Social Welfare PDF

SOCIAL WELFARE: This covers practically everything that men do for the good of society. This encompasses the well-being of all the members of human society, including their physical, mental, emotional, social, economic and spiritual well-being. GERTRUDE WILSON: Characterizes social welfare as...

SOCIAL WELFARE: This covers practically everything that men do for the good of society. This encompasses the well-being of all the members of human society, including their physical, mental, emotional, social, economic and spiritual well-being. GERTRUDE WILSON: Characterizes social welfare as an organized concern of all people for all people. WALTER FRIEDLANDER: Defines social welfare as "the organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health. ELIZABETH WICKENDEN: According to her, social welfare includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provisions for social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the population and the better functioning of the social order. PRE-CONFERENCE WORKING COMMITTEE FOR THE XVth INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR SOCIAL WELFARE: defines social welfare as all the organized social arrangements which have as their direct and primary objective the well-being of people in a social context. It includes the broad range of policies and services which are concerned with various aspects of people's lives -- their income, security, health, housing, education, recreation, cultural traditions, etc. SOCIETY RESPONDS TO UNMET NEEDS OR PROBLEMS THROUGH THE FOLLOWING WAYS: 1\. Individual and group efforts: These refer to systematic and voluntary efforts undertaken by individuals and/or groups in response to the unmet needs of people in a community. 2\. Major societal institutions which have their designated roles and responsibilities for meeting human needs. These include the family, the church, the government, cooperatives and labor unions. Social forces bring about changes which can affect the effectiveness of these institutions in performing their social welfare functions. Institutionbuilding should therefore be a serious continuing effort because of its crucial implications for the welfare of human society. 3\. Social Agency. It is an integral part of a community's institutionalized network of services for its member. TWO VIEWS OR CONCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1\. Residual: Conceives of the social welfare structure as temporary, offered during emergency situations and withdrawn when the regular social system -- the family and the economic system -- is again working properly. Its substitute characteristic often carries the stigma of "doles", or "charity". 2\. Institutional: This view of social welfare sees social welfare as a proper, legitimate function of modern society. That some individuals are not able to meet all their needs is considered a "normal" condition, and helping agencies are accepted as "regular" social institutions. SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS USUALLY FALL UNDER THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: 1\. Social security: This refers to the whole set of compulsory measures instituted to protect the individual and his family against the consequences of an unavoidable interruption or serious diminution of the earned income disposable for the maintenance of a reasonable standard of living. Examples are compulsory employer liability (with or without insurance), provident funds, and social insurance. 2\. Personal social services: These refer to service functions which have major bearing upon personal problems, individual situations of stress, interpersonal helping or helping people in need, and the provision of direct services in collaboration with workers from government and voluntary agencies. Examples are programs for counseling, therapy and rehabilitation; programs for providing access, information and advice; institutional services; and programs for the treatment of deviants. 3\. Public Assistance: This refers to material/concrete aids/supports provided, usually by government agencies, to people who have no income or means of support for themselves and their families for reasons such as loss of employment, natural disasters, etc. WELFARE: In many foreign countries, public assistance is simply called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. SOCIAL SERVICES: This refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of society. RICHARD M. TITMUS: He sees social problems as structural or basically located in the economy. He considers social services as partial compensation for the "socially generated disservices" and "sociallycaused diswelfare". MOTIVATIONS OR REASONS FOR PROVIDING SOCIAL SERVICES 1\. Humanitarian and Social Justice Goals: This goal of social welfare is rooted in the democratic ideal of social justice, and is based on the belief that man has the potential to realize himself, except that physical, social, economic, psychological, and other factors sometimes hinder or prevent him from realizing his potentials. This concept submits that it is right and just for man to help man, hence, social services. This goal involves identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent, the most neglected, and those least able to help themselves, and making them the priority target for the investment of scarce resources. 2\. Social Control Goal: This goal is based on the recognition that needy, deprived, or disadvantaged groups may strike out, individually and/or collectively, against what they consider to be an alienating or offending society. Society therefore has to secure itself against the threats of life, property, and political stability in the community which are usually presented by those who are deprived of resources and opportunities to achieve a satisfying life. 3\. Economic Development Goal: This places priority on those programs designed to support increases in the production of goods and services, and other resources that will contribute to economic development. a\. Certain types of social services which directly contribute to increase productivity among individuals, groups and communities. b\. Certain social services which prevent or relieve the burden of dependence on adult workers of such dependents as the very young as well as the very old, the sick, the disabled, etc. which could hamper their productivity. c\. Certain social services which prevent or counteract the disruptive effects of urbanization and industrialization on family and community life, and help identify and develop local leadership in communities. SOCIAL WORK: The profession which is concerned with man's adjustment to his environment; a person (or groups) in relation to a person's (or their) social situation. This is referred to as a person's "social functioning", which results from the performance of his various social roles in society. This profession is not a hit-or-miss or trialand-error method of helping people, but a professional service which makes use of scientific knowledge and skills as bases for engaging people in problem-solving, whether individually, in groups, or as communities. DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS ARE CAUSED BY ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: a\. Personal inadequacies or sometime pathologies which may make it difficult for man to cope with the demands of his environment; \- May be due to physiological factors like poor physical constitution, wrong attitudes and values, poor or unrealistic perception of reality, ignorance and lack of skills. b\. Situational inadequacies and other conditions which are beyond man's coping capacities; \- Refer to the lack of resources and opportunities in society, the existence of resources or opportunities which, however, are beyond the reach or coping capacities of people, and the existence of an unjust or exploitative situation such as in the workplace, or in the community. c\. Both personal and situational inadequacies. THE UNITED COUNCIL ON SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION: "Social Work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationships