Romanesque Architecture PDF

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (500 AD - 1200 AD) ​ “ROMANESQUE” = ROMAN LIKE ART ​ BARBARIANS = TRIBES OUTSIDE ROMAN EMPIRE ​ NORMAN ARCHITECTURE = ROMANESQUE STYLE IN ENGLAND ​ SOBER & DIGNIFIED = ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ○​ MASSIVE QUALITY, THICK WALLS, ROUND ARCHES, STURDY PIER, GROIN...

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (500 AD - 1200 AD) ​ “ROMANESQUE” = ROMAN LIKE ART ​ BARBARIANS = TRIBES OUTSIDE ROMAN EMPIRE ​ NORMAN ARCHITECTURE = ROMANESQUE STYLE IN ENGLAND ​ SOBER & DIGNIFIED = ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ○​ MASSIVE QUALITY, THICK WALLS, ROUND ARCHES, STURDY PIER, GROIN VAULTS, DECORATIVE ARCADING, FREQUENTLY REGULARLY, SYMMETRICAL PLANS FRANKISH CAROLINGIAN KING (8TH - 9TH CENTURY) ​ FIRST CHARLEMAGNE ​ BARBARIAN ​ CAROLINGIAN ARCHITECTURE ​ CROWNED EMPEROR BY POPE LEO III (800AD) ​ ESTABLISHED HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE ​ CONQUERED GERMANY, AUSTRALIA, ITALY & SPAIN ​ ART & CIVILIZATION STORED IN EUROPE OTTO THE GREAT (936 - 975 CE) ​ CHARLEMAGNE’D SAXON SUCCESSOR ​ OTTONIAN STYLE (936 - MID 11TH CENTURY) ○​ CHRISTIAN ART + GERMANIC + MEDITERRANEAN STYLE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES ​ RIBS & PANEL VAULTING ​ BUTTRESS = MASSIVE WALL STRUCTURES ​ ROUND ARCHES, POWERFUL VAULTS ​ LATIN CROSS PLAN ​ CORBELLED ARCHES (FOUND UNDERNEATH EAVES OF CHURCH) placing bricks or stones in an overlapping pattern ​ ROSE WINDOW/ WHEEL WINDOW TYPES OF VAULTING: LATIN CROSS PLAN 3 MAIN ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGIES: CHURCH, MONASTERIES, CASTLE CHURCHES ​ MAIN BUILDING ​ APSE = HOLIEST PART ​ GOD’S KINGDOM ​ CROSS SHAPE ​ CIRCULAR PARTS = PERFECTION/GOD ​ SQUARED PARTS = HUMAN CHURCH CHARACTERISTICS ​ MONUMENTAL ​ FEW WINDOWS ​ SMALL IN COUNTRY CHURCHERS ​ ADVERTISING CATHOLIC CHURCH ​ LONG LASTING = MADE OF STONE PLANS COULD BE: ​ LATIN CROSS ​ POLYGONAL ​ BASILICAL THERE WERE 1-2 TOWERS NEAR MAIN ENTRANCE PARTS OF PLAN ​ NARTHEX ○​ ENCLOSED PORCH/ MEETING AREA/ INSIDE WESTERN ENTRANCE ​ AISLE (FRENCH = WING) ○​ SET OFF BY COLUMNS/ARCADE ○​ COVERED BY ROOFS ​ NAVE (3-5) ○​ CENTRAL / NARTHEX TO TRANSEPTS ​ TRANSEPT (HALF = SEMI TRANSEPT) ○​ CROSSWISE TO NAVE ​ APSE (HOLDS STATUE OF A DEITY IN A TEMPLE) ○​ SEMI CIRCULAR OR POLYGONAL TERMINATION TO CHOIR ​ AMBULATORY ○​ COVERED PASSAGE BEHIND HIGH ALTAR ​ CROSSING ○​ TWO ARMS OF CHURCH CROSS 3 LEVELS: 1.​ COLUMNS OR CROSS SHAPED PILLARS 2.​ TRIBUNE (CORRIDOR OVERLOOKING NAVE) 3.​ CLERESTORY (WINDOWS OPENING) COVER TYPES ​ BARREL VAULTS (TO COVER CENTRAL NAVE ​ GROIN VAULTS (COMMON IN AISLE & AMBULATORY) ​ DOME ( SPHERICAL, USED IN APSES) MONASTERIES (CONVENT) ​ DESIGNED AS MICROSCOM, CITY OF GOD ​ ABBEY = A CHURCH THAT IS PART OF MONASTERY ​ CLOISTER: Where the monks would have meditated, studied and exercised. ​ CHAPTER ROOM = AREA FOR BUSINESS OF MONASTIC FAMILY ​ ABBOT’S HOUSE ​ MONKS/NUN’S ROOM ​ REFECTORY = DINING ROOM ​ HOSPITAL CASTLE ​ DEFENSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ​ FOR SHELTER ​ WALL IS ONE OF THE MOST ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS ​ BUILD IN STEPPED