Mcq Test Notes PDF

Mcq test notes Week 11 Trustworthiness or rigor of a study refers to the degree of confidence in data, interpretation, and methods used to ensure the quality of a study. Established protocols and procedures necessary for a study to be considered worthy of consideration by readers. Credibility: mea...

Mcq test notes Week 11 Trustworthiness or rigor of a study refers to the degree of confidence in data, interpretation, and methods used to ensure the quality of a study. Established protocols and procedures necessary for a study to be considered worthy of consideration by readers. Credibility: measure of the truth value or whether the study's findings are correct and accurate. To some degree, it relies on the credibility of the researchers themselves, as well as their research methods.“How congruent are the findings with reality?”. Tactics to help ensure honesty in informants The adoption of research methods well established It is important to incorporate correct operational measures for the concepts being studied. Thus, the specific procedures employed, such as the line of questioning pursued in the data gathering sessions and the methods of data analysis, should be derived, where possible, from those that have been successfully utilised in previous comparable projects. The development of an early familiarity with the culture of participating organisations. There should be some form of “prolonged engagement” between the investigator and the participants in order both for the former to gain an adequate understanding of an organisation and to establish a relationship of trust between the parties. Random sampling The downside is that since the researcher has no control over the choice of informants, it is possible that quiet, uncooperative or inarticulate individuals may be selected. Triangulation This may involve the triangulation of research methods such as focus groups, observations, interviews and indepth interviews Triangulation of sources- i.e verifying information from obtained from other sources. Triangulation of documents- verifying documented information. Tactics to ensure honesty in informants Informed consent Iterative Questioning Peer Scrutiny of the Research Project Background, Qualifications and Experience of the investigator Transferability It applies to external validity (to generalize the findings of a study to other situations people, settings and measures) and is concerned with the extent to which the findings of one study can be applied to other situations Dependability Confirmability Confirmability is established when credibility, dependability, and transferability are all achieved. Credibility has to do with a person's veracity or truthfulness, whereas reliability deals with accuracy of the witness's testimony. Week 10 The power of qualitative data: What is data meant to do when you write up your analysis? Evoke vivid imagery. Recapture events eg The Role of the media on the development of Black Consciousness , identity and social change. Give an account of participant’s lived experiences e.g ethnography or autoethnography: How are female activists harassed online/offline spaces? Or someone could take into consideration how journalists are harassed by politicians etc. Create narratives/stories about real events- Make knowledge claims. Decolonial research, using specific knowledge canons from your culture. How do we choose what to present? experience vicariously(you are experiencing something indirectly, more of ethnography) Summarised account of events. Setting the scene: vivid depictions of the research environment- detail. Important themes, codes, and categories found in data. Literal and figurative interpretations of the data/ research environment. Focus on what the researcher thinks the audience should know. Again, this is accordance to the research questions you put up. should illustrate key findings and analytic concepts- to reveal the full range of evidence to appraise the theoretical and personal grounds of the researcher's perspective, Representational style of Qualitative data IMPRESSIONIST Focusing on significant events, digging deep/powerful impression. CONFESSIONAL Reflexive, focusing on the researcher’s experiences and actions. REALIST Factual representation of data, with no deviations as interpreted by the researcher. Ie, journalistic reporting. Next, you should indicate how you will process and analyze the data. Content analysis: categorizing and discussing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences; Thematic analysis: coding and closely examining the data to identify broad themes and patterns. Discourse analysis: studying communication and meaning in relation to their social context. Describe your methods of data analysis Tenses Proposal Stage: Use future tense Dissertation: Use past tense Literature Review: Use present tense Week 9 Quantitative data analysis Data analysis: Describe, interpret, explain and evaluate. Quantitative research: Numeric/statistical. Data collection methods: Questionnaires or surveysstandardised format, set questions with set answers. More generalisable. Probability sampling. Advantages and limitations. Systematic: All data in the project is treated the same. Comprehensive: All data collected in the project is included in the analysis. Three stages of quantitative data analysis 1. Summarising and describing data collected. 2. Identifying key variables in the data to answer research questions. 3. Exploring and testing relationships between data. Variables A person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way Identifiers and coding Identifier: Select sections of the questionnaire dealing with specific variables, i.e., age, race, gender categories, preferences, etc. - Assist with preliminary analysis. - Categorisation of data. - Anonymising and removing confidential information from data. - Partially completed questionnaires. How is quantitative data summarised? 1. Frequency- how frequently a variable/code/identifier appeared. 2. Distribution across codes. 3. Summarising data: Frequencies and distribution (an overview). 4. Quantification- out of 100% relating to a specific variable. Week 6 “Literature reviews are essential for: identifying what has been written on a subject or topic; determining the extent to which a specific research area reveals any interpretable trends or patterns; aggregating empirical findings related to a narrow research question to support evidence-based practice; generating new frameworks and theories; and  identifying topics or questions requiring more investigation” – which is the gap 5 key steps to writing a Literature review Search for relevant literature Evaluate sources Identify themes, debates, and gaps Outline the structure Write your literature review Week 5