Review Script Midterm Exam PDF

Review Script Midterm Exam CONCEPTS & NATURE OF RESEARCH AS APPLIED TO COOPERATIVES Basic understanding in research Article 15 Section 10 of 1987 Constitution - The state shall give prioritization to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization, and to science...

Review Script Midterm Exam CONCEPTS & NATURE OF RESEARCH AS APPLIED TO COOPERATIVES Basic understanding in research Article 15 Section 10 of 1987 Constitution - The state shall give prioritization to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization, and to science and technology education, training, and services. It needs to support the indigenous appropriates and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities and their application to the country’s productive systems and national life. Art. 15, Section 11 - “Congress may provide incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research Priority Discipline Cluster - Science and Mathematics, Education and Teacher Training, Health & Health Profession, Information & Communication Technology, Engineering Maritime Architecture, Agriculture, Environmental Science, Humanities, Social Sciences, and Other disciplines as identified by CHED. Reason to have a Research Subject - To make higher education responsive to the needs of the time, and all courses that lead to a Bachelor’s Degree incorporate requirements. Components of Research Process - Formulation of the Research Problem or Question and Design - Review of Related Literature - Refining the Research Problem and Sub-Problem and Research Designing - Identification of the Research Methodology and Detailing the Activities Entailed - Developing/Writing the Research Proposal - Gathering and Processing of Data - Writing the Research Report The CSSD Department of Cooperatives and Social Development (DCSD) responds to the needs of the local, regional, national, global community especially to the demands of the Cooperative Sectors. They are anchored on the research agenda of National Higher Education Research Agenda (NHERA) 2023-2028, National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) 2023-2028, Cooperative Development Authority, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Research Agenda & Priorities (PUPRAP). DCSD Research Goal - Provide research services in line with the curriculum of DCSD. - Provide high level capability building program  - Promote research consciousness and interest on cooperative development among schools, cooperatives, non-government and government - Develop and enhance instructional materials - Establish a Cooperative Data Bank and research arm specializing in Cooperatives - Enrichand widen access to the College - Learning & Research Resource Center What is Research? - Research is the process of identifying possible solutions to the complex problems of man. Research is; - Discovery of the truth. - Gathering of data to solve a problem. - An attempt to gain solutions to problems It is about finding out what I don't know yet. Purpose of Research is to learn something and gather evidence. Gathering evidence is showing that what we learn and know is correct or part of the whole truth. 3 types of Research Pure and Basic - research is that you are not looking for anything in particular Original or primary research - looking for information that nobody else has found. It is to discover something new. Knowing what has already been found and formulating a method. Secondary Research - is finding out what others have discovered through original research and trying to reconcile conflicting viewpoints or conclusions, find new relationships research, and between normally arrive at your own non-related conclusion based on others' work. True Research is: - Origination of question in mind of researcher. - Cannot proceed without clear articulation of goal. - requires a specific plan of procedure. - consider the principal area of investigation by dividing it into more manageable sub areas - seeks direction through appropriate hypotheses based upon obvious assumptions - Deals with facts and their meanings. - Circular True Research is NOT: - mere information gathering - transportation of facts from one location to another - rummaging for information  - catchword to get attention Criteria in Selecting a Research Problem/Topic - Novelty and avoidance duplication. - Importance to the field represented and immediate need for implementation - Interest, intellectual curiosity and drive - Training and personal qualifications - Time factor - Special equipment and working conditions. - Hazards, penalties and handicaps - Availability of data and feasibility of method - Sponsorship and administrative cooperation - Costs and return Characteristics of GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC/TITLE must be - clear, specific, & attainable within a given period of time. - within the researcher’s interest and capabilities - relevant to the needs of time - original and new - not be harmful to people & society - provide information for planning, development, legislation, generalization, and formulation of theories - avoid redundancies - directed towards the solution of a problem - Requires expertise - Strives to be objective and logical - Carefully recorded and reported - patient and unhurried activity that requires time, courage, and effort Creating a Research Working Title. Effective titles in academic research papers have several characteristics. 1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study. 2. Avoid using abbreviations. 3. Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader interest. 4. Use current nomenclature from the field of study. 5. Identify key variables, both dependent and independent. 6. May reveal how the paper will be organized. 7. Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the major hypothesis. 8. Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words. 9. Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or similar constructions. 10. Titles are usually in the form of a phrase, but can also be in the form of a question. 11. Use correct grammar and capitalization with all first words and last words capitalized, including the first word of a subtitle. All nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that appear between the first and last words of the title are also capitalized 12. In academic papers, rarely is a title followed by an exclamation mark. However, a title or subtitle can be in the form of a question Sources of A Research Problem. ❑ When there is dissatisfaction in services and information ❑ Problems may be encountered in classrooms or at work ❑ Breakthroughs in science and technology may present unexpected problems ❑ Research thrust and priorities of certain organizations ❑ Misconceptions on culture Mistakes in writing research paper - Too Long or too short, too much rambling - Failure to stay focus on research question - Failure to develop coherent and persuasive argument for the problem - Failure to landmark studies - Too many citation lapses and incorrect reference - Too much details in minor issues Concept Paper - Condensed version of a proposal. You are giving the highlights of the same information in much the same order. - Concept Papers generally are 3-5 pages. - The fundamental elements of a Concept Paper are project vision (objectives), project scope(specific flow of activity), project targets (quantitative targets), timeline (represents a point in time that marks the expected completion of certain activities and tasks) and milestones and project management (methods and technique). - provides clarity in the approach, contributes to the success of the project, creating organizational functions and areas from the very beginning and a Concept Paper is flexible. Review Related Literature