AREAS = EASIER TO DEFEND BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD ​ ▪ BRICK - ITALY, POLAND, MUCH OF GERMANY AND PARTS OF THE NETHERLAND ​ ▪ LIMESTONE, GRANITE ​ ▪ BUILDING STONE - SMALL AND IRREGULAR PIECES, BEDDED IN THICK MORTAR ​ OFTEN HAD WOODEN ROOFS ​ HEAVY AND DARK INSIDE PIERS = SUPPORT ARCHES COLUMNS ​ SALVAGED COLUMNS = REUSED (Santa Maria in Cosmedin Rome) ​ DRUM COLUMN ​ HOLLOW CORE COLUMN = FILLED WITH RUBBLES ​ CAPITALS COLUMN ​ ALTERATION COLUMN = COLUMN BETWEEN PIERS (ST. MICHAEL’S) CAPITALS COLUMN VAULTS ​ BARREL VAULTS (TUNNEL VAULT OR A WAGON VAULT) ​ GROIN VAULTS (DOUBLE BARREL VAULT OR CROSS VAULT ○​ INTERSECTION AT RIGHT ANGLES OF TWO BARREL VAULTS. ​ RIBBED VAULTS ​ POINTED ARCHED VAULTS NORTHERN, ITALY (NORTHERN EUROPEAN INFLUENCE) BASILICA OF SANT'AMBROGIO ​ CHURCH IN THE CENTER OF MILAN, REGION OF LOMBARDY ITALY BASILICA OF SAN ZENO ​ THE CHURCH OF SAN ZENO MAGGIORE OR CHURCH OF SAN ZENONE BASILICA OF SAN FEDELE ​ NEO-ROMANESQUE FACADE BY ANTONIO GUSSANI BASILICA OF SAN MICHELLE MAGGIORE SOUTHERN ITALY (MUSLIM AND BYZANTINE INFLUENCE) THE CATHEDRAL OF CEFALU ​ ONE OF UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE STRUCTURE MONREALE CATHEDRAL CENTRAL ITALY (PAGAN INFLUENCE) PISA CATHEDRAL ​ ARCHITECT BUSCHETO ​ 1063 (CONSTRUCTION) ​ GREEK CROSS (ORIGINAL PLAN) CHANGE IN LATIN CROSS ​ PISAN ROMANESQUE STYLE BAPTISTERY ▪ 39.3 M CIRCULAR PLAN BY DIOTI SALVI CAMPANILE ▪ A.K.A. THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA ▪ 8 STOREYS. 16 M IN DIAMETER ▪ DUE TO FAILURE OF FOUNDATIONS, OVERHANGS 4.2 M FRANCE VEZELAY ABBEY ​ 112 AND 1150 (CONSTRUCTED) ​ THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY CHURCH, NOW THE BASILICA OF SAINTE-MARIE- MADELEINE (SAINT MARY MAGDALENE) ​ WORLD HERITAGE SITE (1979) CENTRAL EUROPE WORMS CATHEDRAL ​ ST PETER’S CATHEDRAL SPAIN SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (OGIVAL ARCHITECTURE) ​ OPUS FRANCIGENUM (FRENCH WORK) ​ GOTHIC (FRENCH STYLE) ​ LIGHT & AIRY (ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER) FEUDAL SYSTEM - LANDLORDS RULED WITH TYRANNY BLACK DEATH - DISEASE IN EUROPE (1347 - 1351) GIORGO VASARI ​ THE LIVES OF THE MOST EXCELLENT PAINTERS, SCULPTORS & ARCHITECTS ​ “BARBAROUS GERMAN STYLE” FRANCOIS RABELAIS ​ A WRITER OF SATIRE, OF THE GROTESQUE AND OF BAWDY JOKES AND SONGS. ​ REFERRED TO GOTHS AND OSTROGOTHS SIR CRISTOPHER WREN ​ ENGLISH BAROQUE STYLE ​ DISAPPROVED GOTHIC NAME ​ COMPARED GOTHIC TO ISLAMIC ​ SARACEN STYLE ABBOT SUGER ​ FATHER OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE ​ ADVISER TO KINGS LOUIS VI & VII ​ REDESIGN THE SAINT DENIS CATHEDRAL ​ ABBEY OF SAINT-DENIS STYLES IN FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE EARLY GOTHIC ​ POINTED ARCH, TRANSITION FROM LATE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE HIGH GOTHIC ​ FROM 6-4 RIB VAULTS ​ FLYING BUTTRESSES MATURED RAYONNANT ​ WINDOW TRACERY ​ REPLACEMENT OF PLATE TRACERY WINDOW FRENCH FLAMBOYANT ​ FLAMING - FLORID STYLE OF LATE GOTHIC ARCH IN VOGUE IN FRANCE ​ MULTIPLICATION OF THE RIBS OF THE VAULTS ​ ARC-EN-ACCOLADE - AN ARCH OVER A WINDOW TOPPED BY A PINNACLE  ​ VAULTED CEILING ​ FLYING BUTTRESS ​ LARGE STAINED GLASS WINDOWS ​ ORNATE DECORATION ​ OGIVAL ARCH (POINTED) STRIX (STRYGE) (OWL/BAT) LARGE HEADED BIRD-OVID GROTESQUES (MONSTERS) CHIMERA (BODY OF LION, HEAD OF GOAT) GARGOYLE DOWNSPOUT TOWERS OF CHARTRES CATHEDRAL; FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC ON LEFT, EARLY GOTHIC ON THE RIGHT. LAON CATHEDRAL ​ MONUMENT HISTORIQUE ​ LIFE SIZE STONE STATUE OF 16 OXEN ABBAYE AUX HOMMES ​ NINE TOWERS AND SPIRES HAMMERBEAM ROOF ​ KING RICHARD II ​ ROYAL CARPENTER - HUGH HERLAND ​ “THE GREATEST CREATION OF MEDIEVAL TIMBER ARCHITECTURE” ​ DECORATIVE TIMBER ROOF TRUSS ENGLISH GOTHIC ▪ EARLY ENGLISH (LANCET, FIRST POINTED OR EARLY PLANTAGENET) -​ LANCET – SHAPED ARCHES AND PLATE TRACERY ▪ DECORATED STYLE ( GEOMETRICAL AND CURVILINEAR, MIDDLE POINTED, EDWARDIAN OR LATER PLANTAGENET, SECOND POINTED) -​ RICH TRACERY, ELABORATE ORNAMENTAL VAULTING AND REFINED STONE-CUTTING TECHNIQUES. ▪ PERPENDICULAR (RECTILINEAR, LATE POINTED OR LANCASTRIAN, THIRD POINTED.) -​ PERPENDICULAR TRACERY (USE OF LACEWORK OF VERTICAL GLAZING BARS), FINE INTRICATE STONEWORK, AND ELABORATE FAN VAULTS FRENCH GOTHIC ▪LANCETTES (PRIMARY) -​ POINTED ARCHES AND GEOMETRIC TRACERIED WINDOWS ▪RAYONANT (SECONDARY) -​ CIRCULAR WINDOWS, WHEEL TRACERY ▪FLAMBOYANT (TERTIARY) -​ FLOWING AND FLAMELIKE TRACERY CHAPEL - PLACE OF WORSHIP WITHOUT A PASTOR OR PRIEST CHURCH - WITH PASTOR/PRIEST CATHEDRAL AREA OF LAND WITH A BISHOP’S JURISDICTION. “CATHEDRA” (SPECIAL CHAIR OF THE BISHOP) BASILICA - POPE ▪ MAJOR – FOUR PERSONAL CHURCHES OF THE POPE, FOUND IN AND AROUND ROME ▪ MINOR – CAN BE FOUND AROUND THE WORLD, REWARDED “STATUS” BY THE POPE IN THE BASIS OF HISTORICAL, SPIRITUAL AND/OR ARCHITECTURE SIGNIFICANCE ARCADE - ALTERNATING PIER TRIBUNE - SEATING FOR NUN, STABILITY TO WALL TRIFORIUM - ADDITIONAL THICKNESS AND SUPPORT CLERESTORY - HIGH WINDOW, SUPPORTED BY FLYING BUTTRESS FOUR PERSONAL CHURCHES OF THE POPE FOUND IN AND AROUND ROME SAINT JOHN LATERAN ​ ARCHBASILICA CATHEDRAL OF THE MOST HOLY SAVIOR AND OF SAINTS JOHN THE BAPTIST AND JOHN THE EVANGELIST IN THE LATERAN ​ OLDEST AND HIGHEST RANKING OF THE FOUR MAJOR PAPAL BASILICAS AS WELL AS ONE OF THE SEVEN PILGRIM CHURCHES OF ROME, HOLDING THE UNIQUE TITLE OF “ARCHBASILICA”.- “MOTHER CHURCH” OF THE CATHOLIC FAITH. SAINT PETER’S BASILICA ​ PAPAL BASILICA OF SAINT PETER IN THE VATICAN ​ LARGEST CHURCH IN THE WORLD BY INTERIOR MEASURE. ​ “HOLDING A UNIQUE POSITION IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD” AND AS “THE GREATEST OF ALL CHURCHES OF CHRISTENDOM”.- ​ THE BURIAL SITE OF ST. PETER, CHIEF AMONG JESUS’S APOSTLES AND ALSO THE FIRST BISHOP OF ROME. PAPAL BASILICA OF SAINT PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS ​ ONE OF THE SEVEN PILGRIM CHURCHES OF ROME. - ​ HOLY SEE OWNS THE BASILICA IN A REGIME OF EXTRATERRITORIALITY, WITH ITALY RECOGNIZING ITS FULL OWNERSHIP AND CONCEDING IT THE “IMMUNITY GRANTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW TO THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE DIPLOMATIC AGENTS OF FOREIGN STATES”.- ​ FOUNDED BY THE ROMAN EMPEROR CONSTANTINE I OVER THE BURIAL PLACE OF PAUL OF TARSUS OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS ​ BASILICA OF SAINT MARY MAJOR OR BASILICA DI SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE ​ ONE OF THE SEVEN PILGRIM CHURCHES OF ROME AND THE LARGEST CATHOLIC MARIAN CHURCH IN ROME, ITALY.