HKUGA College S1 History Past Paper PDF 2024-2025

HKUGA College S1 History (2024-2025) Module 2 - Growth and Development of Hong Kong up to the Late 19th Century (Teacher’s Version) Name: Class: ( ) P. 1 Learning Objectives understand the British administrative measures in Hong K...

HKUGA College S1 History (2024-2025) Module 2 - Growth and Development of Hong Kong up to the Late 19th Century (Teacher’s Version) Name: Class: ( ) P. 1 Learning Objectives understand the British administrative measures in Hong Kong up to the late 19th century analyse how different local and foreign organisations have made contributions to Hong Kong 1. The Establishment of British Administration and The Response from the Indigenous people in the New Territories Source 1a is extracted and adapted from Chapter 22 of Hong Kong Yearbook 2020. Source 1a A military force arrived in June 1840, beginning the First Opium War (1840-1842). Battles alternated with (交替) negotiations (談判). On 20 January 1841, following the negotiation between Charles Elliot (義律), the Chief Superintendent of the Trade of British Subjects in China (駐華商務總監), and Qishan (琦善), the Imperial Commissioner (欽差大臣), under the Convention of Chuenpi (穿鼻草約), Elliot demanded the cession of Hong Kong Island. On 26 January, a naval (海軍的) landing party hoisted the British flag (升旗) at Possession Point, and the island was formally occupied. In June, Elliot began to sell plots of land and settlement (定居) began. However, neither side officially accepted the Chuenpi terms. Elliot was replaced with Sir Henry Pottinger (砵甸乍), who arrived in August 1841 and conducted warfare with determination. A year later, after pushing up the Yangtze River (長江) and threatening to assault Nanking (南京), he ended the warfare with the Treaty of Nanking, signed on 29 August 1842. Pottinger, demanded Hong Kong Island in the Treaty of Nanking, thus securing Hong Kong. The Second Opium War (1856-1860) arose out of disputes over the interpretation (闡釋) of the earlier treaties. The Treaty of Tientsin (天津條約) in 1858 ended the war. Sir Frederick Bruce (卜魯斯), who had been the Colonial Secretary (輔政司) in Hong Kong, was fired on at Taku (大沽) on his way to Peking (北京), leading to renewed (重新開始) warfare in 1859 that ended in 1860. Soldiers serving in this second war camped on Kowloon Peninsula (半島). Finding it healthy, they wished to retain it as a military station, with the result that Sir Harry Parkes (白加士), Consul (領事) at Canton (廣 州), secured from the Viceroy of Liangguang (兩廣總督) a lease of the peninsula as far north as Boundary Street, including Stonecutters Island (昂船洲). The Convention of Peking (北京條約) in 1860, which ended the warfare, provided for its outright cession (割讓). After the First Sino-Japanese War (中日甲午戰爭) (1894-1895), Britain felt the need to control the land around Hong Kong. Under the Convention between Great Britain and China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in Peking on 9 June 1898, the New Territories, comprising the area north of Boundary Street up to the Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased for 99 years. Reference: Stuart, M. (2021). Chapter 22 History. In Hong Kong Yearbook 2020 (pp. 319–327). The Information Services Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. P. 2  (a) Refer to Source 1a. Complete Table 1b. Table 1b 1. What are the details of the three unequal treaties? 1 2 3 Convention between the Name of United Kingdom and Unequal Treaty of Nanking Convention of Peking China, Respecting an Treaties Extension of Hong Kong Territory Relevant War First Opium War Second Opium War - Year Ceded/ Ceded in 1842 Ceded in 1860 Leased in 1898 Leased 2. Label the region(s) of Hong Kong ceded or leased from the three unequal treaties. Convention between the United Kingdom and China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory: area north of Boundary Street up to Shenzhen River and 235 Islands (e.g. Lantau Island) Convention of Peking: Kowloon Peninsula (South of Boundary Street) and Stonecutters Island Treaty of Nanking: Hong Kong Island and surrounding islands (e.g. Ap Lei Chau) 3. Where was the British flag hoisted by British navy even though the terms in the Convention of Possession Point in Sheung Wan Chuenpi were not officially accepted by neither sides? 