Philosophical Perspective Of Self PDF

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SELF CHAPTER 1  Learning Objectives qDefine the meaning of philosophy qIdentify the three perennial questions pertaining to human existence, its meaning and purpose qDistinguish the different philosophers and philosophies about self qFormulate one’s o...

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SELF CHAPTER 1  Learning Objectives qDefine the meaning of philosophy qIdentify the three perennial questions pertaining to human existence, its meaning and purpose qDistinguish the different philosophers and philosophies about self qFormulate one’s own philosophy “Man is the measure of all things that exist, that they exist, and of things that do not exist, that they do not exist” -PROTAGORAS  PERENNIAL QUESTIONS According to John Ruskin 1. QUESTION OF IDENTITY § Who am I? § Does the man have a body only? § Is the body an amalgam of atoms programmed to grow, mature and self destruct § Is the man product of environment, social, political and economic milieu? § Is a man a body-soul composite?  PERENNIAL QUESTIONS According to John Ruskin 2. QUESTION OF ORIGIN § Where does man come from? § How does man come into existence?  PERENNIAL QUESTIONS According to John Ruskin 3. QUESTION OF DESTINY § Does man’s life have a purpose? § What will after man’s existence? § Is death just a natural process where body decomposes? § Is there such a thing as afterlife? PHILOSOPHY philos (love) + sophia (wisdom) = loving wisdom A study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that involves answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in PHILOSOPHY According to William James Philosophy is a usually stubborn attempt to think clearly. It is a human search for meaning in life. It is given to embark on inquiry in the nature and essence of man, the world around and within him THE SELF IN THE GREEK PHILOSOPHY § Protagora’s maxim ”man is the measure of all things” (homo mensura), signaled a significant shift in philosophical probing from cosmological to anthropocentric § Man-centered Approach § Special concern with the nature of man, virtue, and human personality § Underscores intimate connection between the self, the very core of our being, and virtue SOCRATES “I know that I don’t know” q Self is not just a mind—body aggregate but also a mora being q Chiefly centered on the moral aspect of man, on how man should live a good moral life or happiness  HOW TO LIVE A GOOD MORAL LIFE? According to Socrates 1. Self must focus on improving the quality of the soul or moral life instead indulging in the chase of material things, fame, and prestige  HOW TO LIVE A GOOD MORAL LIFE? According to Socrates 2. The improvement of the soul can be achieved through the quest of wisdom and truth.  HOW TO LIVE A GOOD MORAL LIFE? According to Socrates 3. Life must be ceaselessly examined for it be worth living. SOCRATES “KNOW THYSELF” q Develop a method of inquiry known as Socratic Method q Man is dualistic in nature composed of body and soul q Man’s goal in life is to be happy by means of becoming virtuous  DUALITY OF SELF According to Socrates BODY SOUL Physical thing Mental thing Temporary and not Permanent perfect Separate from the body Physically nice but after death changes overtime PLATO “Balance between body and soul” q Wrote the Socratic Dialogue and known for his Theory of Forms q Supported the dualistic nature of man but he added the three concepts of soul q “Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in other.” q Develop a method of inquiry known as Collection and Division Method PLATO “Balance between the rational and irrational ones” q Self is a rational animal capable of knowing the reality of the universe q The ideal self does not exist in the world of matter because what we see in this world is an imperfect copy of the original self in the perfect realm of reality or world of ideas  TRIPARTITE OF THE SOUL According to Plato APPETITIVE RATIONAL SPIRITED sensual reasoning Expresses motivated by loves truth emotional drives wants and needs rule over the understands the other parts demand of passion, honor, and victory  THE SELF IN THE MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY § Theocentric Approach: God and faith in him is primary, and the self is secondary because self has owed its origin to God § Human truth is subordinate to divine truth § Faith is fundamental, human reason meant to strengthen the faith ST. AUGUSTINE “ALL KNOWLEDGE LEADS TO GOD” q He blended Christianity with the philosophy of Plato q Known for his book titled ”City of God” q Man is capable of immortality through communion with God q Reaching happiness through correct use of mind q The self is a great mysery  TRIPARTITE OF SELF According to St. Augustine 1 2 3 BODY SOUL SPIRIT Outer part of the inner part which is Innermost part of self through which composed of the the self or the core the self can come Mind, emotions, self. It can contact with the and will commune with God world  THE SELF IN THE MODERN PHILOSOPHY § Affirmed the dignity and worth of man with regards to the power of his reason to know the truth of his nature. § Divergent views on the nature of man or the self RENE DESCARTES “ Cogito ergo sum: I think therefore I am” q First thinker to emphasize the use of reason to describe, predict, and understand natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidences q Proposed that “doubt” was a principal tool of disciplined inquiry q Known for his method of inquiry called Hyperbolical/Metaphysical Doubt or Methodical Skepticism RENE DESCARTES “ Cogito ergo sum: I think therefore I am” q Presented an extreme dualistic separation of mind and body q His idea of self is centered on the concept of substance (finite or infinite)  DESCARTES’ CLAIMS ABOUT SELF 1 2 3 It is constant; it is Only the The immaterial not prone to immaterial soul soul is the source of change; and it is remains the same our identity not affected