A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries. A literature review must do these things: ▪ be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing ▪ synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known  ▪ identify areas of controversy in the literature ▪ formulate questions that need further research When preparing for RRL it can consider following this: The chapter and its contents are introduced in a paragraph. The discussion begins with the research topic and transitions to the introduction of a review of the literature for the research. Literature reviews and related studies are based on the original materials and not on the research abstract. Literature reviews and related studies are relevant. The researcher recorded the relevance of each of the literature reviewed and related studies analyzed. The review points out similarities and differences with the current study being done. The current study is not a duplication of any of the related studies analyzed. Balanced presentation includes discussion of proponents in the literature review with differing viewpoints on theories and variables used in the research. Forms of Literature Foreign Literature - refers to literary works produced in languages other than one's own (local language), encompassing all genres and forms, and is often studied for cultural and artistic insights. Local Literature - pertains to literary works created within a specific region or community, reflecting its culture, values, and experiences. Foreign Studies - involves the academic examination of foreign cultures, societies, and languages, often focusing on their historical and contemporary contexts. Local Studies - similarly investigates the history, culture, and social dynamics of a specific locality or community, providing insights into its unique characteristics. Use a Defined System of Documentation, Citation, etc. System of Documentation select a format in the beginning stages of your research and follow it consistently throughout the process of preparing your paper. Four systems of documentation ▪ Note Bibliography System – uses footnotes and endnotes. ▪ Parenthetical Reference System: ▪ Modern Language Association – uses an author-page style. ▪ American Psychological Association – uses an author-date style. Places in parentheses the author’s last name and the year of publication. Complete information about each source cited in the text is then given in an alphabetical reference list at the end of the research paper, thesis, or dissertation. Documentation is necessary for the purpose of: 1. To acknowledge indebtedness 2. To establish the validity of evidence 3. To indicate cross-references within the paper 4. To amplify ideas in the text 5. To provide additional bibliographical information Why APA Style is needed? - APA style is described in the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which is a large reference book that contains hundreds of guidelines on how to format references, statistics, tables, punctuation, and grammar. It also contains writing tips and instructions about how to format manuscripts. - An author writing must follow the rule established by the publisher to avoid inconsistencies among journal articles or book chapters. - Without rules of style, variations may distract or confuse the reader. - The need for a consistent style is more apparent when complex material is presented, such as tables or statistics. - Format of Bibliography in APA style APA style is a list of References. Reference list requirements - all references cited in the text of a paper must be listed alphabetically by first author's last name in the list of References and that all references listed must be cited within the text. - double-spaced and listed alphabetically by first author's last name, and first line is in hanging indent. Example: Brighan, E. F. & Houston, J. F. (1999). Fundamentals of financial management (9th edition). Bruce Rogovin Publications. Bibliography, is resources in addition to those cited in the text and may include annotated descriptions of the items listed. Example : Brighan, E. F. & Houston, J. F., Fundamentals of Financial Management 1999, pp. 45-55, (9th edition). Bruce Rogovin Publications, United States of America Used rules and eference in APA format PARENTHETICAL REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT - It is the name followed by a coma and the date of publication, appears in parentheses at the end of your sentence. (Gould, 1999) Author Cited in the Text - The author name is cited in the text and the year of publication is parentheses. Author & Date Cited in Text - Bothe authors name and year of publication is in text. Quotation with Name of Author - Sentence contains a quotation and includes the name of the author, place the publicationdate and page number in parentheses. Quotation without Name of Author - When you quote but do not identify the author in the sentence, the name of the author, date of publication, and page number appearin parenthesis at the end of the sentence. Work by Two Authors - cite both names each time the reference appears. Work by Two through Five Authors - cite all names in the first reference. In subsequent references, cite only the name of the first authors and use et.al. Authors with the Same Last Name - Cite and use initials to identify the authors in the text even if their dates or publication differ. Work Identified by Title - shortened version of the title is used in the text to identify the work. The title of a book is underlined; the title of an article appears within quotation marks. Ex: after the text (Guidelines, 1988, p.1). Corporate Author - use the name of the organization as the author. You may use well-known abbreviations such as PUP for Polytechnic University of the Philippines. Reference to More than One Work - List two or more works by the same author in order of date of publication: (Gould, 1987, 1989). - Differentiate works by the same author and with the same publication date by adding an identifying letter to each date: (Bloom, 1987a, 1987b). The letter also appear in the reference list, where the works are alphabetized by title. - List works by different authors in alphabetical order by last name, and use semicolons to separate the references: (Gould 1989; Smith, A.D. 1983) APA for Reference List - at the end of the paper, the equivalent of a bibliography, includes all works cited. - list of sources is entitled “References” - alphabetical order according to the last name of the author; two or more works by the same author appear in chronological order by date of publication, beginning with the earliest; two or more works by the same author and with the same publication date appear in alphabetical order by title. Basic Entry - The entry for a book begins with the last name of the author, followed by a comma and the author’s initials followed by periods. The date of publication follows in the parentheses, followed by a period. Only the first word of the book title, the first word of the subtitle, and proper names within both are capitalized. The entire title is underlined and followed by a period. Facts of publication include the city of publication. If the city might be confused with another location, use U.S. Postal Service abbreviations to identify the state. The name of the location is followed by a colon and the name of the publisher. The entry ends with a period. Example: Alvarez, A. (1970). The savage god: A study of suicide. New York:Random House Book by More Than One Author For a book by more than one author, invert and list the names of all the authors, regardless of number. Use commas to separate surnames and initials. Place anampersand (&) before the name of the last author. For a book with more than six authors, list the first six only, followed by et al., an abbreviation for “and others.