1st Industrial Revolution Summary PDF

Intro to England Great britain : Scotland England, Whales United Kingdom: Great Britain, Northern Ireland —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-21 1st industrial rev Started in Britain Major technolo...

Intro to England Great britain : Scotland England, Whales United Kingdom: Great Britain, Northern Ireland —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-21 1st industrial rev Started in Britain Major technological, socioeconomic & cultural changes in the late 18th cent and early 19 Manual labor → manufacturing -Industry Process to manufacture something ○ Industrialization The development of industries for the machine production of goods 1750: small villages, food and clothes made by you, hand tools, horses and boats only for travel. 1850: towns & cities, bought food and clothes, travel great distances, telegraph -Causes the Industrial revolution TEST QUESTION AGRICULTURAL rev. Population explosion Energy revolution Agricultural revolution: Improved farming methods ○ Fertilized soil ○ Combined smaller fields into longer fields ○ Built dikes British mixed diff soils Crop rotation Seed drill Stronger horses, fatter sheep, stronger cattle New crops introduced from the new world : maize & potato -Enclosure movement Landowners took over smaller farms used by peasants since medieval times and created larger more efficient fields Peasants moved out of villages into cities to work in factories -Population explosion Declining death rates more than increasing birth  Risk of famine was reduced Women had healthier babies Better hygiene and sanitation improved medical care - Energy rev Human & Animal power → Water and Windmills Giant water wheels → coal STEAM ENGINE (KNOW) ○ Made by Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump out water from mines ○ James Watt improved on the steam engine Socioeconomic & cultural changes 2nd industrial revolution 1850-1900 Steamboat Wright brothers plane Cars —----------------------------------------------------------------------------10/24/24 Natural resources Coal - used to power steam engines Iron - used to build new machines Human Resources Workers were needed to mine the coal and iron, build factories, and run the machines Agricultural revolution allowed people to do other jobs Population boom increases size of workforce New Technology Britain had been a center of the scientific revolution Britain had many skilled mechanics Economic Conditions Capital ( Wealth to invest) ○ Trade from overseas helped increase British economy ○ Business class was able to invest in mines, railroads & factories Demand ○ Population increase boosted demand for goods ○ Regular people could afford to buy many products ○ Plus people worked long hours & couldn’t afford to make their own stuff Political and Social conditions Stable gov that supported economic growth Strong navy to protect its empire and overseas trade  Religious groups encouraged thrift and hard work Separate from the European continent- avoid conflict Easier to change social classes in Britain Gov helped build canals and roads Left the market alone for the most part The age of Iron and Coal Iron made machines and steam engines Coal (a new fuel) was needed to produce iron Coal would leave impurities in the iron, so Abraham Darby found a way to remove impurities Changes in Textile Industry -Textile : woven fabric Before industrial rev cloth was imported from India to Britain Putting out System used to make cloth Raw Cotton to peasant families to spin into thread Thread taken to be woven into cloth Skilled artisans in towns finished and dyed the cloth Production was slow this way -Major Inventions John kay makes the flying shuttle (thread faster than humans) James Hargreave makes spinning Jenny, spins many threads at the same time Richard Arkwright Waterframe : Using water power to speed up spinning First Factories New Machines were too large and expensive to be used in homes → creation of factories Factories were first located near rivers/streams to access water for power After the steam engine was developed, the locations could vary Revolution in Transportation Turnpikes– privately owned road charged fee to travelers who used them Canals Stronger Bridges Steam Locomotive → Growth of railroads – On sea Paddle wheel steamboats to pull barges along canals Steamboat invented by Robert Fulton in 1807 (max speed of 5mph) —----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10/28/24 Hardships of Early industrial life -City Life Urbanization ○ Movement of people to cities Problems ○ Pollution ○ Noise of Steam Engine ○ Smelly Rivers (dye products were dumped in) ○ Vast divisions between rich and poor Poor: ○ Neighborhoods were dark, no running water, wastes and garbage rotted in the streets ○ Cholera & other diseases spread