upper urinary tract. They collect urine from the kidney and direct it into the ureters. They have the same innervation, vascular supply and lymphatic drainage as the kidneys. Ureter (URETER) ⮚ from the apex of the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. ⮚ topography parts ✔ abdominal part ✔ Pelvic part The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. Its peristaltic movements pass urine in waves to the urinary bladder. Therefore, urine flow is not continuous. Urinary bladder (VESICA URINARIA) ⮚ Urine reservoar ⮚ parts of the urinary bladder ✔ (fundus vesicae) ✔ (corpus vesicae) ✔ (apex vesicae) ✔ (cervix vesicae) The urinary bladder is a subperitoneally located hollow organ. It collects urine, which it releases by contractions of the detrusor muscle (m. detrusor vesicae) into the urethra. As the amount of urine in nthe bladder increases, the tension in the walls of the bladder increases, which eventually leads to the activation of the sacral parasympathetic system via visceral sensory nerves. This triggers contractions of the detrusor muscle, leading to an urgent need to micturate. Urinary bladder (VESICA URINARIA) Male urethra (URETHRA MASCULINA) Male urethra(URETHRA MASCULINA) ⮚ Three topografical parts: ✔ Prostatic part (pars prostatica) ✔ Membrane part (pars membranacea) ✔ Spongial part(pars spongiosa) Male urethra(URETHRA MASCULINA) ⮚ Clinical aspect ⮚ Dilatation of the male ✔ Anterior urethra(urethra urethra anterior) ✔ sinus prostaticus ✔ fossa bulbi ✔ Posterior urethra(urethra ✔ fossa navicularis posterior) ⮚ Isthmus of the male urethra ✔ ostium urethrae internum ✔ pars membranacea ✔ ostium urethrae externum The female urethra is a 4 cm long, 6-8 cm wide muscular tube connecting the bladder to the external environment, thus forming the terminal portion of the urinary tract in the female. Voluntary contraction of the external urethral sphincter prevents urine from leaking out during reflex contraction of the detrusor muscle.