Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare Empowering People PDF

 Council on Social Work Education Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards by Chapter The Council on Social Work Education’s Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards requires all social work students to develop nine competencies and recommends teaching...

 Council on Social Work Education Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards by Chapter The Council on Social Work Education’s Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards requires all social work students to develop nine competencies and recommends teaching and assessing 31 related component behaviors, listed as Educational Policy (EP) Competencies 1–9 below. The multicolor icons (see figure at right) and end of chapter “Competency Notes” connect these important standards to class work in the chapters identified below with bold blue type. The 9 Competencies and 31 Component Behaviors Chapter(s) Where (EPAS, 2015) Referenced Competency 1—Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior: 3 a. Make ethical decisions by applying the standards of the NASW Code of Ethics, 3 relevant laws and regulations, models for ethical decision-making, ethical conduct of research, and additional codes of ethics as appropriate to context b. Use reflection and self-regulation to manage personal values and maintain 3 professionalism in practice situations c. Demonstrate professional demeanor in behavior; appearance; and oral, written, and 3 electronic communication d. Use technology ethically and appropriately to facilitate practice outcomes 3 e. Use supervision and consultation to guide professional judgment and behavior 3 Competency 2—Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice: 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 a. Apply and communicate understanding of the importance of diversity and difference 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 in shaping life experiences in practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels b. Present themselves as learners and engage clients and constituencies as experts of 3 their own experiences c. Apply self-awareness and self-regulation to manage the influence of personal biases 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 and values in working with diverse clients and constituencies Competency 3—Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Environmental 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 Justice: a. Apply their understanding of social, economic, and environmental justice to 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 advocate for human rights at the individual and system levels b. Engage in practices that advance social, economic, and environmental justice 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 Competency 4—Engage in Practice-informed Research and Research-informed 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 Practice: a. Use practice experience and theory to inform scientific inquiry and research 3 b. Apply critical thinking to engage in analysis of quantitative and qualitative research 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 methods and research findings c. Use and translate research evidence to inform and improve practice, policy, and 3, 7 service delivery Competency 5—Engage in Policy Practice: 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 a. Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 service delivery, and access to social services b. Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to 3 social services c. Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. The 9 Competencies and 31 Component Behaviors Chapter(s) Where (EPAS, 2015) Referenced Competency 6—Engage with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and Communities: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 a. Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in- 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks to engage 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, with clients and constituencies 17 b. Use empathy, reflection, and interpersonal skills to effectively engage diverse clients 3 and constituencies Competency 7—Assess Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, 3 and Communities: a. Collect and organize data, and apply critical thinking to interpret information from 3 clients and constituencies b. Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in- 3 environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in the analysis of assessment data from clients and constituencies c. Develop mutually agreed-on intervention goals and objectives based on the critical 3 assessment of strengths, needs, and challenges within clients and constituencies d. Select appropriate intervention strategies based on the assessment, research 3 knowledge, and values and preferences of clients and constituencies Competency 8—Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13 and Communities: a. Critically choose and implement interventions to achieve practice goals and enhance 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13 capacities of clients and constituencies b. Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in- 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13 environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in interventions with clients and constituencies c. Use inter-professional collaboration as appropriate to achieve beneficial practice 3 outcomes d. Negotiate, mediate, and advocate with and on behalf of diverse clients and 3 constituencies e. Facilitate effective transitions and endings that advance mutually agreed-on goals 3 Competency 9—Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, 3 and Communities: a. Select and use appropriate methods for evaluation of outcomes 3 b. Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in- 3 environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in the evaluation of outcomes c. Critically analyze, monitor, and evaluate intervention and program processes 3 and outcomes d. Apply evaluation findings to improve practice effectiveness at the micro, mezzo, and 3 macro levels Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  TWELFTH EDITION Introduction to SOCIAL WORK and SOCIAL WELFARE Empowering People CHARLES ZASTROW George Williams College of Aurora University Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Introduction to Social Work and Social © 2017, 2014 Cengage Learning Welfare: Empowering People, Twelfth Edition WCN: 02-200-203 Charles Zastrow ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or Product Manager: Julie A. Martinez by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not Content Developer: Rita Jaramillo limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web Product Assistant: Stephen A. 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[email protected]. com; © Karla Caspari/Shutterstock.com; © Belushi/Shutterstock.com; © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com; Unless otherwise noted all items © Cengage Learning® © De Visu/Shutterstock.com; Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950166 © Goodluz/Shutterstock.com; © CREATISTA/Shutterstock.com; Student Edition: © Ammit Jack/Shutterstock.com ISBN: 978-1-305-38833-8 Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN: 978-1-305-65834-9 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in Canada Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  About the Author Charles Zastrow, MSW and PhD is Assistant Director and Professor in the Social Work Program at George Williams College of Aurora University at Williams Bay, Wisconsin. He has worked as a practitioner in a variety of public and private social welfare agencies and has chaired 23 social work accreditation site visit teams for the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). He has served two terms as a Commissioner on the Commission on Accreditation of CSWE. He has been a Board Member of the Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Pro- gram Directors, Inc. (BPD). Dr. Zastrow is a licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Wisconsin. In addition to Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare, Dr. Zastrow has written three other social work textbooks: The Practice of Social Work (10th ed.), Social Work with Groups (8th ed.), Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (9th ed.) (with Dr. Karen Kirst-Ashman). Contributing Authors DEBRA BORQUIST-CONLON, MSSW, APSW Child Protection Team Social Worker University of Wisconsin Health/American Family Children’s Hospital KATHERINE DRECHSLER, MSW Adjunct Faculty Member University of Wisconsin–Whitewater Doctoral Student in Social Work Aurora University RACHEL DUNN, MSW, CAPSW Field Coordinator George Williams College of Aurora University DON NOLAN, MSSW, BCD Social Worker Jefferson County Public School System, Wisconsin MICHAEL WALLACE, MSSW, LCSW Clinical Social Worker and Lecturer Social Work Department University of Wisconsin–Whitewater MARY R. WEEDEN, MSW, LCSW Doctoral Candidate, Loyola University Clinical Therapist for Eating Disorders Assistant Professor, Concordia University, Wisconsin iii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  To Kathy, my wife, who has invigorated my life! Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Brief Contents PART I Introduction: Social Welfare and Social Work 1 Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and Future 1 2 Social Work as a Profession and a Career 37 3 Generalist Social Work Practice 65 PART II Social Problems and Social Services 4 Poverty and Public Welfare 107 5 Emotional/Behavioral Problems and Counseling 130 6 Family Problems and Services to Families 168 7 Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Services to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning (LGBTQ) Individuals 215 8 Drug Abuse and Drug Treatment Programs 250 9 Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Correctional Services 289 10 Problems in Education and School Social Work 330 11 Work-Related Problems and Social Work in the Workplace 362 12 Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice 385 13 Sexism and Efforts for Achieving Equality 422 14 Aging and Gerontological Services 451 15 Health Problems and Medical Social Services 482 16 Physical and Mental Disabilities and Rehabilitation 512 17 Overpopulation, Misuse of the Environment, and Family Planning 534 v Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents Empowering People xv The Industrial Revolution 10 Values and Ethics xvi Turn of the 20th Century 11 The Great Depression and the Social Security Act 12 Preface xvii The Great Society and War on Poverty 15 Compassionate Conservatism 17 Barack Obama—A Time for Change 17 Where Do We Stand Today? 17 PART I The Future 19 INTRODUCTION: SOCIAL WELFARE Dramatic Changes Foreseen in the American Family 19 AND SOCIAL WORK Biomedical Technology 20 New Family Forms 27 Concluding Comments 33 Summary 34 Competency Notes 34 Myrleen Pearson/Alamy Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit CHAPTER 1 Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and Future 1 CHAPTER 2 Goal of Social Welfare 2 Social Work as a Profession and a Social Welfare as an Institution and as a Discipline 2 Career 37 Social Welfare’s Relationship to Sociology and to Other A Brief History of Social Work 38 Academic Disciplines 3 A Multiskilled Profession 40 A Problem-Solving Approach 42 Social Welfare’s Relationship to Social Work 4 Generalist Social Work Practice 42 Social Welfare’s Relationship to Other Institutions 5 Micro-, Mezzo-, and Macropractice 42 Social Welfare’s Relationship to Human Services 5 Social Casework 42 Residual View versus Institutional View of Social Welfare 6 Case Management 43 Group Work 43 Liberalism versus Conservatism 6 Group Therapy 43 Developmental View of Social Welfare 8 Family Therapy 43 Community Organization 44 History of Social Welfare 10 Administration 44 Early European History 10 Other Areas of Professional Activity 45 The Elizabethan Poor Law 10 vii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  viii Contents A Medical versus a Systems Model of Human Social Work with Families 69 Behavior 46 Family Problems 69 An Ecological Model of Human Behavior 47 Social Work with Groups 70 Therapy Groups 72 Goals of Social Work Practice 48 Goal 1: Enhance the Problem-Solving, Coping, and Social Work with Organizations 74 Developmental Capacities of People 48 Social Work with the Community 81 Goal 2: Link People with Systems That Provide Them with A Brief History of Community Practice 82 Resources, Services, and Opportunities 48 Models of Community Practice 82 Goal 3: Promote the Effectiveness and Humane Operation of Systems That Provide People with Resources Knowledge, Skills, and Values for Social Work Practice 86 and Services 48 Social Work Values 86 Goal 4: Develop and Improve Social Policy 48 Respect for the Dignity and Uniqueness of the Goal 5: Promote Human and Community Well-Being 49 Individual 91 The Strengths Perspective and Empowerment 50 Clients’ Right to Self-Determination 91 Confidentiality 92 Social Work Stereotypes 51 Advocacy and Social Action for the Oppressed 95 Future Employment Opportunities in Social Work Accountability 95 Are Excellent 52 The Institutional Orientation 96 Respect for the Spiritual and Religious Beliefs of Others 96 Private Practice of Social Work 57 Promoting Social and Economic Justice, and Safeguarding International Social Work 57 Human Rights 97 Self-Awareness and Identity Development 60 Social Work Education 102 Identity Formation 60 Two-Year Associate Programs 102 Questions for Arriving at a Sense of Identity 61 Undergraduate and Graduate Education 102 Summary 62 Summary 104 Competency Notes 63 Competency Notes 105 PART II SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL Monkey Business Images/ SERVICES Shutterstock.com CHAPTER 3 Generalist Social Work Practice 65 Generalist Social Work Practice Defined 66 A Variety of Roles 66 Enabler 67 Broker 67 Steve Hamblin/Alamy Advocate 67 Activist 67 Mediator 67 Negotiator 67 Educator 68 Initiator 68 Empowerer 68 CHAPTER 4 Coordinator 68 Poverty and Public Welfare 107 Researcher 68 Group Facilitator 68 The Problem of Poverty 108 Public Speaker 68 A Brief History of Our Response to the