rapidly -Factory System Discipline ○ 12-16 hours ○ No safety devices on machines ○ Coal dust polluted air and kings of miners ○ Textile workers breathed air full of lint Women Workers ○ Paid less than men ○ Most of their day was spent away from their families Child Labor ○ Children were used because they worked quickly and were small ○ Worked 12-16 hour days ○ Many orphans were used ○ Many parents agreed that their children should work to help support their family ○ Children were expected to not talk only work ○ Children were whipped if they spoke to others ○ If children ran away they were caught and shackled to their work station - The working class Protests ○ Machines & factories were destroyed by Luddites ○ Protestors were punished harshly (sent to prison or Australia) -The new middle class Rags to Riches of merchants, inventors & artists Lived in nice homes ate large meals Women became “ ladies”-- took up embroidery or piano playing Hired servants Looked down upon the working class —----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10/29/24 New Economic Ideas Capitalism, Socialism, Communism Capitalism Incentive to make money Private ownership of industry Freedom of competition (leads to more innovation Can result in unequal economic classes Adam Smith Believed in capitalism Free markets would make goods at affordable prices Growing economy → investing in new ventures Thomas Malthus Population will outgrow the food supply Checks on pop growth = war As the century progressed the food supply grew with the population boom Living conditions improved and people had fewer children David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages ○ Held out no hope for the working class to escape poverty because More $$ → More kids → More Workers → Lower Wages & unemployment The gov should not help the poor, each individual should help himself via a thrift hard work and limiting the size of their family Utilitarians: -Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill The goal was society should the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people Mill wanted the gov to step in to improve the lives of of the working class Called for giving the vote to workers and women Worked for reforms in many areas Opposite to Capitalism, Socialism Gov ownership of industry Goal is to bring economic equality Aims to create a classless society -Utopian socialism Socialists who wanted to build self-sufficient communities. They all shared property in that community and all work was shared equally Robert Owen ○ Mill owner who refused child labor ○ Built homes for workers and opened a school  ○ Showed that an employer could offer a decent living and working conditions and still run a profitable business Communism All property is owned by the community as a whole All people have equal and social and economic status Problem of poverty is solved because all property is distributed equally– no gov needed Karl Marx & Fredrich Eagels were socialists who wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) They thought Socialism was unrealistic Economics was the major driving force in history Historical struggles were between the “haves” and the “ have nots” ○ Haves - Bourgeoisie ○ Have nots - Proletariat (working class) Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat would fight and the proletariat would win, take control production and create an equal society —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11/4/24 → 11/5/24 (2 day long jigsaw) Jigsaw Henry Bessemer #5 Sir Henry Bessemer, an English inventor, is best known for creating the Bessemer Process, which revolutionized steel production by making it cheaper and faster. The Bessemer Process, patented in 1855, involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities, especially carbon, creating high-quality steel. This innovation played a crucial role in the development of skyscrapers and other major infrastructure. Bessemer, born in 1813, showed a passion for invention from an early age. He initially gained recognition for his military shell designs, which he sold to Napoleon after the British War Department rejected them. Frustrated with existing steel production methods, Bessemer developed the Bessemer Process to enable mass steel production. His process encountered some dramatic challenges, with intense flames and explosions during trials, but it ultimately succeeded. He founded the Bessemer Steel Company, becoming wealthy from his steel innovation. Not all his ventures were successful; his Bessemer Saloon Ship, designed to prevent seasickness, proved unstable and was abandoned after a disastrous 1875 voyage. Despite setbacks, Bessemer’s impact on the steel industry was profound, and he was knighted in 1879 for his scientific achievements. Sir Henry Bessemer passed away in 1898, leaving a