History Unit 4 PDF

History Unit 4 Topic 1 Industrial Revolution (Textbook) p. 382 1700’s change began, gradually machines took the place of many hand tools. Power provided by people and horses began to be replaced, first by flowing water and then by steam engines. Began in Britain, in the textile (cloth making) industry. In 1760’s the spinning jenny sped up the process. The water frame was invented - a spinning machine powered by running water rather than by humans. The factory system brought workers and machinery together in one place. Workers had to keep up with machines instead of working at their own pace. British mill owners recognized the potential of the new water frames and factory system. The system required huge amounts of money to be invested in building and machines. Mills owners turned to capitalists, people who invest capital or money in a business to earn a profit. By 1784, British workers were producing 24 times as much as in 1765. Steam power - Arkwright built the first steam engine powered textile plant. Reliable source of power. Factories didn't need to be built along rivers, could be built in cities where young women and children were cheap labor. Samuel Slater - apprentice went to America memorized how to build it and recreated it - joined forces with Moses Brown - this began the American industrialization. One of the most important developments was mass production, or the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects. 1790’s Eli Whitney devised a system of interchangeable parts, identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers. Manufacturing became more efficient. Factory life became harsher and conditions worsened for children and adults. Children worked in American textile mills. Coal mine, and steel foundries as young as 7 or 8. Dangerous conditions. By 1880 more than 1 million children between ages 10 and 15 worked for pay. Poor light, dirty air, machines not designed to protect workers, injuries were not compensated. Started to petition for an 8 hour work day. (Textbook) p.390 In the 1800’s Urbanization or growth of cities due to movement of people from rural to urban cities. Cities along the eastern coast were crowded, and new immigrants headed west. Pittsburgh and Louisville grew. Urban problems resulted - dirty streets, absence of good sewage systems, lock of clean drinking water - spread disease. Fires common (wood structures), volunteer firefighters poorly trained. Rushed to put out building fires that were insured - fought over opportunity to put out the fire instead of putting out the fire. Significance - City populations grew as result of industrial revolution. Telegraph - Samuel E. Morse - Morse code - electric signals used to send messages quickly over long distances. Significance - Factories could communicate from east to west in hours not weeks Advances in agriculture - mechanical reaper - helped farmers cut crops faster than workers. Farmers could cultivate more land and harvest crops with fewer workers. Threshers sped up separation of grain of wheat from stalks. Speed up harvesting of grain to make flour. Significance - farm laborers replaced by machines went to work in shops and factories. Sewing machine 1846 - efficient to produce clothing in quantity. Factories in New England and middle Atlanitc states producing most of the nation’s manufactured goods. Significance - New inventions such as telegraph, thresher, reaper, sewing machine helped northern industries to grow. Transportation Revolution - transportation faster = factories make use of raw materials from farther away, could ship goods to distant markets. Steamboats - rivers and Clipper Ships - ocean but replaced by ocean going steamships Railroads - did the most to tie together raw materials, manufacturers, and markets. Steamboats ran into frozen waters, railroads could be built anywhere. 1840’s Irish immigrants (starving during great hunger) men had the lowest jobs in construction, laying railroads, women household workers. Germans - moved west to Ohio River valley and Great Lakes. Nativists - people who wanted to preserve the country for white American born Protestants. Opposed Irish Roman Catholics. African Americans - in North faced discrimination - denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people. Slavery had largely ended in North in the early 1800’s. Free AA joined by new arrivals from the south. Freedom did not = equal treatment. Denied voting rights, denied jobs in factories, led to racial segregation in schools and public facilities. Formed own churches, were portrayed as inferior in white newspapers. Significance - Northern cities grew with the arrival of immigrants from abroad and AA from rural areas. (Index Card) Came to America after the revolutionary war. Significance - rise of cities, changed pace of life. Resulted in the modern world today. The Industrial Revolution was a period of profound social, economic, and technological change that began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world over the next century. Its significance lies in several key areas: 1. Economic Transformation: The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from agrarian and handicraft-based economies to industrial economies based on mechanized manufacturing and mass production. This led to significant increases in productivity, economic growth, and wealth accumulation. 2. Technological Innovation: The Industrial Revolution introduced numerous technological advancements, including the steam engine, textile machinery, iron production techniques, and the mechanization of agriculture. These innovations revolutionized production processes and transformed the way goods were manufactured. 3. Urbanization and Population Growth: Industrialization resulted in the growth of cities and urban centers as people migrated from rural areas to work in factories and mills. This rapid urbanization fundamentally changed the social and demographic landscape of many regions. 4. Social Change: The Industrial Revolution brought about profound social changes, including the emergence of a new working class, labor movements, and shifts in social hierarchies. It also led to the development of new social structures, such as urban neighborhoods and industrial towns. 5. Global Impact: The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching effects beyond its birthplace in Britain, spreading to Europe, North America, and eventually other parts of the world. It transformed global trade patterns, fueled imperialism, and laid the groundwork for modern globalization. Overall, the Industrial Revolution is considered one of the most significant periods in human history, shaping the modern world in terms of economic structures, technological innovation, social organization, and global interconnectedness. Seneca Village Made of many houses. Was a tiny community where many blacks lived. Land acquired by eminent domain. Existed before Central Park was built (82-89 street) (Between 7th and 8th Ave). 300 people lived there. Significance: Safety from racism and inequality. The displacement of Seneca Village residents highlights the impact of urban development on marginalized communities and the erasure of their history. Seneca Village was a predominantly African American community that existed in what is now Central Park in Manhattan during the 19th century. Established in the 1820’s, it was one of the first communities of free African Americans in NYC and was also home to Irish and German immigrants. Seneca Village is significant for several reasons: 1. Land ownership - many residents of Seneca Village owned their land, which was relatively uncommon for African Americans at the time due to discriminatory practices and laws. This ownership provided them with a degree of economic stability and independence. 2. Community and Culture - Seneca Village was a tight-knit community with its own schools, churches, and businesses. It provided a supportive environment for its residents and fostered a sense of belonging and identity. 3. Political Engagement - Residents of Seneca Village were politically active and engaged in the fight for abolitionism and equal rights. They were involved in various social and political movements of the time, advocating for the abolition of slavery and equal rights for African Americans. 4. Urban Development - The eventual destruction of Seneca Village in the 1850’s was due to the city’s decision to use the land for the construction of Central Park. The displacement of Seneca Village residents highlights the impact of urban development on marginalized communities and the erasure of their history. Overall, Seneca Village serves as a reminder of the resilience and contributions of African American communities in the face of adversity and the importance of preserving their history and heritage. Weeksville Weeksville used wealth to establish a safe and thriving community Brooklyn —--Kings County Bedford and Lefferts family sold land [Longshoremen] James Weeks bought 2 lots Created community Weeksville is a historic African American community located in Brooklyn, New York. Established in the 19th century, it was one of the largest free black communities in pre-civil war America. Today, it is recognized as a significant site in African American history and has a cultural center dedicated to preserving its legacy. Northern dependence on slavery (Textbook) (p. 396-400) North became more urban and industrialized - south remained rural. First, the boom in textiles caused by the industrial revolution created huge demand for cotton. Second, a new invention allowed the south to satisfy demand. Bankers and ship owners became rich Capitalists profited in banks that handled exchange of $ for people who bought insurance for slaves The northern states in America were not as dependent on slavery for their economy compared to the southern states, primarily because of differences in their economic structures. While slavery existed in some northern states, particularly in industries like shipping, textile manufacturing, and agriculture, it was not as deeply entrenched or widespread as it was in the South. Northern economies were more diversified, with industries such as trade, commerce, manufacturing, and finance playing significant roles. Additionally, the northern states had a larger population of free laborers and immigrants who filled many labor needs. However, it’s essential to recognize that even in the North, there were economic and social ties to slavery. Industries such as cotton textiles relied on cotton produced by enslaved labor in the south, and northern merchants and banks were involved in financing the slave trade and plantation economy. Furthermore, racial discrimination and segregation were prevalent in northern society, reflecting broader societal attitudes towards race and slavery. William Lloyd Garrison An American Quaker abolitionist. Strongly opposed the use of violence to end slavery. Favored full political rights for all African Americans. Worked with Frederick Douglass. Published Liberator (1831-65) Popular abolitionist paper became the nation’s leading anti slavery publication for 34 years, ending when slavery ended. In 1835 he was dragged through the streets of Boston with a rope around his neck. The state of Georgia offered a $5,000 reward for the arrest and conviction for libel of William Lloyd Garrison. William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent American abolitionist and journalist who played a significant role in the fight against slavery in the United States during the 19th century. He was born in 1805 in Massachusetts and became deeply committed to the cause of abolitionism from a young age. Garrison is best known for his work as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator," which he founded in 1831. Through "The Liberator," Garrison advocated for the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved individuals, making it one of the most influential anti-slavery publications of its time. Garrison was a leading figure in the abolitionist movement, advocating for moral suasion and nonviolent resistance as means to end slavery. He believed in the equality of all people regardless of race and fought against the colonization movement, which aimed to resettle freed African Americans in Africa. Garrison was also a co-founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833, which became a major force in the abolitionist movement. Throughout his life, Garrison faced significant opposition and even violence for his abolitionist views. However, he remained steadfast in his commitment to the cause until slavery was abolished in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. Garrison continued his activism in later years, advocating for other social justice causes, including women's rights and temperance. He passed away in 1879, leaving behind a legacy as one of America's most influential and uncompromising abolitionists. Frederick Douglass Born a slave in 1817. Escaped slavery in 1838. Published autobiography. Douglass had broken the law by learning to read. He later escaped to freedom in the North. The most powerful speaker for abolitionism was Frederick Douglass - participated in protests. Garrison encouraged Douglass to describe his experiences at antislavery rallies. He published and wrote his own antislavery paper - the North Star. Frederick Douglass was an influential African American abolitionist, writer, and orator who lived during the 19th century. Born into slavery in Maryland around 1818, Douglass escaped to freedom in 1838 and became a leading voice in the abolitionist movement. Key aspects of Frederick Douglass's significance include: 1. Abolitionist Leader: Douglass was one of the most prominent abolitionists of his time, advocating for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people and the abolition of slavery throughout the United States. His powerful speeches and writings, including his autobiography "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave," helped galvanize public opinion against slavery. 2. Orator and Writer: Douglass was renowned for his eloquent and persuasive speaking abilities. He traveled extensively, delivering speeches across the United States and Europe to promote the cause of abolitionism and equal rights. His autobiographies and other writings provided firsthand accounts of the brutality of slavery and the struggle for freedom. 3. Advocate for Civil Rights: After the abolition of slavery following the Civil War, Douglass continued to advocate for civil rights and equality for African Americans. He was involved in various social and political causes, including the women's suffrage movement, and served in various government positions, including as a U.S. Marshal and ambassador to Haiti. 4. Symbol of Resilience and Empowerment: Douglass's life story symbolizes the resilience, courage, and determination of enslaved people and their descendants. His journey from slavery to freedom, and his subsequent achievements as a leader and activist, continue to inspire generations of people fighting for justice and equality. Frederick Douglass remains an iconic figure in American history, revered for his contributions to the abolitionist movement, his commitment to social justice, and his unwavering dedication to the pursuit of freedom and equality for all. Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Speeded the processing of cotton. Used a spiked cylinder to remove seeds from cotton fibers. Before its creation, seeds were removed by hand. 50 times more cotton fiber could be made with gin than by hand. It was revolutionary technology. To grow more cotton, plantes used more slave labor. In 1790, there were 698,000 enslaved in the US. By 1860, the census recorded 4 million. During this time, the price of a slave increased ten or twenty times. Cotton became the greatest source of wealth for the US. It enriched planters in the South, as well as bankers and shipowners in the North. The cotton gin was a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that revolutionized cotton production in the United States. Its significance lies in several key aspects: 1. Increased Cotton Production: The cotton gin dramatically increased the speed and efficiency of separating cotton fibers from the seeds. Prior to its invention, this process was labor-intensive and time-consuming, limiting the amount of cotton that could be processed. With the cotton gin, cotton production increased exponentially, leading to a surge in the supply of cotton and making it more profitable. 2. Expansion of Slavery: The increased efficiency of cotton production brought about by the cotton gin fueled the expansion of cotton plantations in the southern United States. This expansion, in turn, increased the demand for enslaved labor to work in the cotton fields. The cotton gin thus played a significant role in perpetuating and intensifying the institution of slavery in the South. 3. Economic Impact: The cotton gin transformed the southern economy, making cotton cultivation the most lucrative industry in the region. Cotton became the primary export of the United States, driving economic growth and contributing to the country's overall prosperity. 4. Global Cotton Trade: The cotton gin's impact extended beyond the United States, shaping global trade patterns. The increased supply of American cotton made it a dominant force in the global cotton market, with significant implications for international trade and economic relations. Overall, the cotton gin revolutionized cotton production, leading to economic prosperity in the United States while also deepening the reliance on enslaved labor and contributing to the perpetuation of slavery in the antebellum South. Slavery Resistance Methods P.400 - many did what they could to resist slaveholder, some worked slowly or pretended not to understand orders, space broke equipment, some fled north. Killed enslavers, pretended not to understand, slaves worked slowly, some broke equipment, some fled North, some participated in riots, some _____/harmful Slaves employed various forms of resistance to assert their humanity, challenge the system of slavery, and seek freedom. Some common methods of resistance included: 1. Work Sabotage: Slaves sometimes engaged in work slowdowns, deliberately working slowly or poorly to disrupt production and undermine the economic interests of their owners. 2. Escape: Running away from plantations or seeking refuge in free states, cities, or indigenous communities was a prevalent form of resistance. Some slaves fled to the North or Canada via the Underground Railroad, a network of secret routes and safe houses. 3. Rebellion and Revolts: Enslaved individuals occasionally organized rebellions or uprisings against their oppressors. Notable examples include Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831 and the Stono Rebellion in 1739. 4. Cultural Preservation: Despite attempts to suppress African cultural practices, slaves maintained their cultural heritage through music, dance, storytelling, and religious practices. These cultural expressions served as forms of resistance and solidarity. 5. Spiritual and Psychological Resistance: Slaves drew strength from their faith and spirituality, often using religious gatherings and beliefs to cope with the harsh realities of slavery and assert their humanity. 6. Surreptitious Education: Despite laws prohibiting slaves from learning to read and write, some enslaved individuals secretly taught themselves or each other to read and write, recognizing the power of education as a tool for empowerment and resistance. 7. Day-to-Day Acts of Defiance: Slaves engaged in subtle acts of resistance in their daily lives, such as feigning illness, breaking tools, or stealing food and other supplies. These resistance methods varied in their effectiveness and risk, but collectively they demonstrated slaves' agency and determination to resist oppression and pursue freedom. Enslaved Peoples Revolts Both rebellions made enslavers more strict about controlling slaves. Hutchinson’s Rebellion -Video online Rebellion outside of Charleston (Stono River close by) tried to flee to SP Florida to be free. Started in a general store called Hutchinson’s Store - shop keepers dead, two plantations on either side on fire, 20 men - surrounded plantations and burned to ground (came from kingdom of conga) some had military training. Large uprising, beat drums - rebel army grew to 100 by end of day - down a road towards south florida, 20 miles outside of charleston a militia caught up with them, captured, beheaded. Significance - created harsh new slave laws, banned drumming and literacy, set drastic punishments on runaways. The rebellion you're referring to is likely the Stono Rebellion, which took place in 1739 in the colony of South Carolina, then a British territory. It is sometimes also referred to as "Cato's Rebellion," as the leader of the revolt was believed to be an enslaved man named Jemmy or Cato. Key aspects of the Stono Rebellion include: 1. Background: The Stono Rebellion was one of the largest slave uprisings in the British mainland colonies. It was fueled by various factors, including harsh treatment of slaves, oppressive labor conditions, and the desire for freedom. 