which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. These activities can be grouped into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of individual and social resources, and prevention of social dysfunction." June 27, 2001: International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) jointly announced this new international definition of social work which is; "The Social Work profession promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work." 1930: Social work was introduced as a systematic method of helping people in the field of public welfare in the Philippines, came to be officially recognized as a profession with the passage of a law by Congress in 1965 elevating social work into a profession. CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Social welfare work in those times centered on mutual protection and economic survival. This caused groups to band together and communities to link with each other through marriage among their members. THE SPANISH PERIOD The motive of social welfare is religious, that is, to do good for the salvation of their souls. HOSPITALS BUILT DON MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI: The founder of the first hospital established in the Philippines in Cebu in 1565 for the purpose of attending to the wounded resulting from the occupation campaigns, as well as to the victims of diseases due to the long voyage at sea or the peculiar conditions in the country. (San Lazaro Hospital founded in 1578 and San Juan de Dios Hospital founded in 1596 are reported to have originated from this hospital). HOSPITALITO DE SANTA ANA: The first hospital built in Cebu was transferred in Manila in 1571 and called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in 1578, under the supervision of the Franciscans. STERNBERG GENERAL HOSPITAL: Hospitalito De Santa Ana was renamed when the Americans arrived. SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL: Known to have been built to house Filipino beggars, it became a hospital for the lepers in 1631 when 150 lepers arrived in the Philippines from Japan because the emperor of Japan wanted to test the benevolence of Catholic missionaries. (This started the concept organized isolation of the sick, an idea credited to a Franciscan, Fr. Juan Clemente, who initiated medical services for the poor in Manila.) ASYLUMS AND ORPHANAGES ASILO DE SAN VICENTE DE PAUL: An asylum for girls that was established in 1885, offering religious instruction, primary education, and training in housework to its inmates. This institution became wellknown because of good management and the training and discipline given to its wards. HOSPICIO DE SAN JOSE: This was founded on 1882, originally to house the aged and orphans, the mentally defective and young boys requiring reform, but later limiting admission to children who were discharged, later to be adopted or employed. SCHOOLS PAROCHIAL SCHOOL OF CEBU: The first school established in 1565, founded by the Augustinian friars. OBRAS PIAS: The original Charity School built in 1817 and in 1853, the Jesuits opened Ateneo de Manila out of this. 1850's: Public schools started to be put up in the country NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE RED CROSS: This was organized in 1899, to provide medical supplies and food to the revolutionaries in the provinces of Luzon. THE AMERICAN PERIOD The Americans occupied the country in 1899, and introduced a new educational system, new health methods, and religious freedom. INSULAR BOARD: The Civil government agency established this in 1902 (following an epidemic of bubonic plague, cholera and smallpox) to coordinate and supervise private institutions engaged in welfare work. FEBRUARY 5, 1915: The American government created the Public Welfare Board with the passage of Legislative Act No. 2510, essentially to coordinate the welfare activities of various existing charitable organizations. JANUARY, 1917: A government orphanage was set up in Makati, Rizal, and the first government entity to operate as a welfare agency, and an initial step in child welfare services. 1900: Some attempt was made to alleviate the condition of deaf children at the Philippines Normal School 1910: A school for the deaf and blind was organized. ASSOCIATED CHARITIES OF MANILA (KNOWN AS THE COMMUNITY CHEST): This was founded in 1917. The initial idea was to centralize the receipt and distribution of donations to different charitable organizations, although later, it expanded its objectives to include the provision of material relief and employment to the deserving, based on a study of the conditions and needs of applicants. PHILIPPINE CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS: This is one of the first branches to be organized in American territories). This was established in 1905, to take charge of disaster relief in the country and to administer American Red Cross funds from the United States. DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK LA GOTA DE LECHE: This was established in 1907 to furnish child-caring institutions with fresh cow's milk from a dairy farm in Pasay, Manila, supervised by a veterinarian. This agency later opened free consultation clinic for mothers. 1910: The Philippine Anti-Tuberculosis Society was organized FAR EASTERN ASSOCIATION OF TROPICAL MEDICINE IN MANILA: The meeting they had in 1910 aimed to encourage research and data collection about tuberculosis and to combat the spread of the disease. 1911: FEATM succeeded in securing support which eventually enabled the society to open a tuberculosis sanitarium in Santol, Quezon City. 1913: The Association de Damas Filipinas was organized by civic-spirited women to help destitute mothers and their children. 1921: The Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner was created under the supervision of the Department of Interior. OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC WELFARE COMMISSIONER: This new office intensified educational campaigns particularly along maternal and child health, engaged in studies to find out the causes of high infant mortality, established puericulture centers and maternity houses, supervised private charitable organizations, and conducted conferences and institutions, not only to heighten the health consciousness of health personnel and the general community, for their respective functions and tasks. 1924: The Associated Charities had become an independent agency under the supervision of the Public Welfare Commissioner, and was being partly financed by the government, and partly by private contributions. 1924: The Philippine Legislature passed a law (Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203) relating to the care and custody of neglected and delinquent children and providing probation officers for them. Philippine Training School for Boys/Girls: The boys' and girls' reformatories under the City of Manila which is under the supervision of the Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner 1926: Some of the children in the government orphanage in Makati were transferred to Welfareville, a fifty-hectare compound in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Rizal, supervised by the Division of Dependent Children in the Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner. Congregate System: The Division introduced this system where wards were grouped in separate cottages -- based on certain considerations, such as the children's needs and problems. Frank Murphy's Achievements in the Administration of Social Welfare in the Philippines in 1933 When He Became the Governor-General 1\. Scholarship grants for professional training in social work in the United States were made available. 2\. The Legislature appropriated funds for the operations of government child and maternal health centers to be established in each town with at least two thousand populations. 3\. Social Health Centers (institutions with combined health and social services) were established in selected communities where health and socioeconomic conditions were highly unsatisfactory 4\. He created the first Housing Committee which undertook a study of slums in Manila, resulting in an experimental housing project of thirty-one model houses in Tondo. 