lasting legacy in industrial manufacturing. Alexander Graham Bell #1 the father of the electric telephone born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847 father and grandfather had devoted their lives to the study of human speech and to teaching the deaf to speak, and he followed their profession. His main interest throughout his life was helping the deaf. 1874-75 he began work on his great invention, inspired by experiments with devices to help the deaf. March 10, 1876, in Boston, the first sentence was successfully transmitted by telephone. The historic words were spoken to his assistant, Thomas Watson: "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you Bell's attorney had applied for a patent on February 14 of that year, just two hours before Elisha Gray filed a notice in the Patent Office covering some of the same principles. In 1880 Bell received the French government's Volta prize of 50,000 francs for his invention of the telephone. He used the money to establish the Volta Laboratory and the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf in 1956. It is an international information center for the oral education of the deaf. Spent many years at his estate on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia died there on Aug. 2, 1922 During the funeral service every telephone of the Bell system was kept silent. Samuel Morse Inventor of electric telegraph was born on April 27, 1791. the eldest son of Jedidiah Morse, a noted Congregational minister, and Elizabeth Ann Breese Morse. educated at Phillips Academy, in Andover, and at Yale University While he was in college he became interested in electricity, but his chief enthusiasm was art. His father opposed a career as an artist. He sent him to London to study art in 1811, however, after Gilbert Stuart praised his work. When Samuel returned in 1815 he found, however, that Americans were not interested in buying paintings--even paintings that had hung in the Royal Academy. He made a less sufficient living painting portraits. inspired to invent the telegraph by a chance conversation while returning from Europe on the steamship Sully in 1832.. People admired his determination in the face of poverty and disappointment. In 1837 he applied for a patent on The American Electromagnetic Telegraph. went to England, France, and Russia seeking aid for his invention but met with failure there as at home. Finally in 1843 the United States Congress appropriated $30,000 to build a line from Washington to Baltimore. In May 1844 the first message was flashed over this wire. Its text was: "What hath God wrought?" After his years of sacrifice, he enjoyed the fullest the wealth and honors that came to him as a great inventor. Newspapers, railroads, and businesses quickly found use for the telegraph.. After the founding of Western Union in 1856, wires were soon strung from coast to coast Morse's invention was the basis of the land telegraph systems that developed The code of dots and dashes used in sending messages is still known as the Morse code in honor of its inventor. worked as the electrician in Cyrus W. Field's first attempt to lay a cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1857. Morse resigned, predicting the initial failure that soon followed. Morse became a leader in cultural and civic affairs. When he died in 1872, on April 2, public memorial meetings were held across the nation. Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891): # 2 Born on June 14, 1832, in Holzhausen, Germany. Worked as a traveling salesman, selling tea, coffee, and sugar. Inspired by Étienne Lenoir's two-stroke gas-driven internal combustion engine. Met Eugen Langen, a sugar factory technician; they co-founded N.A. Otto & Cie (now DEUTZ AG) in 1864. Their atmospheric gas engine won a Gold Medal at the 1867 Paris World Exhibition. In 1861, Otto patented a two-stroke gas engine. May 1876: Built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine (Otto Cycle Engine). Continued improvements led to the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Otto's patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of Alphonse Beau de Rochas. Collaborated with Francis and William Crossley; patented another gas motor engine in 1877. Died on January 26, 1891, in Cologne. Influence of Otto’s Engine: Served as the basis for combustion engines used in automobiles, motorcycles, and motorboats. Inspired Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, who used Otto's engine in early vehicles. Daimler adapted Otto’s engine, creating the first motorcycle and later, the first four-wheeled automobile. Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach developed innovations, including the V-slanted two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. Gottlieb Daimler (1885-1890): 1885: Created a small, fast, gasoline-injected engine with Maybach, leading to advances in automotive design. 