- ​ IT WAS INSPIRED BY THE IDEA OF ROME BEING NOT JUST THE CENTER OF THE WORLD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, AS IT WAS SEEN IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, BUT THE CENTER OF THE CHRISTIAN WORLD. AS OF 2019, THERE ARE 1,810 CATHOLIC CHURCHES AROUND THE WORLD THAT BEAR THE TITLE OF A MINOR BASILICA. IN THE PHILIPPINES, WE HAVE 21. ▪ BASILICA OF SAN SEBASTIAN, MANILA ▪ BASILICA OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, LIPA, BATANGAS ▪ BASILICA OF ST. MARTIN DE TOURS, TAAL, BATANGAS ▪ BASILICA OF THE SANTO NIÑO, CEBU CITY ▪ METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL BASILICA OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MANILA ▪ BASILICA OF OUR LADY OF CHARITY, SAN FERNANDO DE LA UNIÓN ▪ BASILICA OF OUR LADY OF PEÑAFRANCIA, NAGA CITY, CAMARINES SUR ▪ BASILICA OF THE BLACK NAZARENE (QUIAPO CHURCH), MANILA ▪ BASILICA OF ST. MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL, TAYABAS, QUEZON ▪ BASILICA OF SAN LORENZO RUIZ, MANILA ▪ BASILICA OF OUR LADY OF PIAT, PIAT, CAGAYAN ▪ CATHEDRAL BASILICA OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, MALOLOS, BULACAN ▪ BASILICA OF OUR LADY OF THE ROSARY, MANAOAG, PANGASINAN ▪ BASILICA OF THE NATIONAL SHRINE OF OUR LADY OF MOUNT CARMEL ▪ BASILICA OF SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, BADOC, ILOCOS NORTE ▪ BASILICA OF OUR LADY OF THE MOST HOLY ROSARY, ORANI, BATAAN ▪ BASILICA MINORE DE SAN PEDRO BAUTISTA, QUEZON CITY ▪ BASÍLICA DE LA PURÍSIMA CONCEPCIÓN, SANTA MARIA, BULACAN ▪ BASILICA OF ST. NICOLAS OF TOLENTINO, SINAIT, ILOCOS SUR ▪ BASILICA SHRINE OF ST. ANNE, TAGUIG ▪ BASILICA OF ST. DOMINIC GUZMAN, SAN CARLOS CITY, PANGASINAN CARCASSONNE ▪ IT IS AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF A MEDIEVAL FORTIFIED TOWN, WITH ITS MASSIVE DEFENCES ENCIRCLING THE CASTLE AND THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS, ITS STREETS AND ITS FINE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (15TH CENTURY – 16TH CENTURY) ​ DEVELOPED FIRST IN FLORENCE, WITH FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI AS ONE OF ITS INNOVATORS ​ SYMMETRY, PROPORTION, GEOMETRY AND THE REGULARITY OF PARTS ​ “RENAISSANCE” = RINASCITA = REBIRTH ​ RENAISSANCE = “REBIRTH OF THE CLASSIC” THREE PHASES OF RENAISSANCE: ​ ▪ EARLY RENAISSANCE ​ ▪ HIGH RENAISSANCE ​ ▪ MANNERISM FILIPPO DI SER BRUNELLESCO DI LIPPO LAPI (FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI) ​ NICKNAMED PIPPO BY LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI ​ FOUNDING FATHER OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE. ​ FIRST MODERN ENGINEER, PLANNER, AND SOLE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR. ​ DOME OF THE FLORENCE CATHEDRAL = DESIGNED BY ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO IN THE 14TH CENTURY BUT LEFT UNROOFED. ​ "ORDER“= UNDERLYING FEATURE WORK ​ CHURCHES OF SAN LORENZO AND SANTO SPIRITO ​ SANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI - FIRST RENAISSANCE CENTRALLY PLANNED BUILDING ​ ROTUNDA DE ARCHITECTURA (ON ARCHITECTURE, PUBLISHED AS TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE) IS A TREATISE ON ARCHITECTURE WRITTEN BY THE ROMAN ARCHITECT AND MILITARY ENGINEER MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO. A MAJOR SOURCE ON THE CANON OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE. PHASES OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE: ▪ QUATTROCENTO (C. 1400-1500) ​ THE EARLY RENAISSANCE. ​ CONCEPT OF ARCHITECTURAL ORDER WERE EXPLORED ​ THE LEADING ARCHITECTS WERE BRUNELLESCHI, MICHELOZZO AND ALBERTI. ​ SPACE WAS ORGANISED BY PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC, ITS FORM AND RHYTHM SUBJECT TO GEOMETRY, RATHER THAN BEING CREATED BY INTUITION AS IN MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS. ​ ADOPTION OF CLASSICAL DETAIL AND ORNAMENTATION. MICHELOZZO DI BARTOLOMEO MICHELOZZI (1396–1472) ​ ARCHITECT UNDER PATRONAGE OF THE MEDICI FAMILY ​ PALAZZO MEDICI RICCARDI WHICH HE WAS COMMISSIONED TO DESIGN FOR COSIMO DE' MEDICI IN 1444. (+LIBRARY AT THE CONVENT OF SAN MARCO) ​ VILLA MEDICI AT FIESOLE. LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI (BORN IN GENOA (1402–1472) ​ BOOK ON ARCHITECTURE DE RE AEDIFICATORIA ​ BASILICA OF SANT'ANDREA IN MANTUA, ​ CHURCH OF SAN FRANCESCO IN RIMINI (LEFT UNFINISHED ▪ HIGH RENAISSANCE (C. 1500-1525) ​ CONCEPTS DERIVED FROM CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY WERE DEVELOPED AND USED WITH GREATER CONFIDENCE. DONATO BRAMANTE (1444–1514) BORN IN URBINO ​ EXPANDED THE APPLICABILITY OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE TO CONTEMPORARY BUILDINGS. ​ HE INTRODUCED RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE TO MILAN AND THE HIGH RENAISSANCE STYLE TO ROME ​ HIS PLAN FOR ST. PETER'S BASILICA BECAME THE FOUNDATION FOR THE DESIGN LATER COMPLETED BY MICHELANGELO. ​ THE TEMPIETTO (SAN PIETRO IN MONTORIO), BUILT IN 1502, STARTED THE HIGH RENAISSANCE IN ROME. POPE JULIUS II ASKED HIM TO BUILD IT ON THE SPOT WHERE PETER WAS KILLED. EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF THE TUSCAN ORDER IN THE RENAISSANCE. THE TUSCAN IS A FORM OF THE DORIC ORDER ​ CORTILE DEL BELVEDERE (BELVEDERE COURTYARD OR BELVEDERE COURT)-VATICAN PALACE IN ROME. ANTONIO DA SANGALLO THE YOUNGER ​ ANTONIO CORDIANI ​ ST. PETER’S BASILICA IN THE VATICAN CITY(HIS BURIAL PLACE) ​ HIS UNCLE, GIULIANO DA SANGALLO WAS ONE OF THOSE WHO SUBMITTED A PLAN FOR THE REBUILDING OF ST PETER'S AND WAS BRIEFLY A CO-DIRECTOR OF THE PROJECT, WITH RAPHAEL. ​ ANTONIO DA SANGALLO ALSO SUBMITTED A PLAN FOR ST PETER'S AND BECAME THE CHIEF ARCHITECT AFTER THE DEATH OF RAPHAEL, TO BE SUCCEEDED HIMSELF BY MICHELANGELO. TRADITIONAL TRINITY OF GREAT MASTERS : RAPHAEL, LEONARDO DA VINCI, MICHAELANGELO RAFFAELLO SANZIO DA URBINO (RAPHAEL) ​ PALAZZO PANDOLFINI ▪ MANNERISM (C.1520-1600) ​ THE ARCHITECTS EXPERIMENTED WITH USING ARCHITECTURAL FORMS TO EMPHASIZE SOLID AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS. THE RENAISSANCE IDEAL OF HARMONY GAVE WAY TO FREER AND MORE IMAGINATIVE RHYTHMS. BALDASSARE PERUZZI (1481–1536), ​ HE WORKED ALONGSIDE BRAMANTE, RAPHAEL, AND SANGALLO DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW ST. PETER’S ​ HIS WORK COMBINES THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND MANNERIST STYLES. HIS MOST NOTABLE PROJECT, THE VILLA FARNESINA (1509), IS A SYMMETRICAL GIULIO ROMANO ​ PUPIL OF RAPHAEL, ​ WORKING FOR FEDERICO II GONZAGA AT MANTUA ON THE PALAZZO TE (1524–1534), A PROJECT WHICH COMBINED HIS SKILLS AS ARCHITECT, SCULPTOR AND PAINTER. MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO BUONARROTI SIMONI (MICHELANGELO) ​ ST. PETER'S BASILICA IS OFTEN CALLED "THE GREATEST CREATION OF THE RENAISSANCE," WITH MANY ARCHITECTS CONTRIBUTING TO ITS DESIGN. HOWEVER, MICHELANGELO'S VISION HAD THE MOST INFLUENCE ON THE FINAL STRUCTURE. ​ THE INTERIORS OF THE LAURENTIAN LIBRARY AND ITS LOBBY AT THE MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO IN FLORENCE, AND ST PETER'S BASILICA IN ROME. SAINT PETER'S BASILICA ​ ITALIAN RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE CHURCH LOCATED IN VATICAN CITY ​ THE LARGEST CHURCH IN THE WORLD BY INTERIOR MEASURE. ​ DESIGNED PRINCIPALLY BY DONATO BRAMANTE, MICHELANGELO, CARLO MADERNO AND GIAN LORENZO BERNINI, ​ 120 YEARS TO BUILD 12 ARCHITECTS: 1.​ Bramante -Designed the original plan with a Greek cross and a dome similar to the Pantheon. 2.​ Giuliano da Sangallo - Replaced Bramante after his death and continued the project. 3.​ Fra Giocondo - Worked alongside Giuliano da Sangallo after Bramante’s death. 4.​ Raphael - Proposed a Latin cross plan. 5.​ Baldassare Peruzzi - Reverted to Bramante’s Greek cross plan. 6.​ Antonio da Sangallo the Younger - Altered the plan, combining elements of previous designs and extended the vestibule and campanile. 7.​ Michelangelo - Introduced the Greek cross plan, strengthened the dome, and redesigned chapels. 8.​ Giacomo della Porta - Modified Michelangelo’s dome design and completed the dome in 1590. 9.​ Domenico Fontana - Helped complete the dome with Giacomo della Porta. 10.​Vignola - Added the sided cupolas. 11.​Carlo Maderno - Lengthened the nave to form a Latin cross and built the façade. 12.​Bernini - Completed the grand piazza and colonnade, and designed the final Baroque plan of the basilica. GIACOMO DELLA PORTA ​ HE WAS THE ARCHITECT WHO MADE THE DOME OF ST. PETER'S BASILICA POSSIBLE. THERE IS SOME DEBATE ABOUT WHETHER THE CHANGES IN THE DOME'S DESIGN, COMPARED TO THE ORIGINAL MODEL, WERE MADE BY DELLA PORTA OR MICHELANGELO. ​ FACADE OF CHURCH OF GESU ANDREA PALLADIO ​ HIS TEACHINGS, SUMMARIZED IN THE ARCHITECTURAL TREATISE THE FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE, GAINED HIM WIDE RECOGNITION. HE IS CONSIDERED THE MOST INFLUENTIAL ARCHITECT OF THE ENTIRE RENAISSANCE. ​ PALLADIO LOOKED INSPIRATION TO CLASSICAL TEMPLES, FOCUSING ON THEIR SIMPLE PERISTYLE FORM ​ BASILICA PALLADIANA ​ VILLA LA ROTONDA ​ SAN GIORGIO MAGGIORE BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE (17TH - 18TH CENTURY) ​ GRANDEUR - UNIVERSAL WORD THAT DESCRIBE BAROQUE BUILDING FRANCESCO BORROMINI ​ LIFELONG RIVAL OF BERNINI ​ ST. CARLO ALLE QUATTRO FONTANE (1638-46, ROME) ​ PALAZZO SAPIENZA AND ST. IVVO ALLA SAPIENZA, DOME/FACADE (1640-60, ROME) ​ ST. AGNESE IN AGONE (1653, ROME) GIAN LORENZO BERNINI ​ THE GREATEST OF ALL BAROQUE ARCHITECTS AND SCULPTORS. ​ PALAZZO BARBERINI (1628-32, ROME) ​ ST. PETER SQUARE (1656-67) ​ ST. ANDREA AL QUIRINALE (1658-71, ROME) JOHANN BERNHARD FISCHER VON ERLACH ​ EMINENT AUSTRIAN BAROQUE ARCHITECT, BROUGHT ITALIAN STYLES TO CENTRAL EUROPE. ​ KOLLEGIENKIRCHE (1694-1707, SALZBURG) ​ STADTPALAIS (1695-98, VIENNA) ​ CHURCH OF ST. CHARLES (1717-30, VIENNA) CHRISTOPHER WREN ​ ENGLAND'S MOST FAMOUS/GREATEST ARCHITECT. ​ KNOWN FOR ENGLISH BAROQUE STYLE. ​ ST. PAUL CATHEDRAL (1663) ​ SHELDONIAN THEATRE IN OXFORD (1663) EARLY BAROQUE ​ CHURCH OF GESU ​ ST PETER BASILICA HIGH BAROQUE ​ SANTI LUNA MARTINA ​ SANTA MARIA DELLA SALUTE ​ HALL OF MIRROR LATE BAROQUE ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE ​ ROCAILLE (pebbles or small rocks) ​ LATE PHASE OF BAROQUE ​ LIGHTNESS AND ELEGANCE (PASTEL COLOR AND INTIMATE OBJECTS) ​ ASYMMETRY, CURVILINEAR FORMS FRANCOIS DE CUVILLIES ​ THE ELDER ​ BAVARIAN ROCOCO STYLE ​ AMALIENBURG ​ HALL OF MIRRORS ​ CUVILLIES THEATRE GEORG WENZESLAUS VON KNOBELSDORFF ​ FRENCH BAROQUE CLASSICISM ​ SANSSOUCI PALACE ​ MONBIJOU PALACE JOHANN MICHAEL FISHCHER ​ CHURCH OF ST GEORGE ​ THE ABBEY CHURCH OF OTTOBEUREN GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO ​ FRESCOES AND ALTARPIECES ​ THE ROYAL PALACE OF MADRID ​ THE MARRIAGE OF CANA JEAN CHARLSE DELAFOSSE ​ FURNITURE AND ORNAMENTAL ARTS STUCCO ​ SPECIAL TYPE OF PLASTERWORK ​ SCAGLIOLA (IMITATION OF MARBLE) GILDED METALS ​ FORM OF BRASS WITH THIN LAYERS ​ USE OF ORMULO ​ USE OF GOLD LEAF EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE ​ EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE HAS BEEN INFLUENCED BY THE ERAS THAT CAME BEFORE IT, WHICH IS WHY ITS FEATURES ARE EVIDENTLY SIMILAR. ANTONI GAUDI ​ Sagrada Família, Park Güell, Casa Batlló, and Casa Milà. LE CORBUSIER ​ Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, ​ Villa Savoye and Notre Dame du Haut ANDREA PALLADIO ​ His influential book, "The Four Books of Architecture," ​ Villa Rotonda and urban buildings in cities like Vicenza and Venice. ZAHA HADID ​ Heydar Aliyev Center and the Guangzhou Opera House COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE COLONIAL ​ SYMMETRY, SIMPLECITY, PRACTICALITY ​ GABLE ROOF = MOST COMMON ​ HIP ROOF = LESS COMMON ​ GAMBREL ROOF = MORE HEADROOM IN ATTIC FIRST PERIOD COLONIAL (EARLY COLONIAL) ​ SALTBOX HOUSE = ONE SIDE OF HOUSE IS ONE STOREY WHILE OTHER IS TWO ​ CAPE COD HOUSE = FOR COLD WEATHER ​ SPANISH COLONIAL ​ FRENCH COLONIAL ​ GEORGIAN COLONIAL ​ FEDERAL COLONIAL ​ GREEK REVIVAL COLONIAL POST COLONIAL ​ NEO-CLASSIC ELEMENTS THOMAS JEFFERSON ​ 3RD PRESIDENT OF US ​ HIS HOUSE, MONTICELLO - THE ONLY HOUSE IN AMERICA THAT IS INCLUDED IN WORLD’S HERITAGE LIST ​ STATE CAPITOL BENJAMIN HENRY LATROBE ​ 1ST FULLY TRAINED PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECT ​ 2ND ARCHITECT OF CAPITOL ​ ADDED PARTICOES TO PRESIDENT’S HOUSE ​ 1ST ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL ​ SOUTH PORTICO OF WHITE HOUSE RICHARD MORRIS HUNT ​ INTRODUCED BEAUX ARTS STYLE IN AMERICA ​ PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS WILLIAM LE BARON JENNEY ​ FATHER OF THE AMERICAN SKYSCRAPER ​ IMPLEMENTED THE USE OF METAL SKELETON FRAMEWORK TRINITY OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE HENRY HOBSON RICHARDSON ​ ROMANESQUE REVIVAL IN US ​ TRINITY CHURCH ​ BUFFALO STATE ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE / RICHARDSON OLMSTED COMPLEX ​ STOUGHTON HOUSE ​ MARSHALL FIELD WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE LOUIS SULLIVAN ​ FATHER OF MODERNISM ​ FATHER OF SKYSCRAPERS ​ 10-STOREY WAINWRIGHT BUILDING ​ PRUDENTIAL BUILDING IN BUFFALO FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT ​ PRAIRIE STYLE ​ THE MARTIN HOUSE JAMES HOBAN ​ WHITE HOUSE (ENGLISH PALLADIAN STYLE) INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ​ CROMFORD MILL ​ IRON BRIDGE 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ​ HOME INSURANCE BUILDING ​ EIFFEL TOWER 3RD REVOLUTION ​ LLOYD'S BUILDING ​ GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO (FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT) 4TH INDUSTRIAL ​ THE EDGE ​ BOSCO VERTICALE ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNELE ​ THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY (GWR) ​ SS GREAT BRITAIN (1843) ​ CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE ​ MAIDENHEAD RAILWAY BRIDGE SIR JOSEPH PAXTON ​ CRYSTAL PALACE ​ GREAT CONSERVATORY JAMES BOGARDUS ​ 63 Nassau Street (1856) ​ IRON CLAD BUILDING GUSTAVE EIFFEL ​ Eiffel Tower (1889) ​ Garabit Viaduct (1884) NORMAN FOSTER ​ HSBC Headquarters (1986) ​ Stansted Airport (1991) SAN SEBASTIAN MANILA ​ ONLY ALL STEEL BASILICA CHURCH IN PH ​ GENARO PALACIOS 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE ​ EMPHASIS ON FUNCTIONALITY ○​ Villa Savoye "FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION" ​ MINIMALIST AESTHETIC AND CLEAN LINES ○​ Farnsworth House ​ INNOVATIVE USE OF MATERIALS ○​ Lever House ​ OPEN AND FLEXIBLE FLOOR PLANS ○​ Seagram Building ​ INTEGRATION WITH TECHNOLOGY ○​ Centre Pompidou ​ ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE THINKING ○​ The Willis Faber & Dumas Headquarters THE THREE PHASES OF 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE EARLY 20TH CENTURY ​ BEAUX-ARTS ( NAMED AFTER THE ESTEEMED ÉCOLE DES BEAUX-ARTS IN PARIS) ​ ART NOUVEAU ​ DE STIJL (ABSTRACTION AND GEOMETRIC FORMS) ​ ART DECO ​ PRAIRIE STYLE (ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT) MID-20TH CENTURY ​ BAUHAUS ​ INTERNATIONAL STYLE ​ NEO-EXPRESSIONISM ​ FUTURISM ​ BRUTALISM LATE ARCHITECTURE ​ DECONS20TH CENTURY ​ HIGH TECH ARCHITECTURE ​ KINETIC TRUCTIVISM CHARLES GARNIER ​ PALAIS GARNIER OPERA HOUSE IN PARIS VICTOR HORTA ​ HÔTEL SOLVAY FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT ​ HALLMARK OF PRAIRIE STYLE ​ ROBIE HOUSE (1908-1910) ​ FALLING WATER (1936-1938) LOUIS SULLIVAN ​ FATHER OF SKYSCRAPERS ​ MENTOR TO FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT ​ GUARANTY BUILDING LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE ​ "LESS IS MORE" ​ Barcelona Pavilion (1929) LE CORBUSIER ​ REINFORCED CONCRETE ​ UNITE D'HABITATION IN MARSEILLE (HOUSING PROJECT) BRUTALISM ARCHITECTURE RECOGNIZABLE BY BEING HEAVY, AND OVER USE OF CONCRETE FRANK GEHRY ​ GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO AND WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL ZAHA HADID