Moral Philosophy PDF

Frameworks and principle behind our moral EMPIRICISM VS RATIONALISM VS INTUITIONISM disposition Moral Empiricism- states that moral facts and all Framework - defined as a basic structure underlying a...

Frameworks and principle behind our moral EMPIRICISM VS RATIONALISM VS INTUITIONISM disposition Moral Empiricism- states that moral facts and all Framework - defined as a basic structure underlying a knowledge of matters of fact is derived from system or concept. In ethics, it refers to a “set of experience and that our mind is not equipped with assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that pre-experience concepts. constitutes a way of viewing reality. In short, it is a worldview or a held theory. Moral Rationalism- contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason 3 General Subject Areas in Studying Morality alone and without reference to experience. 1. Meta-ethics - it is the branch of ethics that Moral Intuitionism- submits that moral truths are studies the nature of morality. It talks about knowable intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive the meaning, reference, and truth values of knowledge without reference to any evidence. It moral judgments. insists that moral value of actions may be known - it also explains what goodness and intuitively even if their consequence have not been wickedness mean and how we know about uncovered. them. 2. Normative Ethics - Is the branch of ethics COGNITIVISM VS NON-COGNITIVISM that studies how man ought to act, morally speaking. It examines ethical norms, that is, COGNITIVISM- states that moral judgments convey those guidelines about what is right, propositions, that is, they are truth bearers or they are worthwhile, virtuous, or just. either true or false. Most ethical theories are - It evaluates standards for the rightness and cognitivist as they contend that right and wrong are wrongness of actions and determined a matters of fact. moral course of action. It addresses specific A. Moral Realism- claims that the existence moral questions about what we should do or of moral facts and the truth or falsity of moral believe. judgments are independent of people’s thoughts and - If meta-ethics tackle questions such as “what perceptions. Morality is about objective fact. is goodness?” normative ethics deals with B. Ethical Subjectivism- holds that truth or questions like “what ought one to do?” falsity of ethical propositions are dependent on the attitudes or standards of a person or group of A. Deontology- is an ethical system that bases persons. morality on independent moral rules or duties. This system equates behaving NON-COGNITIVISM: denies that moral judgments morally with adherence to duties or moral are either true or false. It claims that ethical sentences rules, and acting immorally with failure to do not convey authentic propositions, hence are obey them. Also called as non neither true or false. consequentialism, in which the system’s A. Emotivism- it submits that moral principles are obligatory regardless of the judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and consequences that actions might produce. feelings. B. Teleology- refers to the moral system that - Like exclamatory sentences, ethical determines the moral value of actions by sentences cannot be said to be either true or their outcomes or results. It takes into false. account the end result of the action as the exclusive consideration of morality. Adhere UNIVERSALISM VS RELATIVISM with consequentialism which proposes that morality is determined solely by a Moral Universalism - theorizes that moral facts and cost-benefit evaluation of the action’s principles apply to everybody in all places, also called consequences. as moral objectivism that claims that a universal ethic C. Virtue ethics- as a moral system, places exists and that this applies to all similarly situated emphasis on developing good habits of persons, regardless of nationality, race, gender etc. In character and avoiding bad habits. Focusing short, if something is right for one, then it is right for on the character of the agent, virtue ethics another. describes right actions as those chosen and performed by a suitably virtuous person. Moral Relativism- submits that different moral characters and principles apply to different persons or groups of individuals.  3. Applied Ethics - philosophically examines Human Acts VS Acts of Man specific, controversial moral issues. It Human Acts attempts to determine the ethically correct more on personal things course of action in specific realms of human an action carried out voluntarily action. they are done freely, deliberately, and voluntarily Examples: Choosing to study, helping someone, or deciding to apologize. Acts of Man more on human kinds is an involuntary action done by instinct Examples: Sneezing, breathing, or reflex actions. 3 ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF HUMAN ACT Bioethics: this concerns ethical issues The act must be free pertaining to life, biomedical researches, - the person who is doing the act must be free from medicines, healthcare, and medical external force.otherwise, the act is not his own. the profession. act must be done out of fear. Environmental ethics deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and The act must be voluntary nonhuman contents. - the act is done out of the will and decision of the Business ethics- examines moral principles people. concerning business environment which involve issues about corporate practices, The act must be deliberate business behaviors, and the conducts and - the person does it consciously; he/she knows that relationships of individuals in the he is doing the act and is aware of its organization. consequences, good or evil. Sexual Ethics studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior. Freedom - freely choosing what to do what one knows Social Ethics- it deals with what is right for a one should do. society to do and how it should act as a whole. It focus on what may be deemed as Voluntariness - this is an act of consenting or proper behavior for people as a whole. accepting a certain action whether it is done. THE HUMAN ACT AND THE ACT OF MAN How to determine? Only humans are capable of making moral choices According to AYALA (2010), humans have a moral Determinants Human Act Act of Man sense because of three conditions Knowledge Yes No 1. The ability to anticipate the consequences of Freedom Yes No one's own actions. 2. The ability to make value judgments. Voluntariness Yes No 3. The ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Human Act Human acts are classified into two kinds: - is an act on which an individual can make a conscious decision whether or not to carry out that Elicited Acts act. - Elicited acts are performed by the will and are not - it should be a voluntary act committed by an bodily externalized. individual. The act must also be done with the individual's knowledge and consent. Commanded Acts - Commanded acts are done either by man's metal or Act of Man bodily powers under the commands of will. - is the natural act of vegetative and sense faculties commanded acts are external, internal, or mixed such as digestion, the beating of the heart, growing, actions. bodily reactions and visual or auditory perceptions. Determine which part of the statement is elicited act and commanded act. - Juan thinks of going to the mall to buy a pair of sneakers. To carry out his will, he grabbed his wallet and commuted to the mall and bought the sneakers. First statement is Elicited Act Second Statement is Commanded Act - Simon, a nursing student, went to the barbershop for a haircut because his hair is longer than the required length of the program. Before he went, he thought of going to the barbershop to get a haircut for the said reason. First Statement is Commanded Act Second Statement is Elicited Act - Mr. Santos thinks of cooking his wife’s favorite dish, called Tinola to act as a peace offering. For this to happen, he went to the market and bought ingredients for the Tinola and then immediately cooked it when he went home and gave it to his wife. First Statement is Elicited Act Second Statement is Commanded Act According to Paul Glenn (1965) there are 6 elicited acts. 1. Wish - The tendency of will towards something, whether this be realizable or not. The object of wishing may include the impossible, or that which is remotely possible. A natural inclination of the will towards an object 2. Intention - The tendency of the will towards attainable but without necessarily committing oneself to attain it. 3. Consent - The acceptance of will of those needed to carry out the intention. 4. Election - The selection of the will of those means effective enough to carry out the intention. 5. Use - The command of the will to make use of those means elected to carry out the intention. 6. Fruition - The enjoyment of the will derives from the attainment of the thing he had desired earlier Three Commanded Acts 1. Internal Acts - These are acts that are done by the MIND through the command of the will 2. External Acts - These are acts that are done by the BODY through the command of the will 3. Mixed Acts - These are acts that are done by both the BODY and the MIND through the command of the will