2. Execution: On September 9, 1739, a group of approximately 20 enslaved Africans armed themselves and began marching south toward Spanish Florida, where they hoped to find freedom, as the Spanish offered freedom and land to escaped slaves. Along the way, they killed several white colonists and gathered more supporters. 3. Suppression: Colonial militia quickly responded to the rebellion, engaging the rebels in a battle near the Stono River. Many rebels were killed in the confrontation, and others were captured, executed, or committed suicide. Some managed to escape, but most were either killed or captured. 4. Repercussions: In the aftermath of the rebellion, South Carolina authorities passed harsher slave codes, further restricting the rights and freedoms of enslaved people. These laws aimed to prevent future rebellions by tightening control over the enslaved population and limiting their mobility and access to education. Significance - The Stono Rebellion highlighted the brutal realities of slavery in the American colonies and the lengths to which enslaved individuals were willing to go to resist their oppression and seek freedom. It also prompted authorities to implement stricter measures to maintain control over the enslaved population. Turner Rebellion: Revolt 1831, Nat Turner said he had a vision that told him to kill whites. He and others killed 60 whites. In reprisal, many innocent AA were executed. The Turner Rebellion, also known as Nat Turner's Rebellion, was a significant slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. Nat Turner, an enslaved African American preacher, led a group of slaves in a violent uprising against white slaveholders. Key aspects of the Turner Rebellion include: 1. Leadership of Nat Turner: Nat Turner, who believed he was chosen by God to lead his people to freedom, organized and led the rebellion. Turner was literate and deeply religious, and he believed that his actions were part of a divine mission to overthrow slavery. 2. Violence and Retaliation: The rebellion began on the night of August 21, 1831, when Turner and his followers launched coordinated attacks on white households, resulting in the deaths of around 55 to 65 white people. The rebellion sparked widespread fear and panic among white slaveholders, who responded with brutal reprisals against enslaved individuals, free blacks, and suspected sympathizers. 3. Suppression and Capture: The rebellion was eventually suppressed by state and federal troops, who arrested and executed Turner and many of his followers. Turner himself was captured on October 30, 1831, and subsequently tried, convicted, and hanged. 4. Impact and Legacy: The Turner Rebellion had a profound impact on American society, particularly in the South. It heightened fears of slave insurrection among white slaveholders and led to harsher laws and regulations aimed at controlling and subjugating enslaved people. It also fueled debates over the morality and sustainability of slavery, contributing to growing tensions that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Significance - The Turner Rebellion remains one of the most significant slave uprisings in American history, symbolizing both the brutality of slavery and the resistance of enslaved individuals against their oppressors. Significance of Nat Turner - Nat Turner, an enslaved African American, led a violent revolt against white slaveholders in Southampton County, Virginia. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of around 55 to 65 white people and led to a brutal crackdown on enslaved individuals throughout the South. The significance of Nat Turner's Rebellion lies in its impact on the national debate over slavery. It heightened tensions between abolitionists and proponents of slavery, leading to stricter slave codes and increased repression of African Americans. The rebellion also highlighted the brutality and inhumanity of the institution of slavery, fueling abolitionist sentiment and contributing to the eventual outbreak of the Civil War. Life Under Slavery and Slave Codes Many were worked/beaten to almost death No rights were given Court ruled slaves as “thing” not a person Slaves kept in strictly Enslavers fears they would rebel African Americans in the South 6 percent of 4 million AA in the south were not enslaved. Restrictions on free african americans - excluded from all jobs but menial, children denied right to go to public school, no votinging rights, no serving on juries, no testifying against white defendants, discouraged from travel, could be kidnapped and sold into slavery. Norbert Rillieux -free AA refining sugar - made process faster, safer, less costly Henry Blair - seed-planting device that reduced time farmer spent sowing crop Life Under slavery - enslaved had no rights at all. Slave codes controlled every aspect of lives - “thing”. Many enslaved became skilled workers - housekeeps, butlers, nannies, house servants, Many worked almost to death in farm labor, Owners looked at them as valuable property to protect, slaves were separated from families, ***After 1808 it was illegal to import enslaved Africans to the US. AA had little contact with Africa. African customs, music and dance survived in their daily lives. AA found message of hope in Bible, composed spirituals, religious folk song that blended bible themes and realities of slavery Life under slavery and slave codes was characterized by systematic oppression, exploitation, and dehumanization. Here's a summary: 1. Forced Labor: Enslaved individuals were compelled to work under brutal and inhumane conditions without pay. They toiled in fields, mines, households, and other settings, often enduring long hours of labor and harsh treatment from overseers and masters. 2. Physical and Psychological Abuse: Enslaved people faced physical violence, including beatings, whippings, and other forms of punishment, as a means of control and discipline. This abuse was used to instill fear and maintain power over the enslaved population. 3. Family Separation: Slave owners frequently separated enslaved families through sale or forced relocation, causing immense emotional trauma and disrupting familial bonds. Children were often sold away from their parents, and spouses were forcibly separated, leading to profound grief and suffering. 4. Restricted Freedoms: Enslaved individuals had few, if any, legal rights and freedoms. They were denied the right to education, prohibited from owning property, and restricted in their movement. Slave codes enforced strict regulations on enslaved people's behavior and interactions with whites, further limiting their autonomy. 5. Dehumanization: Enslaved individuals were treated as property rather than human beings, subjected to a system of chattel slavery where they could be bought, sold, and inherited like objects. This dehumanization justified their exploitation and oppression within the institution of slavery. 6. Resistance: Despite the oppressive conditions they faced, enslaved people resisted their enslavement in various ways, including acts of rebellion, escape, sabotage, and cultural preservation. These forms of resistance demonstrated their agency and resilience in the face of adversity. Slave codes were laws enacted by colonial and later state governments to regulate the institution of slavery and control the behavior of enslaved people. These codes reinforced the subordinate status of enslaved individuals and codified their lack of rights and freedoms. They imposed harsh penalties for disobedience, restricted movement and assembly, and prohibited activities such as learning to read and write. The purpose of slave codes was to maintain the institution of slavery and uphold the power dynamics between slaveholders and enslaved people. Free African Americans in North and South North: denied right to vote, could not work in factories, could not trade, were portrayed as inferior North Responses: Farmed own villages, started own churches, formed and wrote own newspapers South: Could not vote/serve on juries, could not testify against whites and attend public schools/or travel South Responses: Many African Americans invented new machines David Walker’s Appeal In 1829, he published his Appeal: to the Coloured Citizens of the World. This strongly worded pamphlet urged enslaved people to rebel, if necessary, to gain their freedom. Born free in North Carolina, moved to Boston, wrote Appeal to slavery. Many paragraphs speaking against slavery and its evil. David Walker's "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" was a powerful and influential pamphlet written and published by David Walker, an African American abolitionist, in 1829. Here's a summary of its significance and content: 1. Call to Action: Walker's "Appeal" served as a passionate call to action for African Americans to resist slavery and fight for their freedom. It urged them to rise up against their oppressors and demand their rights as human beings. 2. Denunciation of Slavery and Racism: The pamphlet forcefully denounced slavery as a moral evil and condemned the racist ideology that justified it. Walker argued that slavery was a crime against humanity and called for its immediate abolition. 3. Appeal to Christian Morality: Drawing on Christian principles of justice and equality, Walker appealed to the consciences of his readers, arguing that slavery was incompatible with Christian morality and that slaveholders would face divine judgment for their sins. 4. Promotion of Armed Resistance: Walker's "Appeal" advocated for armed resistance as a means of achieving liberation. He urged enslaved people to take up arms against their oppressors and fight for their freedom, even if it meant sacrificing their lives in the struggle. 5. International Appeal: The pamphlet addressed not only African Americans in the United States but also people of African descent worldwide. Walker sought to unite people of African descent in a global struggle against slavery and oppression. 6. Impact and Legacy: Walker's "Appeal" had a significant impact on the abolitionist movement and contributed to the growing momentum for emancipation in the United States. It inspired and galvanized African Americans to resist slavery and demand their rights, laying the groundwork for future activism and social change. Overall, David Walker's "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" remains a landmark document in the history of abolitionism and African American activism, advocating for justice, equality, and freedom in the face of oppression. Erie Canal A Canal is a channel that is dug across land and filled with water. Connected Hudson River and Lake Erie In NYS Resulted in NY booming economy Many other cities built canals Significance - Slow road travel isolated western farmers from eastern markets. Most rivers ran north and south. Solution build canals from east to west - provided the fastest and cheapest way to ship goods. 