5\. He established the National Economic Protectionism Association (NEPA) organized to promote home industries. 6\. Aside from a National Research Council, he also created Unemployment Committee which in turn recommended the creation of a National Emergency Relief Board to coordinate all private and government efforts to reduce unemployment and relieve stress caused by unavoidable unemployment. Later, this Board extended its services to include relief to typhoon victims. 7\. He also supported the women\'s suffrage campaign, signing a law enacted by the Philippine Legislature enfranchising women in 1933 (which, however, did not take effect until 1937). 8\. The Associated Charities was unable to cope with the number of applicants for relief and other social services due to the economic depression in the 1930's. However, the organization received a boost when Frank Murphy approved a large appropriation to the Associated Charities, designating it as the Insular Relief Agency to provide material assistance to the needy, elementary education, and handicrafts training to those who would otherwise be out of school, and training in Social Work. Murphy administration's social welfare programs: Marked the first time the government assumed full responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any cause. Dr. Jose Fabella: He was the director of the Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner and was known to be the Father of Social Work. Josefa Jara Martinez: She had done the training in social work as the designated task to the Associated Charities. She had obtained a diploma in Social Work from the New York School of Social Work in 1921, worked for the Public Welfare Board where she has started to introduce the scientific approach in social work, and then was detailed to the Association Charities, where she worked as executive secretary. She was also known as the Mother of Social Work. THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD Major changes in Philippine political and social life took place as a result of Filipinos taking over the reins of government during this period. Specifically, in the fields of health and welfare, programs were expanded and improved, and new services were organized, such as rural charity clinic, a quarantine service, and a home for mentally defective children as well as for the aged and the infirm in WelfareVille. Pres. Manuel L. Quezon's Achievements: 1\. Working for social justice, he prevailed upon the National assembly to pass the anti-usury laws, the eight-hour labor law, laws fixing minimum wages (P1 in the province and P1.25 in the cities), laws related to insurance, pensions, and women and child labor. 2\. He initiated housing projects, making it possible for tenants to buy these houses on easy installment plans. 3\. He created relief boards and other bodies to undertake relief activities during periods of natural calamities, economic crisis, and unemployment. 1940: The Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public Welfare 9took charge between 1930 & 1940) was abolished and replaced by a Department of Health and Public Welfare. 1941: An Executive Order established under the Bureau of Public Welfare (of the New Department) a Public Assistance Service which took over the activities that used to be performed by the Associated Charities which, by then, had ceased to exist. THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION Social Welfare activities during this period consisted mainly of giving medical care and treatment, as well as food and clothing to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians. Volunteer Organizations which Primarily Undertook the Relief Work During the Japanese Era: 1\. Philippine Red Cross 2\. Young Women's Christian Association 3\. National Federation of Women's League DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Hospitals which Provide Medical Treatment, Food and Shelter: 1\. Philippine General Hospital 2\. St. Luke's Hospital 3\. Mary Johnston Hospital 4\. North General Hospital Churches and Convents: Were used as centers of operations in many instances with members of religious organizations doing their share of volunteer work. Workers of the Philippine War Relief, Inc.: Organized in the United States by a group of sympathetic Americans accompanied the liberating army when it landed in Leyte in 1945, and assisted the United States Army in the provision of the medical services and material relief to prisoners of war and displaced persons. Other Relief Agencies which Were Active in the Distribution of Goods to the Needy War Victims: 1\. Emergency Relief Office 2\. Emergency Commission Administration 3\. Philippine Civil Affairs Unit 4\. Philippine Relief and Trade and Trade Rehabilitation Administration (PRATRA) 5\. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) THE POST-WAR YEARS 1946: The Bureau of Public Welfare reopened after the war but lack of funds greatly limited its operations. October 4, 1947: Recognizing the need for a more centralized and better integrated social welfare program, the Bureau became the Social Welfare Commission, and was placed under the Office of the President. This signified the formal recognition of social welfare as a responsibility by the state. The Social Welfare Commission Offered Three Categories of Services: 1\. Child welfare work including probation and parole services and institutional care for various groups. 2\. Public assistance in the form of relief and casework services to indigent war victims and the physically handicapped and infirm 3\. Coordination and supervision of all public welfare activities Other Activities of the New Public Welfare Agency Included the: 1\. Establishment of the Welfare Home for Women and Girls as a result of an anti-venereal disease drive conducted by the Department of Health, the Social Welfare Commission and the Bureau of Labor; and was set up to provide shelter, medical care, vocational training and guidance to rehabilitate young wayward women. 2\. Setting up of employment and related services under its Public Assistance Department. Feudalistic Tenancy System: Created a dissident movement which threatened the stability of the government under President Elpidio Quirino. Encounters between the armed forces and the dissidents created rural unrest and more poverty. August 1948: President Elpidio Quirino created the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) which was charged with "the duty of giving relief assistance to the hungry, the homeless and the sick... to the victims of dissident depredation and violence". It included a comprehensive program of health, education, welfare, agriculture, public works and financing. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF): Created by the United Nations general Assembly in 1946 to further maternal and child health in economically underdeveloped countries, became active in the Philippines after 1948. This is now called the United Nations Children's Fund. January 3, 1951: The Social Welfare Commission and PACSA were fused into one agency called the Social Welfare Administration. With the establishment of Social Welfare Administration, the responsibility for relief was placed under the new agency's Division of Public Assistance. This Office Had Two Programs: 1\. Assistance: This was given in the form of general assistance to dependent minors, the aged and the handicapped and special assistance to clients with needs and problems of a temporary nature like the unemployed, victims of natural disasters, and victims of dissident operations. This was given in the form of material aid like food, financial aid, transportation aid, medical aid, institutional care, and work relief. 2\. Service: This was rendered in the form of rehabilitation service. Child Welfare Division: Services under this unit included casework and guidance services for children. Division of Rural Welfare: This was created by Administrative Order No. 7, on September 5, 1951, to deal with the mounting social problems in conditions as basis for determining services, of establishing and maintaining welfare services. 