1886: Adapted a stagecoach to build the first four-wheeled automobile. Founded Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1890, which later merged with Benz’s company to form Mercedes-Benz. Henry Ford (1863-1947): Born on July 30, 1863, near Dearborn, Michigan. Fascinated by machinery; apprenticed as a mechanic in Detroit at age 16. Built his first car in 1896 in a shed behind his home. Founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903 with $28,000. Innovated mass production and assembly lines, enabling affordable cars for the public. Established the $5 daily wage, eight-hour workday, and five-day workweek. Created the Edison Institute (Greenfield Village and Museum). The company was a significant producer of war materials in both World Wars. Passed leadership to his grandson Henry Ford II in 1945. Died on April 7, 1947, at age 83; left his estate to the Ford Foundation. #4 Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827): - Born in Como, Italy to a noble family - Physicist and pioneer in study of electricity - “Volt” is named after Count Volta - Made discoveries in electrostatics, meteorology, and pneumatics - Famous for invention of the battery - 1800 created a wet battery called a voltaic pile consisting of discs of copper and zinc separated by discs of paper and cardboard - Volta’s most influential two inventions are the voltaic pile and electrophorus - Voltaic pile was the first electric battery, and it shortly led to its practical application by William Nicholson and the work of Davy, as well as, being the progenitor of modern day batteries. William Morton: - Helped spread the use of anesthesia called Ether - Demonstrated its effects through a dental procedure - Died after a life of poverty, kept trying to take credit for Ether’s discovery - Ether was discovered by chemist Raymundus Lullius - Ether’s hypnotic effects were discovered by physician and alchemist Paracelsus - First use of Ether was by Dr. Crawford Williamson Long in a tumor removal Alfred nobel Made a buncha money Fulminate of mercury and nitroglycerin blasting caps Then a lot of stuff blew up and nitroglycerin shipments were banned Made dynamite with guncotton and nitroglycerin guncotton : replacement for gunpowder, cellulose nitrate Made oil fields and ballistitemand stuff Nobel prizes to promote peace cus inventions caused a lot of violence Pasteur Learned fermentation and infection and stuff were not chemical reactions, instead caused by microbes. Probed germs enter food through outside sources Prevented some silkworm disease. Can inoculate animals for anthrax and it worked Also tried to make a cure for rabies and eventually worked Used it on someone and it worked as well. Pasteurization of milk —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11/7/24 Second industrial revolution Belgium Germany France US Japan Canada Australia New Zealand -Essentially these countries took Britain’s ideas and applied them to their own countries -More abundant supply of natural resources Other countries “borrowed” British technology Improvement for workers Assembly Line + interchangeable parts Steel Chemicals - medicines - perfumes - soap - fertilizer, dynamite. Electricity - battery and light bulb (1870) Street lights helped reduce crime Unions ○ Organized group working tg for a common political purpose ○ New Laws: Regulation of conditions in factories & mines No hiring children under 10 No women in mines Limiting work hours and safety conditions Shrinking world Internal combustion engine The Horseless carriage & Railroads ie places that were seen to be too far away are now attainable Conquest of the Air ○ Wright Brothers create the first human powered aircraft Communication  ○ Telegraph ○ Telephone ○ Radio Rise of Big Business Large scale companies (steel) created corporations Powerful business leaders created monopolies (Rockefeller- Standard oil) Improving Lifestyles Medicine - Pasteur, Morton, Nightingale, Lister Urban Renewal - Sidewalks, skyscrapers, and sewers, music halls, opera houses, theaters, police force Child Labor laws Women’s suffrage Advances in Science Demitri Mendeleyev Created the Periodic table Charles Darwin ○ On the origin of species ○ All form of live had evolved into their present state over millions of years\ ○ Natural selection ○ Survival of the fittest Social Darwinism ○ NOT DARWIN'S IDEA ○ Some applied the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition ○ Encouraged racism ○ Essentially if im doing better than u I deserved to destroy you ○ If im better I will eliminate you (basically and extension of darwin's idea) Christianity still a major force Helped poor Social Gospel - Movement that urged Christians to social service Salvation army created