1816 Governor DeWitt Clinton proposed canal from Hudson River to Lake Erie. 1825 complete - significance - produce from midwest came across Lake Erie, passed Erie canal and was carried down Hudson River to NYC. This made NY the richest city in nation. Sparked surge of canal building. The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, was a monumental engineering feat and had significant economic, social, and political implications for the United States. Here's a summary of its significance: 1. Economic Impact: The Erie Canal transformed the economic landscape of the United States by providing a direct water route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. This allowed for cheaper and more efficient transportation of goods, particularly agricultural products, from the Midwest to the East Coast and European markets. The canal reduced shipping costs, spurred trade and commerce, and facilitated the growth of cities and industries along its route. 2. Expansion of Markets: The Erie Canal opened up new markets for agricultural produce and manufactured goods, facilitating the westward expansion of settlement and the development of the American interior. It played a crucial role in the growth of cities such as New York City, Buffalo, and Rochester, which became major commercial centers. 3. Political Significance: The construction of the Erie Canal was a significant political achievement, demonstrating the federal government's ability to undertake large-scale infrastructure projects and promote economic development. It also contributed to the political and economic dominance of New York State and solidified its position as a key player in national affairs. 4. Social Impact: The Erie Canal facilitated migration and settlement in the Midwest, as it provided a relatively affordable and accessible means of transportation for settlers moving westward. It also promoted cultural exchange and diversity, as people from different regions and backgrounds traveled along its route. 5. Technological Innovation: The Erie Canal was a marvel of engineering for its time, featuring locks, aqueducts, and other innovations to overcome geographic obstacles. Its successful construction and operation served as a model for future canal projects and infrastructure development in the United States and around the world. Overall, the Erie Canal was a transformative project that played a crucial role in shaping the economic, social, and political landscape of the United States in the 19th century. Its legacy continues to be felt today, as it remains an important waterway for transportation and recreation in the Northeast. Missouri Compromise 1820 1820 Henry Clay persuades congress to pass Textbook: p. 404 Permitted Maine to be admitted to Union as a free state and Missouri to be admitted as a slave state. Provided that Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri would be free of slavery. Gave southern slave owners a clear right to pursue escaped fugitives into “free” regions and return them to slavery. The Missouri Compromise was a landmark piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1820. It aimed to address the issue of slavery expansion into new territories and preserve the delicate balance of power between free and slave states. Here's a summary of its significance and key provisions: 1. Admission of Missouri: The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, maintaining the balance of 11 free states and 11 slave states in the Senate. 2. Admission of Maine: To maintain the balance between free and slave states, Maine was admitted to the Union as a free state. This was seen as a compromise to offset Missouri's admission as a slave state. 3. Prohibition of Slavery in Certain Territories: The compromise established a line of demarcation at 36°30′ north latitude (the southern border of Missouri), north of which slavery would be prohibited in any new territories formed from the Louisiana Purchase, excluding Missouri. This provision aimed to prevent the expansion of slavery into the territories acquired from France. 4. Significance: The Missouri Compromise temporarily eased tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery expansion. It helped maintain the delicate political balance between free and slave states in Congress and postponed the outbreak of conflict over slavery for several decades. 5. Nullification and Repeal: The Missouri Compromise was eventually nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to determine the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty. This led to increased sectional tensions and contributed to the onset of the Civil War. Overall, the Missouri Compromise was a significant legislative compromise that attempted to address the divisive issue of slavery expansion in the United States. While it provided a temporary solution, it ultimately failed to resolve the underlying tensions between the North and South over the institution of slavery. Significance - Compromise revealed how much sectional rivalries divided the states of the Union. Seemed to balance north and south interests, however, white southerners were not happy that congress had given itself power to make laws regarding slavery. Northerns angry slavery spread to Missouri. Topic 2 Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was a 19th-century belief prevalent among Americans, especially during the mid-1800s, that it was their destiny and duty to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It was fueled by notions of American exceptionalism, territorial expansion, and the spread of democracy and capitalism. This ideology justified the acquisition of land through various means, including treaties, purchases, and, controversially, military conquest, such as the Mexican-American War. The achievement of Manifest Destiny resulted in the annexation of Texas, the Oregon Territory, the Mexican Cession (including California), and other regions, significantly expanding the territory of the United States. After 1820, as a result of Manifest Destiny, several territories were acquired or conquered by the United States, including: 1. Texas: Annexed in 1845 after gaining independence from Mexico in 1836. 2. Oregon Territory: Acquired through negotiations with Britain in 1846, settling the Oregon boundary dispute. 3. Mexican Cession: Acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican-American War, which included present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. 4. Gadsden Purchase: Acquired in 1853 from Mexico, comprising parts of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico, to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route. 5. Treaty of 1818 with Britain: This treaty solidified the border between the United States and British North America (Canada) along the 49th parallel, contributing to the sense of territorial expansion. These acquisitions significantly expanded the territorial footprint of the United States and exemplified the ideology of Manifest Destiny during the 19th century. Texas Independence (from whom and how became part of US) Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 after the Texas Revolution, a conflict between the Mexican government and settlers in the Mexican province of Texas. The Texan forces, led by figures such as Sam Houston, defeated the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto, leading to the capture of Mexican General Santa Anna and the signing of the Treaties of Velasco. These treaties recognized Texas as an independent nation. Texas remained an independent republic for nearly a decade, known as the Republic of Texas, with Sam Houston serving as its first president. However, Texas faced economic and political challenges during this period and sought annexation by the United States. In 1845, after much debate and negotiation, the United States Congress approved the annexation of Texas, and it became the 28th state of the United States through a joint resolution signed by President John Tyler. This annexation further fueled tensions between the United States and Mexico, ultimately leading to the Mexican-American War in 1846. In 1820, Spanish governor of Texas gave Moses Austin a land grant for a small colony. Austin dies - son Stephen Austin led 300 americans into Texas. Soon - Mexico won independence from Spain. 1000’s americans flooded texas. Conflict with Mexico, Austin urged Texans to revolt against the Mexican government. Settlers were southerners who wanted expand slavery and grow cotton but Mexico had outlawed it. 1836 Texans declared independence from Mexico and created Republic of Texas. Alamo - Mexicans overran it. Sam Houston led small army against army at San Jacinto. Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign treaty - Texan independence. Sam Houston president of Republic of Texas, hoped to get annexed by US. Southerns wanted annex Texas as a slave state and north opposed but still wanted westward expansion. Decade after independence - still not annexed. Presidential election of 1844 Tyler favored annex but Clay was nominated. Democrat Polk wanted to annex Oregon and Texas. Oregon (How annexed; definition of “to annex: if new to you) The annexation of Oregon was achieved through diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Great Britain, which had competing territorial claims in the Oregon Country. The Oregon Country encompassed present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming. In 1818, the United States and Britain signed the Treaty of 1818, which established joint occupancy and settlement rights in the Oregon Country for both nations for ten years. This agreement was extended indefinitely in 1827. However, in the 1840s, American settlers began migrating to the Oregon Territory in larger numbers, leading to increased pressure for the United States to assert its sovereignty over the region. Meanwhile, tensions with Britain grew, particularly over the border between the Oregon Territory and British North America (Canada). In 1846, the two countries reached a compromise with the signing of the Oregon Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Washington or Treaty of 1846). Under this treaty, the United States gained sole possession of the territory south of the 49th parallel, while Britain retained control of the territory north of that line (including present-day British Columbia). The Oregon Treaty also established a peaceful resolution to the border dispute and paved the way for American settlement and eventual statehood in the Oregon Territory. Polk demanded that British withdraw from all territory south of the latitude 54 40 N during candidacy. Won election. Congress annexed Texas and won Oregon territory from Britain - Washington, Oregon and part of Idaho. Results of the Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War, fought from 1846 to 1848, resulted in several significant outcomes: 1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Under this treaty, Mexico ceded a vast amount of territory to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. In return, the United States paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts owed by Mexico to American citizens. 