1954: Division of Rural Welfare developed new community programs such as selfhelp centers, community kitchens, and cottage industries. The government's concern for social welfare was manifested in the distribution of land to the landless, the construction of feeder roads to improve communication, and the construction of artesian wells. Self-Help: This became the underlying philosophy for the rural community development projects facilitated or stimulated by the SWA's Rural Welfare Division RA 4373 (Year 1965): "An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines". This law generally considered as the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines. Department of Social Welfare and Development: License and accredit public and private organizations for social welfare work. RA 5416: In 1968, Pres. Marcos signed this law, known as the Social Welfare Act, elevating SWA into a Department. The government declared social welfare a matter of policy. The Department Drew Up a Comprehensive Social Welfare Program Along the Following Concerns: 1\. Preventive and Remedial programs and services for individuals, families, and communities 2\. Protective remedial and developmental welfare services for children 3\. Vocational and rehabilitation and related services for the physically handicapped, ex-convicts and individuals with special needs 4\. Training, research and special projects THE SEVENTIES Pres. Marcos declared Martial Law and set up a crisis government on September 21, 1972. "Developmental Decades": This was the years of 1960s and 1970's wherein the UN called on member nations to focus on developmental efforts aimed at improving the quality of life of the majority of the population suffering from poverty and its accompanying problems. September 08, 1976: The Department of Social Welfare became the Department of DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Department of Social Services and Development shifting emphasis from the traditional, often institution-based social welfare to community-oriented programs and services which underscored people's own capacities for problem-solving. SPDEFS (Self-Employment Assistance, Practical Skills Development and Job Placement, Daycare Centers and Supplemental Feeding, Emergency Assistance, Family Planning Information and Motivation, and Special Services for Orphaned, Abandoned, Neglected, Disabled and other types): The "package" of programs offered to the bottom 30% of the country's population by the Department. Baranganic Approach: This makes use of the existing political structure, the barangay, as the worker's point of entry and basis for problem-identification and prioritizing. June 2, 1978: Pres. Marcos issued PD No. 1397, providing for the conversion of departments into ministries, to adapt to the requirements of the change from a presidential to parliamentary form of government. The Department was renamed the Ministry of Social Services and Development The Council of Welfare Agencies of the Philippines was established in 1949 to: 1\. Study and define social welfare problems and human needs 2\. To develop a coordinated plan of action to meet these needs 3\. To improve the standards of social services 4\. To serve as the National Committee for the International Conference on Social Welfare Community Chest: This was established primarily in response to the need and desirability of having one organization with the responsibility of raising funds and allocating them to member agencies on the basis of needs. Their motto is "give once for all". The Following are Among the Other Significant Achievements of the MSSD during 80's: 1\. Launching of the Case management System 2\. Primary health care-related activities were integrated into the MSSD's services on the barangay level in support of the Ministry of Health's program. 3\. Greater cooperation and coordination among the NGOs in response to MSSD's technical assistance; consultation, planning and monitoring workshops with these NGOs. 4\. Increased participation of local governments in social welfare activities 5\. Coordination with the NGOs was intensified as a result of its partnership with 138 licensed/accredited NGOs 6\. Family planning motivation was integrated into the MSSD's skills/employment-related programs; population and sex education and pre-marital counseling were provided to thousands of youth. 7\. Through a strong tie-up with NGOs, local government units and civic-minded individuals, 10,000 Day Care Centers, neighborhood feeding centers, and foodfor-growth centers were established, mainly for disadvantaged children between 0-6 years old. 8\. Priority attention was given to the development of disadvantaged youth through the Integrated Human Resources Development Program (IHRDP) January 30, 1987: Pres. Aquino signed EO No. 123, reorganizing the MSSD and renaming it Department of Social Welfare and Development. The Department was "evolving from mere welfare or relief agency to the greater task of development" Department of Social Welfare and Development: The approach taken by this agency during 80s is described as "preventive and developmental, participative and client-managed" THE NINETIES/EARLY 2008 Crisis Incident Stress Debriefing (CIDS): A form of crisis intervention used with victims of crisis situations such as typhoons, floods, volcano eruption, etc. RA 7160: On October 10, 1991, this law, otherwise known as the Local Government Code, was passed. The national agencies had to "shift gears". There was a devolution among the national agencies which means specifically in DSWD; there will be a realignment of the DSWD's structures in both its central as well as well as field offices, resulting in much leaner, more functionally-aligned, organization responsive to its post-devolution mandate. To Supplement DSWD's (devolved) Program Areas of Concern, the Dept. Retained Specialized Social Services Categories Which Are: 1\. Center-Institution based services 2\. Community-based programs and services 3\. Locally-funded and foreign-assisted projects 4\. Disaster-relief and rehabilitation augmentation 90's This decade saw the DSWD move from its traditional image of service provider to one that leads in social welfare policy formulation and program development, standard-setting and regulation enforcement, provision of technical assistance, capability-building and augmentation support to LGUs, NGOs and POs. 1987 Constitution: Provides that "the State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation" National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA): Defines NGOs as private, non-profit, voluntary organizations that are committed in the task of socioeconomic development and established primarily for service. NGOs are Classified According to their Levels of Operation: 1\. Primary NGOs (also called as people's organizations and self-help groups) which are direct organizations of the beneficiaries themselves (e.g. CALARIZ, an organization of fisher folk in the provinces of Cavite, Laguna and Rizal) 2\. Secondary/intermediate NGOs or the agencies composed of different professions providing services to the beneficiaries (e.g. Catholic Charities, and the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement) 3\. Tertiary NGOs which are actually a network of NGOs established for mutual assistance or for spec1ial purposes (e.g. National Council on Social Development Foundation) NGO: "a generic all-encompassing term of not-for-profit groups, civic organizations, community groups, people's organizations, social development agencies, foundations, and charitable institutions" Philippine Council for NGO Certification (PCNC): In February 1999, this country's NGO networks was launched, envisioned as a self-regulatory body which, through a memorandum of agreement with the Department of Finance will be authorized to certify NGOs applying for donee institution status based on specific standards. RA 4373: Provides that "no social work agency shall operate and be accredited unless it shall have first registered with the Social Welfare Administration which shall DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK issue the corresponding certificate of registration" RA 