4. How many years was the New Territories leased for, under the Convention between Great Britain and 99 years China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory? What is the message that you decoded from the escape room activity? I R O N G A T E P. 3  Source 1c shows some information about a conflict between the British and the indigenous inhabitants in the New Territories. Source 1c In 1898, Britain and China signed the Convention between the United Kingdom and China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory (《展拓香港界址專條》). The area south of the Shenzhen River (深圳河) and north of Boundary Street (界限街) was leased (租借) to Britain for 99 years. In April 1899, the Six-Day War of 1899 (新界六日戰) broke out when the British officials came to take over the leased area from the indigenous inhabitants. On April 10 1899, the Five Great Clans led the indigenous inhabitants to fight against the British but were quickly suppressed. The British dismantled the iron gates of Kat Hing Wai (吉慶圍), a Punti walled village in Yuen Long, and shipped them to Britain. Source 1d shows the QR code for a video《歷史有話說》第十六集：新界抗英六日戰 by Our Hong Kong Foundation. Source 1d Video (link) (b) Refer to Sources 1c and 1d. Suggest why the indigenous inhabitants fought against the British. The indigenous inhabitants worried that the British might take over their land from which they earned a living. (c) Refer to Sources 1c and 1d. Suggest why the British dismantled the iron gates of Kat Hing Wai and shipped them to Britain. Kat Hing Wai was taken as a trophy to show off their victory over the indigenous inhabitants and their occupation of the New Territories. After the war, the British allowed the indigenous inhabitants to retain traditional laws and customs to land inheritance, land usage and marriage. (d) Identify the article in the Basic Law that protects the lawful traditions of the indigenous inhabitants. Article 40 - The lawful traditional rights and interests of the indigenous inhabitants of the “New Territories” shall be protected by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. P. 4 Figure 1e shows the relief map and 18 districts map in Hong Kong. Figure 1e (e) Do you know the boundary between Kowloon and New Territories? Draw that on the maps in Figure 1e. (f) Why is the New Territories called “New Territories”? A B C D People found the New This is the direct The land was discovered The land was newly Territories as the new translation from later than Kowloon and leased to Britain at that land for them to live. Chinese. Hong Kong Island. time. P. 5 Figure 1f shows a map of Kowloon published by the government in 1937. Figure 1f (g) According to Firgure 1f and your own knowledge, was “New Kowloon” ceded or leased to Britain? “New Kowloon” was leased to Britain. According to Figure 1f, “New Kowloon” was located above the boundary street, which means that “New Kowloon” was regarded the New Territories at the time. From my own knowledge, the New Territories was leased to Britian. P. 6  Round-up (1) Cession (割讓) of Hong Kong Island - After China was defeated in the First Opium War (1840-1842) and signed the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain, marking the start of British rule over Hong Kong. (2) Cession (割讓) of Kowloon Peninsula - China was defeated in the Second Opium War (1856-1860). In 1860, China signed the Convention of Peking, which ceded Kowloon Peninsula (the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island) to Britain. (3) Lease (租借) of the New Territories - In 1898, Britain forced China to sign the Convention between Great Britain and China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory. Britain leased the area north of Boundary Street and south of the Shenzhen River and the surrounding islands for 99 years. The British called the newly acquired land the ‘New Territories’. Britain then established its rule over the entire Hong Kong until 1997. - In April 1899, the Six-Day War of 1899 broke out when the British officials came to take over the leased area from the indigenous inhabitants. - The British dismantled the iron gates of Kat Hing Wai (吉慶圍), a Punti walled village in Yuen Long, and shipped them to Britain. Discussion: Why did Britain demand the cession of Hong Kong Island? What was so special about Hong Kong Island? Economic importance: Deep and sheltered harbour Hong Kong is one of the important ports on the trade route between the east and the west Close to other Chinese trading ports Military importance: Ensure British naval deployment over the far east (vs middle/ close east) Port for parking of naval vessels P. 7 Practice Corner Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Under which of the following treaties did Hong Kong come under British rule? (1) The Treaty of Nanjing (2) The Boxer Protocol (3) The Convention of Beijing A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 2. The British troops first landed at ____________ in 1841. A. Causeway Bay B. Wan Chai C. Central D. Sheung Wan 3. Which of the following statements about Hong Kong coming under British rule was INCORRECT? A. Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanjing. B. The whole Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain under the Convention of Beijing. C. Stonecutter Island were ceded to Britain under Convention of Peking. D. The ‘New Territories’ were leased to Britain for 99 years. Matching: 1. The Treaty of Nanjing Hong Kong Island was ceded to (1) Britain. The Convention of Beijing The ‘New Territories’ were leased to (3) Britain for 99 years. Convention between the United Kingdom and China, Respecting an The southern part of Kowloon Extension of Hong Kong Territory Peninsula was ceded to Britain. (2) P. 8  A. Establishment of Government Structure and Institutions Source 1g shows the descriptions of different people related to the structure and institutions of the Hong Kong government under early British administration. Source 1g Alexandrina Victoria (維多利 I issued royal documents1 which set out the 亞) framework for the political system of Hong Queen of the United Kingdom Kong. (1837-1901) I was the representative of the British monarch in Hong Kong and the head of the Hong Kong government. George Bonham (文咸) 3rd Governor of Hong Kong I chaired the Executive Council (行政局, ExCo) (1848-1854) and the Legislative Council (定例局, LegCo). I could appoint the principal officials (主要官員) who headed the government departments. The Executive Council was an advisory body to the Governor on policy-making and drafted Paul Chater (遮打) bills. Senior Unofficial Member of the Executive Council (1896- All members were appointed by the Governor. 1926) They were divided into ‘official members (官守 成 員 )’ and ‘unofficial members (非 官 守 成 員 )’ (usually social elites). The Legislative Council was an advisory body to the Governor, responsible for discussing bills Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳) and public spending. Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council All members were appointed by the Governor. (1880-1883) They were also divided into ‘official members’ and ‘unofficial members’ (usually social elites). 1 Royal documents issued by British Monarch include Letters Patent (英皇制誥) and the Royal Instructions (皇 室訓令). P. 9  (h) Refer to Source 1g. Draw a diagram which shows the structure and institutions of the Hong Kong government under early British administration. The diagram should include the following persons or institutions: Government British monarch Executive council Governor Legislative council Principal officials departments (英國君主) (行政局) (總督) (定例局) (主要官員) (政府部門) heads P. 10 B. Features of Early British Administration Source 1h shows a hypothetical self-account by John Bowring (寶寧), the 4th Governor of Hong Kong. Source 1h 2. I needed to pay duty visits regularly. In case of major issues, I had to ask for instructions from the British government. Bill passed by the Legislative Council had to be kept as official record in case of checking by British government. 1. I had to follow the royal documents issued by the British 3. monarch, which was the basis of the political system in Hong Kong. The British government I was appointed by the British had the power to make, amend monarch, while all the or abolish the laws in Hong principal officials were Kong. In addition, the British appointed by the British government took full charge of government. the diplomatic and military affairs of Hong Kong. In early years of British administration, all members John Bowring (寶寧) of the Executive Council and 4th Governor Legislative Council were (1854-1859) appointed by me. 5. 4. I enjoyed great autonomy within areas regulated by the High-ranking officials of the Hong British government. I chaired both the Executive Kong government and members of Council and Legislative Council, and had the final the Executive Council and decision on bills. Legislative Council were mostly British. As long as my governance did not violate British national policy, I could handle executive, economic and Even early unofficial members were social affairs of Hong Kong independently. mainly British merchants as well. Other Europeans and Chinese were In times of emergency, I could command the British in the minority. troops stationed in Hong Kong. P. 11  (i) Summarize features of early British administration in Hong Kong from each speech shown in Source 1h. Speech Features Use of Source The royal documents set up the framework for the political system of Hong Kong. The administrative power of E.g. 1 the Hong Kong government The British government had legislative power over Hong Kong was granted by Britain. and was in charge of diplomatic and military affairs of Hong Kong. The Governor had to report duty to the British government The Governor ruled Hong regularly. 