2. Expansion of the United States: The territorial acquisitions from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo significantly expanded the territorial footprint of the United States, fulfilling the objectives of Manifest Destiny. 3. Rise of Tensions: The war exacerbated tensions between the Northern and Southern states over issues such as the extension of slavery into the newly acquired territories. The debate over whether these territories would be slave or free states intensified, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. 4. Impact on Mexico: The loss of nearly half of its territory was a significant blow to Mexico and led to long-lasting resentment and economic repercussions. It also exacerbated internal political instability in Mexico. Overall, the Mexican-American War played a crucial role in shaping the territorial expansion of the United States and setting the stage for future conflicts and debates over issues such as slavery and the role of the federal government in regulating territories. Polk goes to war with Mexico - as they did not recognize Texas independence. Polk pressured Mexico to give up land. Support for war from Southerners and Westerners. Invasion of Mexico - won war. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 ended Mexican American War. Mexico recognized the annex of Texas and ceded a vast territory to US. THis area was Mexican Cession Present day California, Nevada and Utah, parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. US paid 18 million to Mexico. Gadsden Purchase 1853 US paid Mexico 10 million for narrow strip of present day Arizona and New Mexico. Manifest Destiny had been achieved. Gold Rush & 49’ers (what, where, who) Gold Rush and Chinese Experience The Gold Rush refers to a period in American history marked by a massive influx of people to California in search of gold. It began in January 1848 when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. News of the discovery spread rapidly, triggering a frenzy of people from across the United States and around the world to travel to California in hopes of striking it rich. The California Gold Rush had a profound impact on American history, society, and the economy: 1. Population Boom: The Gold Rush led to a population explosion in California, with people from all walks of life, including miners, merchants, farmers, and adventurers, flocking to the region in search of gold. 2. Economic Growth: The influx of people stimulated economic growth in California, leading to the development of towns, infrastructure, and industries to support the growing population and mining operations. 3. Cultural Diversity: The Gold Rush attracted people from diverse backgrounds, including Americans, Europeans, Asians, and Latin Americans, contributing to California's cultural diversity and shaping its identity as a melting pot. 4. Environmental Impact: The intensive mining activities associated with the Gold Rush had significant environmental consequences, including deforestation, erosion, and pollution of waterways with mercury used in gold extraction. 5. Legacy: The Gold Rush left a lasting legacy in American history and folklore, symbolizing the spirit of adventure, entrepreneurship, and the pursuit of wealth. Overall, the California Gold Rush played a pivotal role in shaping the development of California and the western United States, as well as the broader history of the nation. 1848 James Marshall building a sawmill on John Sutter’s land in California. Found golden nugget. News spread - gold rush forty-niners Cali population 14,00 to 100,000. Prospectors - gold seeker miners. Disputes over water rights (water needed for irrigation and mining). Mining towns were transient. 12 - 1 men to women in Cali. Cali not yet state (1850 became state) so federal law did not apply within mining towns. Vigilantes - self appointed law enforcement punished people for crimes. Gold rush brought enormous ethnic diversity to Cali. People came from Europe, Asia, Australia, South America. 1860 population Cali was 40 percent foreign born. China economy in trouble 1840’s - heard of gold - 45,000 chinese men went to cali. Laborers faced prejudice. They were not given higher-paying jobs in the mines. Hired to do menial labor. Cooked and laundry. Worked hard - helped build railroads and worked on farms. Labor helped cities San Fran to prosper. African Americans - several thousand lived in Cali in 1850. Own churches, newspapers, business couldn't vote or jury. Slavery did not take root in Cali but some southerners brought slaves with them. Miners objected - if you want gold you have to mine for it not have a slave do it. Native Americans - Miners swarmed INdian lands, vigilante gangs killed Indians and stole their land 100,000 Indians ⅔ of native pop died during gold rush Califonios - 1850 - 15 percent of Californians were Mexican. Had no political power, received high tax on ranches and asked to prove land ownership. Hard to prove as it was from land grants from Spain and Mexico. Many forced to sell land to pat for legal bills. Significance Gold rush - Cali had enough people to apply for statehood. This would cause a national crisis! Chinese Immigrants’ Experience (why came, how thrived, discriminatory laws) During the 1800s, Chinese immigrants faced significant challenges and discrimination in the United States. Here are some key aspects of their experiences: 1. Labor: Chinese immigrants were primarily drawn to the United States by economic opportunities, particularly in the construction of the transcontinental railroad and the mining industry. They endured grueling working conditions, low wages, and dangerous work environments. Many Chinese immigrants were hired as cheap labor, facing exploitation and discrimination from employers. 2. Discrimination and Racism: Chinese immigrants encountered widespread prejudice and racism from the American population. They were viewed as competition for jobs, especially during economic downturns, leading to hostility and violence. Anti-Chinese sentiment fueled discriminatory laws and practices, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which was the first significant law to restrict immigration into the United States based on nationality or race. 3. Segregation: Chinese immigrants faced segregation and exclusion from mainstream American society. They were often forced to live in segregated Chinatowns and faced restrictions on where they could live, work, and socialize. Discriminatory laws and social attitudes limited their opportunities for advancement and integration into American society. 4. Violence and Persecution: Chinese immigrants were subjected to various forms of violence and persecution, including mob attacks, riots, and discriminatory legislation. Incidents such as the Rock Springs Massacre of 1885, where Chinese miners were targeted and killed by white miners, highlighted the dangers and vulnerabilities faced by Chinese immigrants in the United States. Despite these challenges, Chinese immigrants persevered and contributed significantly to the development of the United States, particularly in industries such as agriculture, mining, and railroads. Their experiences underscored the broader themes of racism, discrimination, and exclusion in American history, as well as the resilience and resilience of immigrant communities in the face of adversity. Topic 3 Sectionalism (Definition and how it caused the Civil War) Sectionalism refers to strong loyalty or allegiance to a particular region or section of a country over the interests of the nation as a whole. In the context of the United States, sectionalism was particularly evident in the 19th century (1800’s) and was characterized by deep divisions between different regions, primarily the North and the South. Several factors contributed to sectionalism in the United States: 1. Economic Differences: The North and the South had distinct economic systems. The North was industrialized and relied on manufacturing, trade, and wage labor, while the South was agrarian and dependent on slave labor for its plantation-based economy. These economic differences led to conflicting interests and priorities between the two regions. 2. Slavery: Slavery was a central issue that exacerbated sectional tensions. While slavery had largely disappeared in the North by the mid-19th century, it remained deeply entrenched in the South. The debate over the expansion of slavery into new territories and states fueled sectionalism and heightened tensions between abolitionist forces in the North and pro-slavery advocates in the South. 3. Political Representation: Disputes over political representation further deepened sectional divisions. The North and the South clashed over issues such as the balance of power in Congress, the admission of new states, and tariffs. Southern states feared that the growing influence of the Northern states would threaten their interests and way of life. 4. Cultural and Social Differences: The North and the South also had distinct cultural and social identities. Differences in religion, education, customs, and values contributed to a sense of regional identity and solidarity within each region. The culmination of these sectional tensions ultimately led to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. The secession of Southern states from the Union and the formation of the Confederate States of America reflected the deep divisions and animosities between the North and the South. The Civil War was fought over issues of states' rights, slavery, and the preservation of the Union, highlighting the destructive consequences of sectionalism in American society. Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 was a package of legislative measures aimed at addressing the sectional tensions between the Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery. It was proposed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and guided to passage by Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois. The compromise consisted of several key provisions: 1. **California's Admission as a Free State**: California was admitted to the Union as a free state, without slavery, which upset the balance of free and slave states in Congress. 2. **Territorial Status of New Mexico and Utah**: The territories of New Mexico and Utah were organized without restrictions on slavery, allowing popular sovereignty (the right for settlers to decide on the issue of slavery through popular vote) to determine whether they would be free or slave states. 3. **Texas Boundary and Debt**: Texas relinquished claims to disputed territory in present-day New Mexico in exchange for the federal government assuming Texas's public debt. 4. **Slave Trade Ban in Washington, D.C.**: The slave trade (but not slavery itself) was banned in the District of Columbia, the nation's capital. 5. **Fugitive Slave Act**: The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened, requiring citizens to assist in the capture and return of escaped slaves, regardless of their personal beliefs about slavery. This provision was particularly contentious in the North and fueled abolitionist sentiment. The Compromise of 1850 was intended to maintain the delicate balance between free and slave states while averting a crisis that could potentially lead to civil war. However, it ultimately failed to resolve the underlying tensions between the North and the South over the issue of slavery. Instead, it served to delay the inevitable conflict, as sectional animosities continued to escalate in the years leading up to the American Civil War. To please North - California is admitted as free state. Banned slave trade in nation’s capital. (Congress did say it had no right to regular slave trade between states) To please South - popular sovereignty - decide question of slavery in rest of Mexican Cession. People could vote free or slave state. Southerns got a tough new fugitive slave law 1850 - allowed special govt officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway. Had no right to trial lto prove free. Whites just had to swear they were runaway. Law required northern citizens to help capture accused runaways if asked to assist. Uncle Tom’s Cabin "Uncle Tom's Cabin" is a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, first published in 1852. It is one of the most influential works of American literature and played a significant role in shaping public opinion about slavery in the United States. The novel tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved African American man, and his experiences under various masters. Through Uncle Tom and other characters, Stowe vividly portrays the brutal realities of slavery, including its physical and psychological abuses, the separation of families, and the dehumanization of enslaved people. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was instrumental in galvanizing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and abroad. It helped to humanize enslaved individuals in the eyes of readers and challenged the prevailing pro-slavery arguments of the time. The novel became a bestseller and sparked widespread debate and controversy over the institution of slavery. In the South, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was met with fierce opposition and was banned in some states. Southerners criticized the novel as inaccurate and inflammatory, accusing Stowe of promoting abolitionist propaganda. Overall, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" contributed to the growing tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery, ultimately playing a role in the lead-up to the American Civil War. Its impact on American society and its role in the abolitionist movement cannot be overstated. Author - daughter of abolitionist minister. Best seller in North. Readers began to view slavery political and moral problem. Southerners -said it was propaganda false and misleading info spread to further a cause Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 & Result The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was a piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska (both lay in area closed to slavery by Missouri Compromise) but it eventually repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The act was sponsored by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and was intended to facilitate the construction of a transcontinental railroad and to address the issue of slavery in the territories. Key provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1. Popular Sovereignty: The act allowed the settlers in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to determine the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty, meaning they could vote on whether to allow or prohibit slavery when they applied for statehood. 2. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the provision of the Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel, thereby allowing the possibility of slavery in territories previously designated as free. Results and Consequences: 1. Bleeding Kansas: The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the Kansas Territory, a period known as "Bleeding Kansas." Both sides sought to gain control of the territorial government in order to influence the outcome of the slavery vote, leading to widespread violence and bloodshed. 1000’s Missourians entered Kansas voted illegally 8000 votes cast but Kansas had 3000 voters. Refused to accept results and held second election. Violence broke out. John Brown anti-slavery settler from Conn - led seven men to proslavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek. Murdered five proslavery men and boys. Set off wide spread fighting. Bands of pro and anti-slavery fighters roamed the countryside. Charles Sumner of Mass (anti slavery) was beaten with a cane of Preston Brooks congressman from south. 2. Political Realignment: The Kansas-Nebraska Act further divided the country along sectional lines and contributed to the rise of new political parties, most notably the Republican Party, which was founded as an anti-slavery party in response to the act. 3. Heightened Tensions: The act intensified tensions between the North and the South over the issue of slavery, exacerbating the already volatile political climate and setting the stage for the eventual outbreak of the American Civil War. Overall, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 had far-reaching consequences for the United States, intensifying the debate over slavery and hastening the onset of the Civil War. Popular Sovereignty Popular sovereignty is a principle in political theory that holds that the legitimacy and authority of government derive from the consent of the people. Under popular sovereignty, the ultimate power to govern resides with the people, who express their will through voting and participation in the political process. In the context of American history, popular sovereignty became particularly significant during the 19th century, especially regarding the issue of slavery in new territories. The concept was applied to allow residents of a territory to decide for themselves whether to permit or prohibit slavery when applying for statehood. For example, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced popular sovereignty in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing settlers to determine the status of slavery through local elections. This led to the contentious and violent struggle known as "Bleeding Kansas," as pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers clashed over the outcome of the slavery vote. Popular sovereignty was also a key element of the Compromise of 1850, which allowed the territories of New Mexico and Utah to decide on the issue of slavery through popular vote when applying for statehood. While popular sovereignty was intended to provide a democratic solution to the slavery issue, in practice, it often led to conflict and violence, exacerbating sectional tensions and ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the American Civil War. Republican Party’s Goal The Republican Party, founded in the 1850s, had several key goals during the 1800s, particularly in the period leading up to the American Civil War: 1. Opposition to the Expansion of Slavery: The Republican Party was formed as an anti-slavery party, with the goal of preventing the expansion of slavery into new territories and states. Republicans believed that slavery was morally wrong and sought to limit its spread into the western territories. 2. Promotion of Free Soil Ideology: Republicans advocated for the principle of "free soil," which asserted that new territories should be free from slavery and open to settlement by free laborers. They believed that prohibiting slavery in the western territories would promote economic opportunity and social mobility for white settlers. 3. Preservation of the Union: While the Republican Party opposed the expansion of slavery, its primary goal was to preserve the Union and prevent the secession of Southern states. Republicans believed that the United States was a nation founded on the principles of liberty and equality and sought to maintain its unity despite sectional divisions over slavery. 4. Support for Economic Development: Republicans supported policies that promoted economic development, industrialization, and infrastructure projects, such as the construction of railroads and the development of public education. They believed that a strong economy and investment in infrastructure were essential for the nation's growth and prosperity. Overall, the Republican Party's goals during the 1800s centered around opposition to the expansion of slavery, promotion of free labor and economic development, and preservation of the Union, all of which were deeply intertwined with the political and social issues of the time, particularly the debate over slavery and its future in the United States. Dred Scott Case Supreme Court Decision 1857 The Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court decision was a landmark ruling issued by the United States Supreme Court on March 6, 1857. The case originated when Dred Scott, an enslaved African American man, sued for his freedom in Missouri, where slavery was legal, on the basis that he had resided in free territories and states with his owner. Key aspects of the Supreme Court decision include: 1. Legal Status of Enslaved Individuals: The Court, led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled that enslaved African Americans were not citizens of the United States and therefore could not bring suit in federal court. Additionally, the Court held that Congress lacked the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories, as it would violate the Fifth Amendment rights of slaveholders to property. 2. Missouri Compromise Declared Unconstitutional: The Court declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional, effectively invalidating the prohibition of slavery in the northern territories. This decision overturned decades of precedent and inflamed sectional tensions over the issue of slavery. 3. Denial of Rights to African Americans: The decision reinforced the idea of African Americans as inferior and denied them the rights and protections afforded to white citizens under the Constitution. It further entrenched the institution of slavery and emboldened pro-slavery forces in the South. The Dred Scott decision was highly controversial and exacerbated the already strained relations between the North and South over the issue of slavery. It intensified abolitionist sentiment in the North and fueled calls for the Republican Party to take a stronger stance against the expansion of slavery. Overall, the Dred Scott decision is widely regarded as one of the most infamous Supreme Court rulings in American history and played a significant role in the lead-up to the American Civil War. John Brown’s Raid in Harpers Ferry (mention his earlier actions in Kansas) John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry occurred on October 16-18, 1859, and was an attempt by abolitionist John Brown and a group of followers to initiate a slave rebellion in the South. Brown and his supporters seized the federal armory and arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), with the goal of arming enslaved people and leading them in an uprising against their owners. Key aspects of the raid include: 1. Planning and Execution: John Brown, along with a small band of abolitionists, including his sons and other supporters, planned the raid on Harpers Ferry. They believed that seizing the federal arsenal and distributing weapons to enslaved people would inspire a widespread revolt against slavery. 2. Capture and Defeat: Despite initial success in seizing the armory, Brown and his followers were quickly surrounded by local militia and federal troops. A two-day standoff ensued, during which several of Brown's men were killed, and Brown himself was captured by U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee. 3. Trial and Execution: John Brown was swiftly tried for treason, murder, and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. On December 2, 1859, John Brown was executed by hanging in Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia). 4. Impact: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry had significant repercussions on the national stage. It heightened tensions between North and South, with abolitionists lauding Brown as a martyr for the cause of freedom, while many in the South viewed him as a dangerous terrorist. The raid further polarized the nation and contributed to the onset of the American Civil War less than two years later. Overall, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was a bold but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to ignite a slave rebellion and hasten the end of slavery in the United States. Despite its failure, the raid had a profound impact on American history and the ongoing struggle for civil rights and racial equality. John Brown's involvement in Kansas during the 1850s was part of the larger conflict over the expansion of slavery into the western territories, a period often referred to as "Bleeding Kansas." Brown was deeply committed to the abolitionist cause and believed in taking direct action to oppose slavery. He and his sons moved to Kansas Territory in 1855, where they became involved in the violent struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. Key aspects of John Brown's activities in Kansas include: 1. Defense of Free-State Settlements: Brown and his sons participated in several skirmishes and battles against pro-slavery forces in defense of free-state settlers in Kansas. They were involved in conflicts such as the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie, where they fought to protect anti-slavery settlers and their communities. 2. Retaliation and Vigilantism: Brown and his followers engaged in retaliatory acts against pro-slavery settlers and supporters, including the infamous Pottawatomie massacre in May 1856. In this violent incident, Brown and his men killed several pro-slavery settlers in retaliation for earlier attacks on anti-slavery settlers. 3. Symbol of Resistance: Brown's actions in Kansas made him a symbol of resistance to slavery and inspired admiration among abolitionists in the North. His willingness to use force to oppose slavery and his unwavering commitment to the cause earned him a reputation as a radical and a martyr for the abolitionist movement. Overall, John Brown's activities in Kansas were part of his broader campaign against slavery and his belief in the necessity of armed resistance to achieve abolition. While Brown's actions in Kansas were controversial and contributed to the violence of "Bleeding Kansas," they also galvanized support for the anti-slavery cause and played a role in shaping the events leading up to the American Civil War. Effects of Lincoln’s 1860 Election (Sectionalism Review Table, p 499-501) Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States in 1860 had profound effects on sectionalism, exacerbating the already strained relations between the North and the South: 1. Secession of Southern States: Following Lincoln's election, several Southern states, beginning with South Carolina, seceded from the Union in protest. They feared that Lincoln's presidency would lead to federal interference with slavery and perceived his election as a threat to their way of life and economic interests. 2. Formation of the Confederacy: The secession of Southern states led to the formation of the Confederate States of America, a separate government that sought to preserve and expand the institution of slavery. The Confederacy included eleven Southern states that seceded from the Union in response to Lincoln's election and the perceived threat to their interests. 3. Heightened Tensions: Lincoln's election intensified tensions between the North and the South over the issue of slavery and states' rights. The secession crisis brought the nation to the brink of civil war, as both sides mobilized their forces and prepared for armed conflict. 4. Polarization: Lincoln's election further polarized the country along sectional lines, with the North and the South increasingly viewing each other as adversaries rather than fellow citizens. The political and social divisions deepened as the nation moved closer to the outbreak of the Civil War. 5. Civil War: Ultimately, Lincoln's election played a significant role in precipitating the American Civil War, which began in April 1861 with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter. The war would last for four years and result in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Americans, fundamentally altering the course of American history. In summary, Lincoln's election as president heightened sectional tensions, led to the secession of Southern states, and played a pivotal role in the outbreak of the Civil War, marking a critical turning point in American history. Lincoln only had 40 percent popular vote but enough electoral votes to win. Southerners thought had no voice in the national govt. South Carolina first to secede. Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a government formed by eleven Southern states that seceded from the Union in response to Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States and the perceived threat to their interests, particularly regarding the institution of slavery. The Confederate States existed from 1861 to 1865 and sought to preserve and expand the practice of slavery, which was a cornerstone of the Southern economy and society. Key aspects of the Confederate States of America include: 1. Formation: The Confederacy was formed in February 1861 when delegates from seven Southern states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—met in Montgomery, Alabama, and adopted a provisional constitution. Four additional states—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—later joined the Confederacy, bringing the total number of member states to eleven. 2. Leadership: Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. senator from Mississippi, was elected as the president of the Confederate States, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia served as the vice president. The Confederate government mirrored that of the United States, with a president, vice president, Congress, and judicial system. 3. Capital: The capital of the Confederacy was initially located in Montgomery, Alabama. Later, it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, which became the political and cultural center of the Confederacy throughout the Civil War. 4. Civil War: The formation of the Confederate States of America precipitated the American Civil War, which began in April 1861 with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The war lasted for four years and resulted in immense casualties and devastation on both sides. 5. Defeat and Dissolution: The Confederacy surrendered to Union forces in April 1865 after the fall of Richmond and the subsequent Appomattox Court House surrender. The defeat of the Confederate States led to the reintegration of the Southern states into the Union and the abolition of slavery with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Overall, the Confederate States of America represents a significant chapter in American history, characterized by secession, civil war, and the defense of slavery as a central tenet of Southern society. Essay Paragraph answering how worsening sectional tension over the spread of slavery caused the Civil War The worsening sectional tension over the spread of slavery between 1820 and 1860 played a pivotal role in causing the Civil War. Beginning with the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which temporarily eased tensions by delineating slavery's expansion, subsequent events only exacerbated the divide. The Compromise of 1850, which admitted California as a free state but allowed popular sovereignty in other territories, failed to resolve the issue, intensifying tensions. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 further inflamed the conflict by allowing settlers to determine the status of slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to violent clashes in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. The Supreme Court's infamous Dred Scott decision in 1857, which declared African Americans were not citizens and Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, deepened Northern resentment. Finally, the election of Abraham Lincoln, a staunch opponent of slavery expansion, in 1860, prompted Southern states to secede from the Union, fearing their perceived loss of political power and economic interests. This culmination of events, driven by the worsening sectional tensions over slavery's spread, ultimately sparked the Civil War. Packet Sectionalism - loyalty to interests of one’s own region rather than nation as a whole. North and South were divided over whether slavery should spread to the West. South’s wealth completely depended on slavery. Wanted to increase their power. More land meant more cotton plantations and farms with enslaved people The North feared the South would become the most powerful in government. Saw an industrial future based on free labor. Mexican Cession 1848 - Debate over spread of slavery. Would future states of the South West allow slavery? (Text p. 482) The Missouri Compromise did not apply to the huge territory gained from Mexico in 1848. David Wilmot proposed that congress ban slavery in all territory that might become part of the US asa result of the Mexican-American War. Congress debated the spread of slavery. Wilmot Proviso - proposed banning slavery in new territory. Passed in House but failed in Senate. Although it never became law, it caused great concern in the south. Southerners viewed it as attack on slavery by the North. Significance - Heightened sectionalist tension because south viewed it as North attacking slavery and their “way of life”. Controversy over Wilmot Proviso also led to the rise of the Free-Soil Party. Called for territory gained in the Mexican-American War to be “free soil” slavery was banned. (Democrats and Whigs didn’t take a firm stand on slavery) Martin Van Buren - candidate for Free Soil Cass - Democrat - wanted letting people in each new territory or state decide whether to allow slavery General Zachary Taylor - Whig and hero of Mex-Am War was elected President 1848 A Bitter Debate - Should slavery be legal in California John Calhoun (SC) - Against compromise. Wanted states’ rights to keep slavery or secession Henry Clay (KY) - Proposed compromise Daniel Webster (MA) - Supported compromise Result - Congress compromised with enslavers Compromise of 1850 To appease North - California was admitted to Union as free state (broke Missouri Compromise) Banned slave trade in Washington DC - but congress said had no power to regulate slave trade between slave states) To appease South - Popular Sovereignty applied to rest of land taken from Mexico so slavery could spread and enslavers gained power In return for agreeing to outlaw slave trade in Wash D.C. - Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 - made it crime not to return escaped slaves even from free states. Allowed special govt officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave. Suspects had no right to trial. White just had to swear the suspect was slaveholder’s property. Law required northern citizens to help capture accused runaways if authorities requested.Stronger Fugitive Slave Act - now illegal not to return slaves Significance - deepened sectionalist tension by extending the slaver's reach into West and North. South was angry that Congress passed laws limiting slavery Significance - angered Northerners even more now that slavers reach spread into North with bounty hunters Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book Uncle Tom’s Cabin - abolitionist minister daughter Anti Slavery Novel became best seller Persuaded many northerners to oppose slavery Angered slaveholders - said it was propaganda Worsened tension between North and South Shifted readers to view slavery as more than just a political conflict; it was a moral human conflict. Worsened tension between North and South More events that depend sectionalism in the 1850’s (p. 489-491) Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854: allowed popular sovereignty to decide question of slavery in new Kansas and Nebraska Territories Background: Sen S Douglas suggested 2 new states: Kansas and Nebraska with question of slavery decided by popular sovereignty. According to Missouri Compromise they should be free. Results - Enslavers rushed there to vote illegally. Violence erupted (Bleeding Kansas) Thousands of Missouriians entered Kansas and voted illegally Kansas population 3000 - voted cast - 8000 Anti-slavery advocates didn’t accept results Held 2nd elections - Kansas has 2 different governments Significance - Congress’s compromise when enslavers failed - led to violence Significance - increased power of slavers who now spread slavery west Beyond compromises - sectionalism deepened to point of greater violence New Anti Slavery Party: Republicans 1854 Whig Party split Many northern Whigs join Republicans Also northern democrats and free-soil members Main goal - stop slavery from spreading into west Controlled Northern State legislatures Significance - even though republicans lost the presidential election, had a lot of N support and threatened enslavers’ power! Southern states fears that this new national party would become more powerful and ban slavery in the new states Dred Scott Former enslaved man sued for freedom after owner moved tom Illinois and Wisconsin (slavery was illegal) Case went to supreme court Court ruled that black people had no right to freedom even in North and Congress couldn’t outlaw slavery in the west Now entire federal govt supported slavery Racist argument that black people were inferior Not citizens no rights Living in free territory didn’t make enslaved people free They were considered property Congress doesn’t have authority to limit slavery in territories Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Lincoln Douglas Debates 1858 Illinois senate race Lincoln wanted to preserve Union, no slavery in West, not racial equality but give rights on Declaration Famous Speech: HOuse divided against itself cannot stand Douglas - Popular sovereignty gave states right to decide John Brown’s Failed Raid On Harpers Ferry, VA to state a slave uprising in South Stole weapons from federal arsenal Arrested and out on trial Death sentence Significance - Sectionalist division worsened because North saw Brown as an antislavery martyr (a person killed because of their beliefs). South became even angrier that they were under attack Election 1860 Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat 2 minor candidates: John Breckenridge (Southern Democrat) John Bell (Constitutional Union) Results/Significance of Lincoln’s election With republican executive, South feared gov’t now run by anti-slavery forces South Carolina seceded 6 others followed - MISS, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas Confederate States of America Miss Senator Jeffereson Davis as president - Richmond is city capital Civil War begins Causes of the Civil War While there were many political and cultural differences between the North and the South that contributed to the American Civil War, the main cause of the war was slavery. Below will discuss the impact slavery had in leading up to the war as well as some of the differences between the two sides that led to such a great divide. At the heart of the divide between the North and the South was slavery. The South relied on slavery for labor to work the fields. Many people in the North believed that slavery was wrong and evil. These people were called abolitionists. They wanted slavery to be illegal throughout the United States. Abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, John Brown, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe began to convince more and more people of the evil of slavery. This made wealthy landowners in the South fearful that their way of life would come to an end. States' Rights The idea of states' rights was not new to the Civil War. Since the Constitution was first written there had been arguments about how much power the states should have versus how much power the federal government should have. The southern states felt that the federal government was taking away their rights and powers. Expansion As the United States continued to expand westward, each new state added to the country shifted the power between the North and the South. Southern states began to fear they would lose so much power that they would lose all their rights. Each new state became a battleground between the two sides for power. Industry vs. Farming In the mid-1800s, the economies of many northern states had moved away from farming to industry. A lot of people in the North worked and lived in large cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. The southern states, however, had maintained a large farming economy and this economy was based on slave labor. While the North no longer needed slaves, the South relied heavily upon slaves for their way of life. Bleeding Kansas The first fighting over the slavery issue took place in Kansas. In 1854, the government passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act allowing the residents of Kansas to vote on whether they would be a slave state or a free state. The region was flooded with supporters from both sides. They fought over the issue for years. Several people were killed in small skirmishes giving the confrontation the name Bleeding Kansas. Eventually Kansas entered the Union as a free state in 1861. Abraham Lincoln The final straw for the South was the election of Abraham Lincoln to President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was a member of the new anti-slavery Republican Party. He managed to get elected without even being on the ballot in ten of the southern states. The southern states felt that Lincoln was against slavery and also against the South. Secession When Lincoln was elected, many of the southern states decided they no longer wanted to be a part of the United States. They felt that they had every right to leave. Starting with South Carolina, eleven states would eventually leave the United States and form a new country called the Confederate States of America. Abraham Lincoln said they did not have the right to leave the United States and sent in troops to force the Southern states to rejoin the Union. The Civil War had begun.

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