5416 Empowers DSWD to: 1\. Set standards and policies to insure effective implementation of private and public social welfare programs 2\. Accredit public and private institutions and organizations engaged in social welfare activity including licensing of child-caring and child placement institutions and provide consultative services to them 3\. Coordinate government and voluntary efforts of social welfare work to avoid duplication, friction and overlapping of responsibility in social services SOME GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/ ORGANIZATIONS The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA): This is an agency attached to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). It began operations in 1982 with a two-fold mandate: 1.) to provide welfare assistance to registered overseas workers and their dependents and 2.) Ensure the viability of the Overseas Workers Welfare Fund. National housing Authority (NHA): Created under PD No. 757 in 1975, this agency's mandate is to develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated housing program in the country. Public Attorney's Office: This agency represents, free of charge, indigent persons or the immediate members of their families, in all civil administrative, and criminal cases where, after due investigation, the interest of justice will be served. This agency offers mainly legal assistance and counseling to indigent persons. SOME PRIVATE SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES AND NON-GOVERNNMENT ORGANIZATIONS The Philippine Business for Social Progress: A private, non-profit organization established on December 16, 1970, to serve as private enterprises' implementing arm for social development. The SOS Children's Village: This is a private child-caring agency founded by Dr. Hermann Gmeiner in Austria after World War II. Outside of adoption, this is the only agency which implements Alternative Parental Care formulating a purposely planned long-term care for orphaned or abandoned Filipino children. The Women's Crisis Center: This agency was established for the purpose of helping eliminate all forms of violence against women. HAVEN: Women's Crisis Center operates this. This is a hospital-based crisis center for women survivors of a violent environment, and also coordinates with NGOs all over the country in efforts to prevent and eliminate family violence. The Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse: This was established to help children, and their families who are victims of sexual abuse. The Cribs Philippines, Inc.: This agency serves as a Receiving Home for abandoned, neglected, surrendered infants, and abused female minors. The Norfil Foundation, Inc.: This agency services abandoned, neglected and dependent children; unwed pregnant women and girls; mentally retarded/physically handicapped children and youth; needy and disadvantaged families. The Tribal Development Foundation in the Philippines: This agency addresses the needs of tribal communities in different parts of the country THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES Associated Charities: Generally considered as the "mother" of the social work profession in the Philippines. This agency was the first to use casework as a method of helping people, the first to use social workers as full-time, paid employees, and the first to hire a trained social worker as its executive secretary. 1930's: the idea of social work as a professional career must have taken root at about this period because several more Filipino women went to the United States to pursue academic training in social work. War Relief Office: Was established in 1946 to provide relief and rehabilitation services to war victims resulted in the employment of more social workers with full or little college education. "relief grantees": WRO employed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , which means people who had by then obtained formal education in social work. 1947: The 7/8 social workers who had gone to US before the war to pursue social work education formed the Philippines Association of Social Workers. Philippine Association of Social Workers: Established for the main purpose of nurturing the development of the social work profession Philippine School of Social Work: This was established in June 1950, offering a one-year degree program called Master of Arts in Social Administration. Josefa Jara Martinez: She was the school's first director of PSSW and who was able to convince the officials of the PWU to open a school of social work 1956: The Civil Service Commission, responding to the request of SWA and PASW, gave an examination for social workers. UNICEF-Assisted Social Services Project of the Social Welfare Administration: This project launched in July 1961 gave a big boost to the professionalization of social work. The aim of this Project was to improve child welfare services by upgrading the competence of the family and child welfare workers. RA 4373: This law was passed on June 19, 1965, regulating the practice of social work and the operation of social work agencies. The law requires that one must be a registered social worker to qualify for professional practice. The law also designated DSWD as the accreditinand licensing agency for the registration of social work agencies in the country. Ad Hoc Committee: This resulted from the first national workshop for social work education held in March 1967, which is composed of representatives of schools and social work (to study and deliberate on immediate curricular and organizational issues) that was to become formally organized into a Schools of Social Work Association on the Philippines in November, 1969. THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS (PASWI) Philippine Association of Social Workers: The national organization for professional social workers in the country. Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc.: PASW was reincorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 18, 1988, changing its name to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This is a charter member of the Philippine Social Science Council. CHAPTER 3 THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION Dole-outs/acts of altruism: The giving of material aid to those in need, out of sense of kindness DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Social Work Profession: This is a profession that is practiced independently or as a part of the team in many different fields. Social Functioning: Social work's focus of concern William Schwartz: "Every profession has a particular function to perform in society" Wernes Boehm (1958): Social Work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singularly and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationships which constitute interaction between individuals and their environments. these activities can be grouped into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of individual and social resources, prevention of social dysfunction William Schwartz (1961): The general assignment for the social work profession is to mediate the process through which the individual and society reach out to each other through a mutual need for self-fulfillment. This presupposes a relationship between people and their nurturing group which we would describe as "symbiotic" Symbiotic: Each needing the other for its own life and growth, and each reaching out to the other with all the strength it can command at a given moment William Gordon (1969): The central focus of social work traditionally seems to have been on the person-in-his-life-situation complex -- simultaneous dual focus on man and his environment. Emphasis on individualizing the personsituation complex Harriet Bartlett (1970): Social functioning is the relation between the coping activity of people and the demand from the environment. Louise C. Johnson (1989): Social workers become involved when individuals are having difficulty in relationship with other people; growing so as to maximize their potential; and in meeting the demands of the environment The Social Worker's Field of Intervention Lies at the Point where Two Forces Meet: 