Updated Complete Summary Philosophical CONCEPT of SELF-2 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS & P RAYER BELIEF SYSTEMS Philosophical Perspectives of Self Disclaimer: No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mech...

INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS & P RAYER BELIEF SYSTEMS Philosophical Perspectives of Self Disclaimer: No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.  SELF Philosophical Perspectives  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Comprehend the significance of understanding the philosophical perspectives of self. Explain the concepts of self from various views of philosophers across time and place. Formulate their own personal philosophy of self with graphic illustrations.  BRYZ A LEJ CL IT DY Guess the BIDIR LDI TN NYPIR Gibberish A BLYSEMK IN DISKUJI TEMI FLIQ WEM YURE HBIMQ FON Do you truly know yourself ? A QUICK SURVEY  Answer the following questions as honestly as you can: How would you describe yourself ? What makes you stand out from the rest? How has your “self ” transformed itself ? How is your ”self ” connected to your body? How is your “self ” related to other selves? Why is it significant to understand the PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES of SELF? Philosophical Concept of Self  Philosophical Perspectives of Self The different perspectives It was the Greeks who on the self can be best seen seriously questioned myths and understood by and moved away from them revisiting the prime movers in attempting to understand and identifying the reality and respond to important conjectures made perennial questions of by philosophers from the CURIOSITY, including the ancient to the contemporary question of SELF? period. SOCRATES 470-399 B.C Socrates (470-399 B.C.) A scholar, teacher and philosopher born in ancient Greece. His Socratic method laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy. He was condemned to death for his Socratic method of questioning. Socrates (470- 399B.C.) The Socratic Method Also called the Elenchus, it is something we see in court rooms, debates, and classrooms. A form of inquiry that tries to strip away all of the deception and get to the core idea that the person being examined possesses.  Life Changing Lessons to Learn Socrates From Socrates (470-399 B.C.) Read them slowly and think about how YOU can apply each one to your daily life so that you can live with more happiness, success, and fulfillment Socrates (470-399 B.C.) Socrates (470-399 B.C.) Socrates (470-399 B.C.)  Socrates (470-399 B.C.) Socrates (470-399 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Most famous works: Republic, which details a wise society run by a philosopher. Dialogues (Early, Middle, Late), which showcase his metaphysical theory of forms. Founded The Academy, an academic program considered to be the first Western university, where he stressed the importance of science and mathematics Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C. Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Plato (427-348 B.C.) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Best known for: Being the founder of psychoanalysis Theory of psychosexual development The id, ego, and superego Mental Iceberg Dream Interpretation Free Association Freud’s Structural Theory  Structural Theory The Conscious Mind The aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. It includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling, and fantasies inside of our current awareness.  Structural Theory The Preconscious Mind Also known as the subconscious mind, includes things that we might not be presently aware of but that we can pull into conscious awareness when needed Acts as a sort of gatekeeper between the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.  Structural Theory The Unconscious Mind A reservoir of feelings, The unconscious contains thoughts, urges, and contents that are memories that are outside unacceptable or of our conscious unpleasant, such as feelings awareness. of pain, anxiety, or conflict. The Functional/ Dynamic Theory  If these needs are The pleasure not satisfied principle strives for immediately, the immediate result is a state gratification of all anxiety or tension desires, wants, and (specifically for The Id needs. babies/infants). (Pleasure Principle) For example, an However, increase in hunger immediately or thirst should fulfilling these produce an needs is not always immediate attempt realistic or even to eat or drink. possible. Why?  Operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The Ego (Reality Principle) It weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.  The Superego (Morality) Conscience (Inner Ego ideal - the Voice)-helps us to rules and determine what is standards for good right from wrong. behavior. St. Augustine (354-430) Son of a Christian mother and pagan father Taught rhetoric at the age of 21 Became a priest in 391 and bishop in 395 Died in 430 St. Augustine (354-430) wrote “Confessions” (personal account of his life) and City of God Formalized the doctrine of original sins St. Augustine (354-430) Augustine's sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition of God's love and his response to it—achieved through self-presentation, then self-realization. Augustine believed one could not achieve inner peace without finding God's love. 47 Maurice Merleau Ponty (1908-1961) French philosopher and public intellectual. He was the leading academic proponent of existentialism and phenomenology in post-war France. Best known for his original and influential work on embodiment, perception, and ontology. Maurice Merleau Ponty (1908-1961) The Self as Embodied Subjectivity. “I live in my body” I experience myself as living in my body, as acting through my body. It is through my body that I can move in space, touch objects, and interact with others. Maurice Merleau Ponty (1908-1961) “The self is embodied Subjectivity” All the knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on subjective experiences. It is more on how we view and give perceptions. The self can never be truly objectified.  David Hume (1711-1776) A major figure in modern philosophy, one the three main British Empiricists of the 18th century (together with John Locke and George Berkeley). 1711 His famous writings are “Treatise of Human Nature”, and “An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding” David Hume (1711-1776) The self as a bundle of experiences “ I am a stream of experiences, a bundle of impressions ” David Hume (1711-1776) Every intelligible idea must come from “impressions” — experiences of color and shape, of sound, touch, coldness, warmth, pain, pleasure, etc. I find no stable experience of a self — no impression of anything stable, only a stream of impressions which keep changing and replacing each other. RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650) I am a thing which thinks French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Father of modern philosophy Under his influence, philosophy became centered on epistemology (the study of knowledge) for three centuries. RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650) “Cogito Ergo Sum” I Think, Therefore I am “A thing which thinks.” It is a thing which doubts, understands, conceives, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and which John Locke (1632-1704) BIRTH DATE August 29, 1632 DEATH DATE October 28, 1704 EDUCATION University of Oxford, Westminster School PLACE OF BIRTH Wrington, United Kingdom PLACE OF DEATH Essex, United Kingdom John Locke (1632-1704) Attended Westminster School and then Christ Church, University of Oxford. Studied medicine at Oxford, which would play a central role in his life. A highly influential philosopher, writing about such topics as political philosophy, epistemology, and education. Locke's writings helped found modern Western philosophy. John Locke (1632-1704) Principle of Individuation the idea that a person keeps the same identity over time. Our identity is tied to our consciousness. Consciousness is the perception of what passes in a man's own mind consciousness = memories Locke tells us our memories give us our identity Paul Churchland (1942) ▪ Currently professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of California in San Diego, CA. ▪ His research centers on epistemology, perception, philosophy of cognitive science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of neuroscience, and philosophy of science. Paul Churchland (1942) Paul Churchland(1942) Paul Churchland (1942)  The Self Is the Brain: Eliminative Materialism Paul Churchland (1942) Paul Churchland (1942) “The self is the brain” If there is no brain, there would be no self. Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) Analytic Philosopher. An important figure in the field known as ‘Linguistic Analysis’ which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language. He mounted an attack against Cartesian mind/body dualism and supported a behaviorist theory of mind. Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) “The Self Is How I Behave” The self is basically our behavior. This concept provided the philosophical principle, “I act therefore I am”. The self is the same as bodily behavior. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) German Philosopher. Widely regarded as the greatest philosopher of the modern period. He attempted to synthesize the two competing schools of the modern period, rationalism (reason) and empiricism (experience) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Self is a subject, an organizing principle. The self is the product of reason, a regulative principle because the self “regulates” experience by making unified experience possible. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Self is a subject, an organizing principle Reflecting on the contents of your mind and identifying the contents that you are experiencing.  Formulate your own philosophy Philosophy of The of the self, explain your concept, and provide examples & graphic Self illustrations. Format: Times Roman, 12Font size A4, PDF Philosophy of the Self REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES