Nutrition and Endocrine Systems PDF

assists in oxygen transport in Nutrition the blood. 5.​ Water: Definition: science dealing with the ○​ Function: Essential for utilization of food by the body, transforming...

assists in oxygen transport in Nutrition the blood. 5.​ Water: Definition: science dealing with the ○​ Function: Essential for utilization of food by the body, transforming hydration and various bodily it into body tissues and energy, and functions. supporting growth and productivity. Protein Key Concepts: ​ Meat (beef, chicken, pork) 1.​ Nutrient: ​ Fish (salmon, tuna, cod) ○​ A single class of food that ​ Soybean products (tofu, tempeh) supports life, enables growth, ​ Cottonseed meal and provides energy. ​ Dried skim milk 2.​ Digestible Nutrient: ​ Amino acids (found in protein-rich ○​ Nutrients that can be broken foods) down, absorbed, and used by the body. Carbohydrates Types of Nutrients: ​ Sugar (fruits, honey) ​ Starch (potatoes, corn, rice) 1.​ Proteins: ​ Cellulose (vegetables, whole grains) ○​ Function: Growth and repair of body tissues. Fats ○​ Sources: Meat, fish, soybean, cottonseed, dried ​ Animal fats (butter, lard) skim milk, amino acids. ​ Plant oils (olive oil, canola oil) 2.​ Carbohydrates: ​ Nuts and seeds (almonds, ○​ Function: Provides energy, flaxseeds) supports growth, and aids in ​ Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel) reproduction. ○​ Composition: Carbon, Minerals hydrogen, oxygen (found in sugar, starch, and cellulose). ​ Bone and teeth formation: Dairy 3.​ Fats: products (milk, cheese, yogurt) ○​ Function: Provides energy, ​ Heartbeat regulation: Bananas insulates the body, serves as (potassium), leafy greens energy reserves, and (magnesium) protects vital organs. ​ Oxygen in blood: Red meat (iron), ○​ Roles: Includes cholesterol legumes (beans, lentils) and other fats. 4.​ Minerals: Vitamins-Defense against disease ○​ Function: Contributes to bone and teeth formation, Supplements- supply the body with add regulates heartbeat, and nutrients Endocrine System ○​ Prolactin: Stimulates milk production in mammary Definition: The endocrine system is made glands. up of glands, the smallest living units in the 3.​ Adrenal Glands: body, that produce and release hormones. ○​ Adrenaline: Prepares the These hormones act as messengers to body for "fight or flight" regulate various body functions. response. ○​ Aldosterone: Regulates Key Concepts: sodium and potassium balance. 1.​ Glands: 4.​ Thyroid Gland: ○​ Organs that produce and ○​ Thyroxine: Regulates release hormones. metabolism. 2.​ Hormones: ○​ Calcitonin: Lowers blood ○​ Chemical messengers of the calcium levels. body that control and 5.​ Parathyroid Glands: coordinate activities in ○​ PTH (Parathyroid different parts of the body. Hormone): Regulates the release of calcium and Roles of the Endocrine System: phosphorus. 6.​ Pancreas: 1.​ Control of Glands: ○​ Insulin: Lowers blood sugar ○​ Regulates the function of levels. many glands throughout the ○​ Glucagon: Converts body. glycogen to glucose, raising 2.​ Checks and Balances: blood sugar levels. ○​ Functions like a thermostat, 7.​ Gonadotropic Hormones maintaining balance within (FSH/LH): the body. ○​ FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH Major Endocrine Glands and (Luteinizing Hormone): Hormones: Stimulate the ovaries and testes. 1.​ Hypothalamus: 8.​ Thymus: ○​ Oxytocin: Promotes bonding ○​ Thymosin: Supports the and childbirth contractions. body's defense against ○​ ADH (Vasopressin): infection. Regulates water balance in the body. 2.​ Pituitary Gland: ○​ ACTH: Stimulates the Estrogen adrenal glands. ○​ TSH: Stimulates the thyroid ​ Role: Responsible for the gland. development of female secondary  sexual characteristics, regulation of Typically, melatonin levels increase the menstrual cycle, and in the evening as it gets darker, reproductive system. promoting sleepiness, and decrease ​ Produced by: Ovaries (primary in the morning with exposure to light, source in females), also produced in helping you wake up. small amounts by the adrenal glands and fat tissues. Animal Reproduction Progesterone Animal reproduction is the process by which animals produce offspring, ensuring ​ Role: Prepares the uterus for the survival and continuation of their pregnancy, regulates the menstrual species. cycle, and supports early stages of pregnancy. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction ​ Produced by: Ovaries (mainly during the second half of the Asexual Reproduction: menstrual cycle), placenta (during pregnancy), and adrenal glands. ​ Definition: A mode of reproduction where a single organism reproduces Testosterone without the involvement of another organism, producing offspring that ​ Role: Responsible for the are genetically identical to the development of male secondary parent. sexual characteristics, muscle and ​ Methods: bone mass, and sperm production. It ○​ Binary Fission: Common in also plays a role in libido and energy bacteria, where the cell splits levels. into two identical cells. ​ Produced by: Testes (primary ○​ Budding: Seen in organisms source in males), also produced in like yeast and hydra, where a smaller amounts