1\. The individual's impetus toward health, growth and belonging, 2\. and the organized efforts to society to integrate its parts into a productive and dynamic whole Person-in-his-life-situation Complex: A simultaneous dual focus on man and his environment Social Environment: A network of overlapping social systems and social situations, including ecological systems, cultures and institutions. Social Situation: An impinging segment of the social environment. This is a smaller, more immediate environment that "has meaning for the individual and that is uniquely perceived and interpreted by him, in which he has a one or more status -- roles and identities, is a group member and a role performer". e.g. family situation Milieu: aggregate or complex of social situations constitute the individuals's total situation Person's Coping Capacity is Influenced by: 1\. Physical Condition 2\. Attitudes 3\. Values 4\. Knowledge 5\. Skills 6\. Perceptions of Reality Social Worker's Job Assignment: Involves "mediating" or "matching", or striking a balance between people's coping ability and environmental/situational demands Social Role: Defined as the socially recognized pattern of behaviors and activities expected from an individual occupying a certain position in society. Social Work Interventions in Enhancing Individual's Social Functioning: 1. Change strategies toward the individual 2\. Change strategies toward environment 3\. Change strategies toward individual and environment The Functions of Social Work: 1\. To assist individuals and groups to identify and resolve or minimize problems arising out of a disequilibrium between themselves and the environment. Curative Aspect: Seeks to remove factors which have caused the breakdown in the person's social functioning. Rehabilitative Aspect: Tries to put back the person to a normal or healthy state of social functioning. 2\. To identify potential areas of disequilibrium between individuals or groups and the environment in order to prevent the occurrence of disequilibrium. Preventive Function: Involves the early discovery, control, and elimination of those conditions or situations which may have a harmful effect on social functioning. 3\. To seek out, identify, and strengthen the maximum potential in individuals, groups, and communities. Developmental Function: The aim is both to help the individual make maximum use of his own potentials and capacities as well as to further the effectiveness of available social or community resources. This usually has an educational aspect. Five Elements as Constituting the Distinguishing Attributes of a Profession (Ernest Greenwood): 1\. Systematic Body of Theory (Knowledge): The skills that characterize a profession flow from and are supported by a fund of knowledge that has been organized into an internally consistent system. Theory: Serves as a base in terms of which the professional rationalizes his operations in concrete situations. Three Types of Knowledge: 1\. Tested Knowledge: Knowledge that has been established through scientific study (research) 2\. Hypothetical Knowledge: "unproved theory" 3\. Assumptive Knowledge: "practice wisdom" 2\. Professional Authority: Extensive education in the systematic theory of her discipline provides the professional with a type of knowledge which the layman does not have. 3\. Community Sanction: Recognition of the professional authority is expressed in the professional-community relationship. Powers & Privileges: Training Centers Admission into the profession Standards for professional performance Commission for Higher Education: This has the authority to accredit schools to have a profession's control over the community's training centers as one of the powers and privileges of community sanction. Professional Peers: Generally considered the best judge of whether one has engaged in malpractice or unethical behavior Board for Social Workers of the Professional Regulation Commission: Proper body to which complaints about Social Work profession malpractice can be reported. 4\. Regulative Code of Ethics: This code serves to check possible abuses which can arise out of a profession's exercise of authority, and its accompanying powers and privileges. Informal Discipline: Comes in the form of subtle and the not-so-subtle pressures that co-professionals exert upon one another, such as in the use of consultation and referral. Consultation: The practice of inviting a colleague to participate in some aspect of the work being done in relation to a client's need DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Referral: Facilitating a client's access to a colleague who can provide help other than what the worker can or is already providing. Formal Discipline: Exercised by the professional associations, which usually have some system of censuring unprofessional behavior Professional Regulation Commission: Upon the recommendation of the Board for Social Workers, has caused the suspension or the holding of the registration of social workers for varied forms of malpractice 5\. Professional Culture: Consists of its values, norms and symbols Social Values: Refer to the basic and fundamental beliefs of a professional group, practically the reason for its existence. Professional Norms: The accepted standards of behavior of doing things, which guide the professional in various situations Symbols of a Profession: These are the "meaning-laden items" including emblems, insignias, dress, history, its idioms and vocabulary, and its stereotypes of the professional, the client, and the layman. Professional Hierarchy: A factor which affects that society's attitude towards the professions and occupations, which in turn affects such matters as programs and funding priorities Hierarchy: Based mainly on a Westernestablished set of criteria for judging occupations CHAPTER 4 THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND VALUE FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL WORK Five Main Criteria which Distinguish a Profession from an Occupation (Boehm): 1\. A profession is expected to be responsible to the public interest and to contribute through its service to the advancement of social well-being and to be accountable to the public for the manner and standards with which it conducts its activities. 2\. A profession should possess a relatively coherent, systematic and transmissible body of knowledge rooted in scientific theories which enables the practitioner of the profession to utilize concepts and principles and to apply them to specific situations rather than to use as a rule of thumb. The professional practitioner must have "know why" as well as "know how". 3\. The professional practitioner must adhere to an identifiable body of values, and display attitudes which stem from these values and which determine the relationship of the professional person with his colleagues, the recipients of his service, and the community. 4\. A profession must have a body of skill, which is the result of the fusion of attitudes and knowledge. 5\. The members of the profession must be organize and consider themselves as members of a group whose knowledge, skills, attitudes and norms of conduct they share and to whose advancement they are dedicated. Three Essential Components of Profession: 1\. Value: Worth which man attaches to certain things, systems, or persons within the realm of usefulness, truth, goodness or beauty. William Gordon states that to "value" something is to "prefer" it. These actually are the source of our attitudes and determine our relationships with others. 2\. Knowledge: Refers to what is thought to be, as confirmed by reality. This is established by the highest standards of objectivity and rationality of which man is capable. It is then concerned with facts and information. 