2 Kong under the supervision of the British government. The bill passed by the Legislative Council could be checked by British government. The Governor was appointed by the British monarch, the There was a full principal officials were appointed by the British government and 3 implementation of the the members of the Executive Council and the Legislative appointment system. Council were appointed by the Governor. High-ranking government officials and members of the The Hong Kong government 4 Executive Council and the Legislative Council were mostly was dominated by the British. British. The Governor chaired the Executive Council and the Legislative Council, and had the final decision on bills. He could handle The Governor had enjoyed 5 affairs (except diplomatic and military affairs) independently. great power in Hong Kong. He could also command the British troops stationed in Hong Kong in times of emergency. P. 12  Round-up (1) Establishment of government structure and institutions According to the royal documents published by the British monarch in 1843, Britain established the government structure and institutions of Hong Kong. (a) the Governor - The Governor was the representative of the British monarch in ruling Hong Kong. - He heads the principal officials heading government departments of different levels. (b) the Executive Council and the Legislative Council - The Executive Council and the Legislative Council were the advisory bodies to the Governor. The Executive Council advised the Governor on policy-making and drafted bills. The Legislative Council was responsible for examining laws and public spending. - All members of the two Councils were appointed by the Governor. They were divided into ‘official members’ (government officials) and ‘unofficial members’ (social elites). In the early years of British rule, all councillors were official members. The Legislative Council and Executive Council first appointed unofficial members in 1850 and 1896 respectively. (2) Features of early British administration - read Source 1h Practice Corner Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Who was/were the head of British administration in Hong Kong? A. The British monarch B. The Governor C. Members of the Legislative Council D. Members of the Executive Council 2. Which of the following descriptions about the Executive Council was INCORRECT? A. It had no non-government officials when it was first set up in 1843. B. It advised the governor on making policies. C. It was responsible for the administration of Hong Kong. D. It drafted bills to be discussed in the Legislative Council. 3. Which of the following statements about the structure of the Hong Kong government under early British administration are correct? (1) The principal officials were headed by the Governor. (2) The Chief Justice was headed by the Governor. (3) The participation of the Chinese in the political system is limited. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) P. 13 Discussion: If you were the Governor of Hong Kong using the early political system of Hong Kong, what would be your thoughts on the following questions … What challenges would you have faced after you ruled Hong Kong? Language barrier Cannot understand/ communicate with local citizens Poor policy making Disobey to law Because of people’s disagreement Because of the limited political participation of the Chinese Lack of trust Cultural difference Teacher should use this task to help with students’ conceptualization skills How would you have dealt with the challenges you mentioned? Compulsory education → Residents knows English Hire the Chinese elites as translators/ mediators High hand policy (Harsh punishment) Separation of residential areas This discussion activity serves as an introduction for Social development – relationship with the Chinese in next part. P. 14 2. Economic Condition and Livelihood A. Economic Development – Entrepôt Trade Source 2a shows some information about the economic development of Hong Kong in the 19th century. Source 2a Hong Kong has a deep harbour and is the main gate to Southern China. Britain declared Hong Kong a free port (自由港) to develop entrepôt trade (轉口貿易) in 1841. Merchant ships (商船) could enter and leave the port of Hong Kong without any port dues (港口費). The economy of Hong Kong gradually grew in the late 1840s. Commercial activities (商業活動) bloomed and merchants from different places gathered in Hong Kong. Foreign merchants imported (進口) Indian cotton and opium and British-manufactured cotton goods, and re-exported (再出口) them to the mainland. At the same time, they bought Chinese tea, silk and porcelain (瓷器), and re-exported them to India and Britain. (a) Refer to Source 2a. What policy did the British implement in Hong Kong right after the British occupied Hong Kong Island? Free port policy:  Develop entrepôt trade in 1841  Allow merchant ships enter and leave the port of Hong Kong without any port dues “開埠” Figure 2b is a picture drawn from higher up Battery Path showing the view of Victoria (Central District) and the Victoria Harbour looking west from Murray’s Battery along Queen’s Road on 19th November 1846. Figure 2b (a) Refer to Figure 2b. What are the traces of the picture showing that entrepôt trade had started to be developed in 1846?  