by throughout time time  CARTESIAN DUALISM According to Rene Descartes BODY MIND Independent of the mind It is non-material, immortal, It is material, mortal and not conscious being. thinking substance Independent of the physical It can be doubted; laws of the universe Completely governed by Unaffected by time mechanical laws It is made up of physical, quantifiable, divisible parts JOHN LOCKE “ Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa, which means that knowledge is derived from experience” q Believed that the source of authentic knowledge of reality must pass the test of sensory experience q Man is born with knowing nothing and is capable to input learning q Consciousness is the center of self q Known for his book titled “On Personal Identityy” DAVID HUME “All knowledge is derived from human senses” q One of the main figureheads of EMPIRICISM movement. q He believed that there is no logical justification of the existence of anything other than what your senses experienced  DAVID HUME “All knowledge is derived from human senses” q The concept of self, to be intelligible and meaningful must be based on sense impressions. IMPRESSIONS- experience of sense such as pain, pleasure, heat, cold, etc. IDEAS- recalled copies of impressions q Identified with his theory known as Bundle Theory; which described the self as a bundle or collection of different perceptions. IMMANUEL KANT “REASON IS THE FINAL AUTHORITY OF MORALITY” q He is the central figure of Modern Philosophy q Human knowledge is composed of sensory component and rational component q He proposed that it is knowledge that bridges the self and the material things together q Known for his concept of APPERCEPTION.  TWO KINDS OF SELF According to Immanuel Kant EMPIRICAL TRANSCENDENTAL SELF SELF Known through Actively interprets, experience constructs, and gives meaning to collections of sensory data COMPONENTS OF SELF According to Immanuel Kant INNER SELF Includes man’s rational intellect and psychological state OUTER SELF Includes man’s senses and the physical world SELF ORGANIZES INFORMATION IN THREE WAYS According to Immanuel Kant 1 2 3 Raw perceptual Recognizing the Reproducing in the input input imagination SIGMUND FREUD “Wish fulfillment is the road to the unconscious” q Father of Psychoanalysis q Man has different constructs of personality that interact with each other q Developed the Psychoanalytic Theory which is based on the notion that individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and rational thought SELF COMPOSITION According to Sigmund Freud ID (Unconscious Self) Animalistic nature. It operates on the pleasure principle. EGO (Conscious Self) It operates according to reality and rational principle. SUPEREGO (Ideal Self) It incorporates the values and morals of society  THREE LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS According to Sigmund Freud CONSCIOUS Deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies at any particular moment PRE-CONSCIOUS/ SUB-CONSCIOUS Related to data that can readily be brought to consciousness UNCONSCIOUS Refers to data retained but not easily available to the individual’s conscious awareness or scrutiny  TWO SYSTEMS OF SUPEREGO According to Sigmund Freud CONSCIENCE IDEAL SELF If the ego gives in to It is an imaginary picture of the id’s demands, how you ought to be. It the superego may represents career make the person feel aspirations; how to treat bad through guilt other people; and how to behave as a member of society GILBERT RYLE “I ACT therefore I am” q He wrote the Concept of Mind q Believed that there is no hidden entity or ghost called “soul” inside a machine called “body” q He asserted that actions define one’s own concept and sense of self PATRICIA & PAUL CHURCHLAND “THE physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self” q Their philosophy stands on a materialistic view or the belief that nothing, but matter exists. In short, there is nothing beyond the sensory experience. q Known for his idea called Eliminative Materialism q He asserted that the sense of self originated from the brain itself PATRICIA & PAUL CHURCHLAND “THE physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self” q Assume that even morality and free will are the products of the brain q The self includes thoughts and emotions, and the personality traits can be explained through the function of the brain MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY “Physical Body is an important part of the self” q Emphasize the body as the primary site of knowing the world q Developed that idea of self known as Embodied Subjectivity q He asserted that the body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one  “Believe in yourself. Have faith in your abilities! Without a humble but reasonable confidence in your own powers, you cannot be successful or happy” -Norman Vincent Peale  “ If you feel lost, disappointed, hesitant, or weak, return to yourself, to who you are, here and now, and when you get there. You will discover yourself, like a lotus flower in full bloom, even in a muddy pond, beautiful and strong” -Mosaru Emoto, Secret Life of Water THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! Does anyone have any questions? PREPARED BY: LEVIE T. VIDAD CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik REFERENCES: ▪ Gallinero,W.B., Reyes, C.A.,Claudio, E.G., Alegado, A.M. Understanding the Self. Two sides of Self, 2018, 24,: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.:Malabon City ▪ Internet sources ▪ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theories-of-self- development/#:~:text=Sociological%20Theories%20of%20Self%2DDevelopment, One%20of%20the&text=Later%2C%20George%20Herbert%20Mead%20(1863,through% 20the%20eyes%20of%20others. ▪ https://laulima.hawaii.edu/access/content/user/kfrench/sociology/The%20Three%20Mai n%20Sociological%20Perspectives.pdf ▪ Video Presentation: ▪ https://study.com/academy/lesson/george-herbert-mead-the-self-me-i.html