3\. Skill: Ability, expertness, or proficiency gained from practice and knowledge. This is developed through practice and is often called "art". Professional Skill: Refers to one's ability to apply the knowledge and values of one's profession in her work with people. Philosophical Foundation: An encompassing term referring to the body of principles on which are rooted the professional's attitudes and guides professional conduct or behavior. Man has worth and Dignity: Social work philosophy is based here. Democratic Theory: Views man as having worth because he is capable of reason, of rational analysis and choice. The Values of Social Work (Curriculum Study sponsored by Council on SW Education) 1\. Each person has the right to selffulfillment, deriving his inherent capacity and thrust toward that goal. 2\. Each person has the obligation, as a member of society, to seek ways of self fulfillment that contribute to the common good. 3\. Society has the obligation to facilitate the self-fulfillment of the individual and the right to enrichment through the contribution of its individual members. 4\. Each person requires for the harmonious development of his powers socially provided and socially safeguarded opportunities for satisfying his basic needs in the physical, psychological, economic, cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual realm. 5\. As society becomes more complex and interdependent, increasingly specialized social organization is required to facilitate the individual's effort at self-realization. 6\. To permit both self-realization and contribution to society by the individual, social organization must make available socially-provided devices for needs-satisfaction as wide in range, variety, and quality as the general welfare allows. Implied in these Values are the Following Concepts (Curriculum Study): 1\. The concept of human potentials and capacities. Man can fulfill himself is premised on the belief that he is inherently endowed with potentials and capacities 2\. The concept of social responsibility. That the individual has the obligation to contribute to the common good, and society, on its part, has the responsibility to facilitate development of its members 3\. The concept of equal opportunities: This is premised on the ideal of social justice, two elements of which are fairness and equality 4\. The concept of social provision: This refers to the desirability of providing social resources for the satisfaction of human needs for the goal of human welfare. William Gordon: "the ultimate value of sovial work rests upon a conviction that it is good and desirable for man to fulfill his potential, to realize himself and to balance this with equal effort to hep others do the same" Different Views About Man (Leonard Schneiderman): Natural vs Transcendental View Naturalistic view: Man is part of nature. He can be studied and understood scientifically as we do the rest of nature. Transcendental view: Holds that science can never fully explain man, partly due to our ignorance, and partly because man has a potential to transcend the natural order of things, to choose, to create, and to be rational. Man as Social, Asocial, or Anti-Social Social: Men aspire to live on good terms with others, to be part of and to contribute to group life, making personal goals subservient to group goals. DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Asocial: Discreet individuals who come together to form groups for their mutual protection and safety. Anti-social: Men are viewed as inherently self-seeking, egotistical, out to extend personal gain at the expense of others. Democracy's View of Man: Man is viewed as capable of reason, of rational analysis and choice. Dominant Values of the Filipino: 1\. Social Acceptance: Being taken as one's fellows for what one is, or believes he is, and being treated in accordance with his status. Smooth Interpersonal Relations (SIR): A facility at getting along with others in such a way as to avoid outward signs of conflict. It is believed to be acquired and preserved principally by 3 means: Pakikisama: Which means "giving in", "concession" or following the lead or suggestion of another youthful offender, while wanting to reform, continues to meet with his delinquency-prone gang breadwinner joins group resignation to maintain smooth relations with co-workers Euphemism: Stating of an unpleasant truth, opinion or request as pleasantly as possible "titignan ko" "baka sakali" "pipilitin ko" Use of a go-between or "tulay": Which means a third party who will carry a message, assuage of bruise, or prevent an injury Wife asked for help from social worker to convey to her husband her conditions for reconciliation. Amor Propio: Term used to refer to the sensitivity to personal affront and functions to protect the individual against loss of social acceptance. Hiya: Value closely related to the value of amor propio which means "sense of shame", sensitivity to rebuke and fear of exposure of one's insecure self 2\. Emotional Closeness and Security in a Family: This value is believed to be facilitated through the following: a\) Sacrificing individual interest for the good of the family b\) Parental striving to give their children an education even at a great cost to themselves c\) Older children sacrificing for younger siblings d\) Mothers, especially, making sacrifices for the family. 3\. The Authority Value: The belief is that families will remain close if someone exerts firm authority, and that such person must be respected and obeyed. Respect for traditions and rituals: Closely related to the value of authority. Examples are: a\) "Panalangin": (literally prayer) which refers to the blessing or grace one obtains for good behavior b\) "bahala na": Fatalism God: Considered the ultimate source of authority 4\. Personalism: This value attaches major importance to the personal factor which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security of kinship and friends in getting things done. "tiwala" (trust) "kilala" (personal preference) "walang pakialam (noninterference) e.g. Hilot, stand as sponsors for weddings, baptism 5\. Utang na Loob: This value literally means debt of gratitude. It compels the recipient to show his gratitude properly by returning a favor "with interest" to be sure that he does not remain in the other's debt. 6\. Patience, Suffering, and Endurance: This is a cultural belief that a person must suffer before he can gain happiness, and related to it is that which many still believe, that women, particularly, must suffer in silence. Proverbs: Tell us about the nature of Filipino life and culture, provide us the insights into the psychology of the people, and reflect our values and ethics. Social Work Principles: 1\. Acceptance of people as they are: This is dealing with the client as he is in reality. This also means people have strengths and weaknesses, and capacities and limitations. 2\. Participation of the Client in Problem-Solving: The client is there, and has a part in the entire problemsolving process. Client must act in relation to the problem, and not rely on the worker to take all necessary actions that would solve his problem. 3\. Self-Determination as a right of the client: The client, who is in economic, personal, or social need, has the right to determine what his needs are and how they should be met. 4\. Individualization of clients: The recognition and understanding of each client's unique qualities and the differential use of principles and methods in assisting each toward a better adjustment. 5\. Confidentiality: Provide the client protection, within the limits of the law, from harm that might result from his divulging information to the worker. 