Building along the coast  Construction site (implying urban growth)  Docks  Boats in the sea P. 15  Source 2c shows the two postcards mailed in the 19th century. Source 2d shows a QR code for a video about Nam Pak Hong (南北行). Source 2c Source 2d (Link) 1:19-02:14 (b) Which business that Butterfield & Swire (太古洋行) worked on in the 19th century was shown in Source 2c? Transportation from Hong Kong to the Mainland and Manila (c) Refer to Sources 2a, 2c and 2d. Explain why Hong Kong was once regarded as an international entrepôt. Foreign companies and Chinese companies set up bases to conduct import and export trade with Britain, India, the mainland, the United States and Southeast Asia. Additional information: The two foreign companies which still thrive in Hong Kong nowadays (formerly known as Butterfield & Swire) (or known as Jardine Matheson 怡和洋行) Do you know what are the businesses that they still operate in Hong Kong nowadays? P. 16  Round-up (1) entrepôt trade (轉口貿易) Hong Kong has a deep harbour and is the main gate to Southern China. Britain declared Hong Kong a free port to develop entrepôt trade in 1841. Under the free port policy, merchant ships could enter and leave the port of Hong Kong without paying any port dues. After becoming a free port, Hong Kong rapidly became an important entrepôt between the mainland and the world markets. Foreign merchants imported Indian cotton and opium and British- manufactured cotton goods, and re-exported them to the mainland. At the same time, they bought Chinese tea, silk and porcelain and re-exported them to India and Britain. Many foreign firms set up bases in Hong Kong to engage in entrepôt trade. Jardine Matheson, Dent, and Butterfield and Swire are famous examples. Chinese trading companies such as the Nam Pak Hong and Kam Shan Chong, also emerged. Their business contributed greatly to the tax revenue of Hong Kong. Entrepôt trade became the pillar of Hong Kong's economy. By the late 19th century, Hong Kong’s foreign trade had been more internationalised. The share of re-exports from China to the United States and Australia increased daily, strengthening Hong Kong’s position as an international entrepôt. Victoria Harbour from Sheung Wan 1880s Additional Question: Have you been to Ocean Terminal in Tsim Sha Tsui? Do you know what that was before? Kowloon Wharves opened in 1886 P. 17 Practice Corner True or False: Determine if the statements below are true or false. Make corrections for false statements. Statements True/ False Corrections 1. Entrepot trade was an important economic activity of Hong T Kong in the second half of the 19th century. 2. The early business centre in Hong Kong was on the southern Southern 🡪 F part of Hong Kong Island. northern 3. Nam Pak Hong referred to the foreign companies engaged in Foreign 🡪 trade in Hong Kong between the Southern Ocean and the F Chinese Northern Ocean. 4. Merchant ships could enter and leave the port of Hong Kong T without any port dues. Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following statements about the economic development of Hong Kong up to the early 20th century was INCORRECT? A. Hong Kong had become an important entrepot in Asia by the late 19th century. B. Opium from India was imported into China via Hong Kong. C. British tea and silk were mainly exported to Europe via Hong Kong. D. Local industries in Hong Kong were small in scale. 2. Since the launch of free port policy, the earliest industries in Hong Kong were associated with ____________. A. shipping B. farming C. tourism D. information technology Matching: 1. Royal documents It made laws as well as examined and (2) adopted taxes. Executive Council The Hong Kong government was (3) formed based on these documents. Legislative Council It advised the governor on making (1) policies. P. 18  B. Social Development – Population Growth Source 2e shows the foreign population of Hong Kong during early British administration. Source 2e Number of Europeans and Americans Number of Other Ethnic Minorities Year in Hong Kong (mainly Indians and Filipinos) in Hong Kong 1861 1 557 1 384 1872 4 931 1 490 1881 7 990 1 722 1891 8 545 1 901 (d) Refer to Source 2e and your own knowledge. Explain how the economic development and the feature of early British administration could explain the change in the number of Europeans and Americans settled in Hong Kong. The change in the number Causes leads to of Europeans and Americans the economic foreign trading companies and development of foreign banks established their Hong Kong businesses in Hong Kong European or American moved to and settled in increased Hong Kong with their families a feature of early British most officials were British administration P. 19