Poor 108 Social Work with Individuals 68 The Rich and the Poor 111 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents ix Defining Poverty Is a Policy Problem 114 Managed Mental Health Care 145 Who Are the Poor? 115 Managed Care and Evidence-Based Practice 146 Causes of Poverty 115 Treatment 148 Brief History 148 The Culture of Poverty 116 Current Trends 149 Functions of Poverty 117 Treatment Facilities: Community Mental Health Social Insurance Programs 118 Centers 150 Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance Social Work and Mental Health 151 (OASDHI) 118 Medicare 119 Counseling 152 Unemployment Insurance 119 How to Counsel 153 Workers’ Compensation Insurance 119 Comprehensive and Specialized Counseling Approaches 157 Public Assistance Programs 119 Supplemental Security Income 121 Changing Unwanted Emotions 159 General Assistance 121 Meaningful Activity 159 Medicaid 121 Changing Self-Talk 159 Supplemental Nutrition Program (SNAP) 122 Changing the Distressing Event 160 Housing Assistance 122 Destructive Ways of Dealing with Unwanted Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 123 Emotions 161 Family Allowance Program 125 Counseling versus Therapy/Psychotherapy 161 Social Work and Public Welfare 126 Why Is Counseling/Psychotherapy Therapeutic? 164 Working with Discouraged People 126 Summary 165 Summary 127 Competency Notes 166 Competency Notes 128 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit E Teister/Blickwinkel/Age Fotostock CHAPTER 5 Emotional/Behavioral Problems and Counseling 130 A Perspective on Emotional and Behavioral CHAPTER 6 Problems 131 Family Problems and Services to Nature and Extent of Emotional and Behavioral Families 168 Problems 131 Diverse Family Forms 169 What Is Mental Illness? 132 The American Family: Past and Present 169 Medical Model 132 The Family in Preindustrial Society 169 Interactional Model 135 The Family in Industrial Society 171 Labeling as the Cause of Chronic “Mental Illness” 141 Divorce 172 The Homeless 142 Reasons for Marital Happiness 173 Divorce Laws 175 Civil Rights 143 Empty-Shell Marriages 177 Plea of Innocent by Reason of Insanity 144 Marriage Counseling 178 Use of Psychotropic Drugs 145 Additional Marriage-Related Services 178 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  x Contents Family Violence 179 Unveiling of Gay Identity 227 Spouse Abuse 180 Postmodern Approaches to Coming Out 228 Child Abuse and Neglect 182 Practice Considerations for LGBTQ Persons 229 Protective Services 186 Lesbians 230 Multidisciplinary Teams and Child Advocacy Gay Men 233 Centers 189 Bisexuals 236 Sexual Abuse of Children 193 Transgender Persons 238 Child Molestation 193 Questioning Persons 242 Incest 195 How You, as a Social Work Student, Can Births Outside of Marriage 197 Help 243 Single-Parent Services 200 Start with Yourself 243 Foster Care and Adoption 202 Make Social Work Organizations Welcoming 243 Rape 203 Work for Social Justice 244 Date Rape 207 Summary 244 Effects on Victims 209 Competency Notes 245 Summary 211 Competency Notes 212 Bettmann/Corbis iStockphoto.com/Chris Schmidt CHAPTER 8 Drug Abuse and Drug Treatment Programs 250 Drugs and Drug Abuse 251 CHAPTER 7 A Brief History of Our Drug-Taking Society 252 Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Sociological Theories of Drug Abuse 253 and Services to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Anomie Theory 253 Transgender, and Questioning (LGBTQ) Labeling Theory 253 Differential Association 254 Individuals 215 Drug Subcultures 254 Dimensions of Sexuality 216 Biological Dimension 216 Facts about, and Effects of, Commonly Used Gender Dimension 216 Drugs 255 Sexual Orientation Dimension 216 Depressants 255 Not a Problem but the Result of a Social Problem 216 Stimulants 264 A History of Oppression 219 Hallucinogens 267 Early Western Concepts of Homosexuality 219 Tobacco 268 Freudian Theories Regarding the Nature of Marijuana 269 Homosexuality 220 Anabolic Steroids 270 The Emergence of a Homosexual Identity and Rehabilitation Programs 271 Community 221 Alcohol Treatment Programs 271 World War II 221 Other Drug Treatment Programs 279 The Gay Liberation Movement 223 Understanding and Treating Codependency 281 Intersectionality of Oppression 226 Suggestions for Curbing Drug Abuse in the The Coming Out Process 226 Future 281 Being Out 227 Educational Programs 282 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents xi Prevention of Illegal Drug Trafficking across How to Reduce Crime and Delinquency 318 Borders 283 Increasing or Decreasing Sentences 318 Employee Drug-Testing Programs 283 Reforming the Correctional System 320 Stricter Laws and Enforcement 284 Preventing Crime 322 Decriminalization of Drug Use 284 Social Work and the Criminal Justice System 323 Summary 285 Role of Social Work 323 Competency Notes 286 Factors Influencing Treatment 323 Summary 326 Competency Notes 327 AP Images/Sasa Kralj AP Images/Kelley McCall CHAPTER 9 Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, CHAPTER 10 and Correctional Services 289 Nature and Extent of Crime 290 Problems in Education and School Social What Is Crime? 