6\. Worker Self-awareness: The social worker is always conscious that her role is to make use of her professional relationship with her client in a way that will enhance primarily the client's development rather than her own. 7\. Client-worker relationship: This should be controlled and purposive. It comes to be formed on the basis of expectations from the parties who compromise the relationship Purpose: Denotes the object for which something exists. It helps set limits in terms of the kind of facts and information the worker will gather. Direction: Refers to where the relationship between the worker and client should move in order to achieve its purpose. Purposive relationship: allows for some degree of subjective feelings which cannot be entirely removed in any relationship. Ambivalence: Introduced into psychiatry by noted psychiatrist, Bleuer, is based on the proposition that the human mind functions in a dualistic way that conflict between its opposing tendencies (ambivalence) often results. (loving and hating) Transference: A concept from Freudian psycho-therapy. It is believed to take place when the client unconsciously transfers the social worker attributes or characteristics of some important or powerful persons in his early life. ("You talk just like your mother") Counter-transference: Worker's unconscious response to the client's unconscious transference. Can twist diagnosis Psycho-analysis: Generally considered the best way by which one gets to avoid the transference and counter-transference, since it brings out into the open early emotions which the conscious mind has forgotten. Ethics: The science that treats of morals and right conduct. Professional ethics: The system of ethical principles and rules of conduct generally accepted by the members of a DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK professional group, based on the philosophy, values, and guiding principles of that profession Two Aspects of Professional Ethics: 1\. Profession's Code of Ethics - the written expression of some of these principles and rules of conduct for the guidance of the professional group 2\. Unwritten principles and rules of conduct - have the same force as the Code. Purposes served by a Profession's Code of Ethics: 1.It helps check abuses which can result from the powers and privileges accompanying the monopoly enjoyed by a profession. 2.It provides the community some protection against abuses by members of the profession. 3.It set forth basic principles which serve as guidelines to members of the profession, and which are helpful in the socialization of future professionals 4.It sets guidelines for relationships, if not specific duties of members to each other, to their clients, and to other groups. 5.It is a useful resource for the enrichment or improvement of the professional curriculum. Ethical Dilemmas: 1\. Manipulation- matter of influencing clients to act in the way a worker wants them to act 2\. Advocacy- some promote unnecessary conflict situations 3\. Conflicting Loyalties- "unity towards outgroups" professionals unite against outsiders who threaten the privileges and rewards of the group. 4\. Cultural and other Realities- use of connections, and engaging activities with political influence CHAPTER 5 THE KNOWLEDGE FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL WORK Alfred Kadushin: "knowledge base of social work is comprehensive topic which encompasses the facts, theories, skills and attitudes, necessary for effective, efficient practice." Values: Answers the question whether a proposition is right or wrong Knowledge: Answers the question as to whether something is true or false Three Areas that Denote the Areas of Substantive Knowledge in Social Work: 1\. Social Welfare Policy and Services: (Also referred as Social Welfare Policy, Programs and Services) Concerned with the organization, administration, and operation of social welfare programs and services which are established in society in order to meet human needs, and problems, the development of these policies and programs, the interrelationship of the agencies which undertake them, and the nature of needs being served. 2\. Human Behavior and Social Environment: Concerned with the material necessary for understanding the client in his problem situation, the dynamics of individual and group behavior, and of group and community processes which affect or influence the individual, the group and the community. It is also concerned with content about normal and deviant behavior. 3\. Social Work Practice: (Social Work Methods) Concerned with the actual process by which the social worker helps her client -- an individual, group, or helping, the resources necessary for helping, as well as the appropriate attitudes that facilitate the helping process. Field Instruction: Aimed at providing the student with opportunities for integration for learning in the three areas by way of supervised social work practice in selected settings, completes the curriculum plan. Social Welfare Policy, Programs, and Services: The keywords are social welfare, social needs, problems, and provisions. The aims for studying this area are: a\) To help in preparation of competent practitioners who will be engaged in the provision of social services and in efforts toward necessary social change b\) To help students acquire an ability for critical analysis of the problems and conditions in society and its major institutions c\) To help in the students' development of a commitment to the profession and its responsibility for the promotion of social welfare goals and services, and the prevention of social problems. Human Behavior and the Social Environment: This knowledge area focuses on knowledge about the individual as a bio-psycho-social being, the interaction between him/her and the physical, social, cultural, political and economic forces in the environment which affect behavior. This area of curriculum aims to: a\) Enhance/further the students' understanding of individual and collective behavior b\) Develop the students' capacity to critically assess the state of theory and knowledge about man and his social environment, as it relates to social work practice, and to begin to see their role in contributing to its development. Bio-psycho-social being: Means that there are inseparable, interacting forces -- biological, psychological and social that influence human behavior and personality. Biological components: Include the individual's state of health and nutrition, genetics and natural physical endowments at birth, normal biological growth and development, as well as any deviation from normal functioning including illnesses and physical disabilities. Psychological components: Concerned with the individual's personality, comprising what is commonly termed "inner states", which has three aspects: a\) Cognitive (perceptual or intellectual) b\) Emotional (feelings) c\) Conative (striving, tendency to do actively or purposefully) Societal components: Includes the following elements: 1\. Societal: Aggregate data and social patterns which help create the social climate in which we live, regardless of whether or not people are aware or accept them, such as poverty and unemployment 2\. Institutional: Organizational arrangements in society, such as family, government, education, and social services 3\. Status: Characteristics of persons and their position in society as seen in the way persons are described. 4\. Normative: The forms in which social behavior are expressed, and the social rules that shape these forms. These forms and rules reflect the values of society which are, in turn, influence by the existing culture 5\. Interactive: The type of interaction and perception of interactions made of self and others that are a basis of behavior DENMARK C. PAULINO - NOTES CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY -- DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Culture: Refers to the knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, etc. that constitute the way of life of a people or society Two Aspects of Physical Environment: 1\. Natural environment: which makes demands, set constraints and provides resources (climate, topography, amount of rainfall and ozone levels) 2\. Constructed environments: such as homes, offices and hospitals which can have psychological effects (very limited space, no windows, poor ventilation and seating arrangements that prevent interaction) Social Work Practice area aims to help the students: 1\. Understand and appreciate the philosophical (value) and scientific (knowledge) components of social work practice 2\. Understand the inter-relationship of knowledge, value and skill, and their use in problem-solving 3\. Develop a beginning identification with the social work profession 4\. Develop self-awareness and selfdiscipline 5\. Acquire knowledge and skills in the social work problem-solving processes 6\. Understand the different professional roles performed by social workers in different agencies and organizations engaged in the provision of social services.