by the ovaries in new organism grows off the females and adrenal glands in both parent and detaches when sexes. mature. ○​ Fragmentation: Some Melatonin animals, like starfish, can regrow lost body parts, which ​ Role: Regulates the sleep-wake can develop into new cycle, also known as the circadian individuals. rhythm. It helps signal to the body ​ Advantages: when it's time to sleep and wake up. ○​ Rapid reproduction. ​ Produced by: The pineal gland, ○​ No need for a mate. which is located in the brain. ○​ All offspring are genetically ​ Release Mechanism: The identical, ensuring stable production and release of melatonin traits. are influenced by light exposure. ​ Disadvantages:  ○​ Lack of genetic diversity. ​ Sperm make their way to the cervix, ○​ Vulnerability to environmental but many die due to the acidic changes and diseases. environment and cervical mucus. Sexual Reproduction: Travel to the Fallopian Tubes: ​ Definition: A mode of reproduction ​ Sperm that survive the cervix travel involving the fusion of male and through the uterus to reach the female gametes (sperm and egg) to fallopian tubes. produce genetically diverse ​ Some sperm die along the way due offspring. to various factors, including the ​ Process: environment and immune response. ○​ Meiosis: Specialized cell division that produces Fallopian Tubes: gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes. ​ The fallopian tubes have cilia, which ○​ Fertilization: The fusion of help guide the egg and sperm. sperm and egg to form a ​ The egg is surrounded by two zygote with a complete set of layers: the corona radiata and the chromosomes. zona pellucida. ○​ Development: The zygote Penetration of the Egg: undergoes multiple cell divisions and differentiation ​ Sperm become hyperactive and use to develop into a new their acrosome (a cap-like structure) organism. to release enzymes that help them ​ Advantages: penetrate the egg's outer layers. ○​ Genetic diversity, which enhances adaptability and Fusion: survival. ○​ Greater potential for ​ One sperm successfully penetrates evolutionary change. the egg, and their genetic material ​ Disadvantages: combines. ○​ Requires finding a mate. ​ This fusion forms a new membrane ○​ Slower reproductive process. around the zygote to prevent other ○​ Potential for genetic sperm from entering. recombination errors. Zygote Formation: Sperm Release and Journey: ​ The resulting zygote has 23 ​ During ejaculation, approximately chromosomes from the sperm and 300 million sperm are released into 23 chromosomes from the egg, the female reproductive tract. totaling 46 chromosomes. Cervix: Implantation:  ​ The zygote travels to the uterus, ​ Definition: An instrument used to where it implants in the uterine lining measure the voltage (electric and begins to develop into an potential difference) between two embryo. points in a circuit. Electric Current Source of Energy ​ Definition: The flow of electric ​ Definition: A device or system that charge through a conductor, typically provides electrical power, such as a measured in amperes (A). battery, generator, or power supply. Voltage Conductors ​ Definition: The electric potential ​ Definition: Materials that allow the difference between two points, which flow of electric current, such as drives the flow of electric current, metals like copper and aluminum. measured in volts (V). Load Electric Circuit ​ Definition: Any component or ​ Definition: A complete path through device in a circuit that consumes which electric current can flow. electrical power, such as a light bulb or motor. Circuit Switch ​ Definition: A general term for a closed loop through which electric ​ Definition: A device used to open or current can pass. close an electrical circuit, controlling the flow of current. Closed Circuit Circuit Diagrams ​ Definition: A complete electrical connection where current can flow ​ Definition: Schematic uninterrupted. representations of electrical circuits, showing components and Open Circuit connections using standardized symbols. ​ Definition: A broken or incomplete electrical connection where current Ammeter cannot flow. ​ Definition: An instrument used to Voltmeter measure electric current in a circuit, typically in amperes (A). Resistor Junction Points ​ Definition: A component that resists ​ Definition : Locations where two or the flow of electric current, more conductors meet in a circuit. introducing resistance into a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω). Series Circuit ​ Definition: A circuit in which components are connected end-to-end, providing a single path for current to flow. Parallel Circuit ​ Definition: A circuit in which components are connected across common points, providing multiple paths for current to flow. Current ​ Definition: The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A). Resistance ​ Definition: The opposition to the flow of electric current through a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω). Short Circuit ​ Definition: An unintended low-resistance connection between two points in a circuit, often causing excessive current flow and potentially damaging the circuit. Ohm’s Law -​ Georg Simon Ohm -​