290 Work 330 How Extensive Is Crime? 290 Problematic Areas in Education 331 Who Is Arrested? 291 The Question of Quality 331 How Accurate Are Official Crime Statistics? 292 Equal Access to Quality Education 331 Crime Causation Theories 293 Confusion about the Goals of Education 334 Early Theories 293 Intolerable Working Conditions for Some Physical and Mental Trait Theories 295 Teachers 336 Psychological Theories 295 Strategies to Improve Education 339 Sociological Theories 297 Increase Incentives for Teachers 339 Usefulness of Theories 300 Improve the Curriculum 339 Types of Crime 300 Allow Parental Choice of Schools 340 Organized Crime 301 Expand Preschool Programs 344 White-Collar Crime 302 Toward Equal Educational Opportunity 344 Computer Crime 304 Reform of School Financing 345 Hate Crime 305 Compensatory Education 346 Public-Order Crimes 305 Effective Integration 347 Sex Offenses 306 Human Trafficking 306 Curbing Bullying and Cyberbullying 347 Homicide and Assault 307 School Social Workers: A Response to Theft 307 Crisis 348 Juvenile Delinquency 309 The Nature of Behavior 349 The Criminal Justice System 311 Traditional School Social Work Roles 350 The Police 311 Summary 359 The Courts 312 Competency Notes 360 Correctional Systems 313 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xii Contents Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression 386 Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes 388 Racial and Ethnic Discrimination 389 Race as a Social Concept 389 Institutional Racism and Institutional Discrimination 391 White Privilege 393 AP Images Causes of Racial Discrimination and Oppression 393 Projection 393 Frustration–Aggression 394 Insecurity and Inferiority 394 CHAPTER 11 Authoritarianism 394 Work-Related Problems and Social Work History 394 Competition and Exploitation 394 in the Workplace 362 Socialization Patterns 395 A Brief History of Work 363 Belief in “The One True Religion” 395 Trends in the American Workforce 363 The Eye of the Beholder 395 Increase in White-Collar Workers 364 The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Emergence of an Employee Society 365 Oppression 396 Specialization 365 Increase in Women in the Workforce 365 Intersectionality of Multiple Factors 397 Emphasis on Intrinsic Rewards 365 Stereotyping and Multiculturalism: A Perspective 397 Emphasis on High Technology 365 Background of Racial Groups 398 The Growth of Low-Paying Jobs 367 African Americans 398 Outsourcing in a Global Factory 367 Latinos 402 Problems in the Work Setting 367 Mexican Americans 402 Alienation 367 Native Americans 404 Unemployment 371 Asian Americans 406 Occupational Health Hazards 377 Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice 408 Social Work in the Workplace 378 Mass Media Appeals 408 A Brief History 379 Greater Interaction among the Races 408 The Status of Social Work in the Workplace 379 Civil Rights Laws 408 Employee Assistance Programs 380 Activism 408 Summary 383 Affirmative Action Programs 410 Confrontation of Racist and Ethnic Remarks and Competency Notes 384 Actions 412 Minority-Owned Businesses 412 Asset-Based Community Development 412 Ethnic-Sensitive Social Work Practice 414 Empowerment 414 Strengths Perspective 415 AP Images/Nell Redmond Culturally Competent Practice 415 The Future of American Race and Ethnic Relations 416 Summary 418 Competency Notes 419 CHAPTER 12 Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice 385 Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism 386 Race and Racism 386 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents xiii Early Retirement 458 Societal Emphasis on Youth 459 Health Problems and Costs of Health Care 460 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Financial Problems 461 Loss of Family and Friends 463 Substandard Housing 465 Historical/Corbis Transportation 465 Crime Victimization 465 Sexuality in Later Adulthood 465 Malnutrition 466 CHAPTER 13 Depression and Other Emotional Problems 467 Death 468 Sexism and Efforts for Achieving Elder Abuse 470 Equality 422 Current Services 470 History of Sex Roles and Sexism 423 Older Americans Act of 1965 470 Sexual Harassment 427 Nursing Homes 472 Traditional Sex-Role Expectations 429 Social Work and Older Adults 474 Is There a Biological Basis for Sexism? 430 The Emergence of Older Adults as a Powerful Political Force 475 Sex-Role Socialization 432 Development of Social Roles for Older Adults 476 Consequences of Sexism 434 Effects on Occupation and Income 434 Preparation for Later Adulthood 477 Effects on Human Interactions 435 Summary 479 Maternal Wall 438 Competency Notes 480 Recent Developments and a Look to the Future 438 Sexism and Social Work 438 Social Work’s Response to Women’s Issues 438 The Feminist Perspective on Therapy 440 iStockphoto.com/Syldavia Future Directions of the Women’s Movement 442 Summary 446 Competency Notes 448 CHAPTER 15 Health Problems and Medical Social Cleo Photography/PhotoEdit Services 482 Physical Illnesses and the Health-Care System 483 Problems in Health Care 484 Service Orientation versus Profit Orientation 484 Emphasis on Treatment Rather Than on Prevention 484 CHAPTER 14 Unequal Access to Health Services 486 Low-Quality Health Care for Older Adults 488 Aging and Gerontological Services 451 AIDS 488 An Overview 452 Controversy over the Use of Life-Sustaining Equipment 497 A Recently Discovered Minority Group 452 The High Cost of Medical Care 498 A New View of Aging 452 Financing Medical Care 500 Definitions of Later Adulthood 453 Medicaid 500 An Increasing Older Adult Population 455 State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) 500 The “Old-Old”—The Fastest-Growing Age Group 455 Medicare 500 Private Insurance 501 Problems Faced by Older Adults 456 Low Status 456 The Affordable Care Act 501 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  xiv Contents Medical Social Work 502 Dibyangshu Sarkar/Afp/Getty Images Counseling the Terminally III 505 Summary 509 Competency Notes 510 CHAPTER 17 AP Images/Glen Mayne Overpopulation, Misuse of the Environment, and Family Planning 534 The Population Crisis 535 Doubling Time and Population Growth 535 Doubling Time and Developing Countries 535 CHAPTER 16 An Optimal Population Size 536 Physical and Mental Disabilities and Problems of Overpopulation 537 Problem Attitudes and Values 549 Rehabilitation 512 Two Countries with Severe Population Problems 550 History of Rehabilitation Practices 513 Environmental Problems 552 Developmental Disabilities 515 Despoilment of the Land 552 Autism 515 Waste Disposal 553 Cognitive Disability 516 Global Warming 554 Society’s Reactions to Disabilities 520 Air Pollution 555 Radioactive Leaks from Nuclear Power Plants 556 Current Services 522 Nuclear War 556 Rehabilitation Centers 522 Water Pollution 558 Residential Programs 524 Acid Rain 558 Day-Care Centers 524 General Pollutants 558 Hospital Services 524 Home Services 524 What Needs to Be Done 559 Confronting Overpopulation 560 Federal and State Assistance Programs 524 The Abortion Controversy 561 Roles of Social Workers 525 Providing Family Planning Services 564 Counseling Clients 526 Confronting Environmental Problems 567 Counseling Families 526 Taking Social Histories 526 Social Work and Family Planning 572 Serving as Case Manager 526 Summary 572 Serving as Liaison between the Family and Competency Notes 574 the Agency 526 Being a Broker 529 Doing Discharge Planning 529 Epilogue 577 Empowering Consumers of Services 529 Glossary 579 Name Index 591 Summary 531 Subject Index 597 Competency Notes 532 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  EMPOWERING PEOPLE Empowering people is a theme of this text. Content on empowerment of self and clients is provided in the following chapters: CHAPTER 1 Role of school social worker: Counselor and parent Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and Future liaison. The business of social welfare is to empower individuals, Role of school social worker: Advocate. groups, families, organizations, and communities to Role of school social worker: Mental health consultant. improve their circumstances. Role of school social worker: Systems change specialist. CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 11 Social Work as a Profession and a Career Work-Related Problems and Social Work in the Playing a poor hand well: Empowering at-risk children. Workplace A goal of social work: Enhance the problem-solving, Theory Y: Improving productivity and job satisfaction. coping, and developmental capacities of people. Social work in the workplace. A goal of social work: Enhance human well-being and Employee assistance programs. eliminate poverty, oppression, and other forms of social injustice. CHAPTER 12 The strengths perspective and empowerment. Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Self-awareness and identity formation. Social and Economic Justice Cochran Gardens: A grassroots organization that used a CHAPTER 3 strengths perspective. Generalist Social Work Practice Empowerment. Role of generalist social worker: Empowerer. Strengths perspective: Strategies for advancing social A therapy group that utilized a strengths perspective. and economic justice. CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 13 Poverty and Public Welfare