Grade 11 Health Care Exam Review PDF

Grade 11 Health Care Exam Review Unit 1: Prefixes, Terminology, and Basics - Prefix of Direction: Prefixes that describe movement or location (e.g., ab-, ad-, circum-, peri-). - Prefix of Position: Prefixes that describe position (e.g., sub-, supra-, inter-, intra-). - Bradycardia: Slow heart rate...

Grade 11 Health Care Exam Review Unit 1: Prefixes, Terminology, and Basics - Prefix of Direction: Prefixes that describe movement or location (e.g., ab-, ad-, circum-, peri-). - Prefix of Position: Prefixes that describe position (e.g., sub-, supra-, inter-, intra-). - Bradycardia: Slow heart rate (below 60 beats per minute). - Tachypnea: Abnormally fast breathing rate (more than 20 breaths per minute). - Military Time: A 24-hour clock format; e.g., 2:00 PM is written as 1400. - Febrile: Having a fever, usually above 38°C. - Minister of Long-Term Care of Ontario: Natalia Kusendova-Bashta Unit 2: Infection Control - Chain of Infection (Six Steps): 1. Infectious Agent: - Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. - Example: Influenza virus causing the flu. 2. Reservoir: - Where the infectious agent lives and multiplies. - Example: A person with strep throat, a contaminated surface, or standing water for mosquitoes. 3. Portal of Exit: - How the infectious agent leaves the reservoir. - Example: Sneezing, coughing, blood, feces, or wound drainage. 4. Mode of Transmission: - How the infectious agent spreads from one person or place to another. - Examples: - Direct contact: Touching an infected wound. - Indirect contact: Touching a doorknob contaminated with germs. - Droplet transmission: Respiratory droplets from a cough or sneeze. - Airborne transmission: Tuberculosis bacteria traveling through the air. 5. Portal of Entry: - How the infectious agent enters a new host. - Examples: Inhalation, ingestion, or an open cut on the skin. 6. Susceptible Host: - A person who is at risk of infection due to a weakened immune system, age, or pre-existing conditions. - Example: A newborn baby, elderly person, or someone undergoing chemotherapy. (Draw in a circular format with arrows connecting each step, and label examples for clarity.) - How to Treat Fungal Infections: Use antifungal medications (topical or oral). Keep the area clean and dry. - Required Time for Handwashing: At least 20 seconds with soap and water. - PPE (Donning): 1. Hand hygiene 2. Gown 3. Mask/respirator 4. Goggles/face shield 5. Gloves Unit 3: Wound Care and Skin Conditions - Types of Burns: - First-degree: Red, non-blistered skin. - Second-degree: Blisters, swelling, severe pain. - Third-degree: White, charred, or leathery appearance; no pain due to nerve damage. - Purulent: Pus-filled drainage, indicating infection. - Exudate: Fluid or drainage from a wound (serous, purulent, sanguineous). - Positions for Repositioning: Supine, prone, Fowler’s, lateral, Sims’. - Strategies to Reduce Pressure Ulcers: - Regular repositioning. - Use pressure-relieving devices (e.g., cushions, mattresses). - Keep skin clean and dry. - Signs and Symptoms of Infection/Impetigo: - Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, pus, fever (for infection). - Blisters, crusty sores (for impetigo). - Contusion: Bruise caused by trauma. - Erythema: Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow. Unit 4: Body Systems and Endocrine Functions - Levels of Organization of the Body: - Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism. - Receptor: A sensor in the body that detects changes (e.g., temperature receptors in the skin). - Positive Feedback: A process that amplifies changes (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth). - Types of Diabetes: - Type 1: Autoimmune, no insulin production. - Type 2: Insulin resistance or insufficient insulin. - Gestational: Occurs during pregnancy. - Key Terms: - Polyuria: Excessive urination. - Polydipsia: Excessive thirst. - Polyphagia: Excessive hunger. - Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar levels. - Glucose: A sugar used as the body’s main energy source. - Insulin: Hormone that lowers blood glucose. - Role of Liver and Pancreas in Blood Glucose Regulation: The liver stores glucose as glycogen; the pancreas releases insulin and glucagon. - Normal Ranges: - Body temperature: 36.1°C to 37.2°C. - Blood glucose: 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L (fasting). - Hypertension: Systolic ≥140 mmHg and/or Diastolic ≥90 mmHg. - Organ Releasing Glucagon: Pancreas (alpha cells). Unit 5: Cancer and Medical Breakthroughs - TNM: Tumor (size), Node (lymph node involvement), Metastasis (spread). - Cancer Treatments: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy. - Levels of Organization in the Body: Revisit Unit 4. - Breast Cancer Risks: Family history, age, hormonal factors, lifestyle choices. - Osteosarcoma Metastasis: Commonly spreads to the lungs. - Henrietta Lacks: Cause of death: Cervical cancer. - HeLa Cells: Contributed to polio vaccines, cancer research, and gene mapping. Unit 6: Musculoskeletal System and Mobility - ROM (Range of Motion): Exercises to maintain joint mobility (active, passive). - Anatomical Terms of Direction: Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal. - Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), periosteum (outer layer), marrow (inner cavity). - How to Use Assistive Devices: - Cane: Hold on strong side; step with weak leg first. - Walker: Move walker forward, step into it. - Crutches: Use proper weight distribution on hands, not underarms. - Contracture: Permanent shortening of a muscle or joint. - Supination: Rotating the forearm or foot upward. Unit 7: Nervous and Cardiovascular Systems - Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information (touch, pressure, pain). - Leading Cause of Concussions: Falls, sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents. - Aorta: The largest artery, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart. - Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye). - Reflexes: Automatic responses to stimuli (e.g., knee-jerk reflex). - Major Cause of Hemorrhagic Strokes: High blood pressure leading to ruptured blood vessels. - Normal Ranges: - Respirations: 12-20 breaths per minute. - Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg. - Heart rate: 60-100 beats per minute. - Risk Factors for Hypertension (HTN): Obesity, smoking, stress, high salt intake, genetics. Application Questions - Review all application-based questions from previous tests and quizzes. Focus on scenarios related to: - Identifying symptoms. - Choosing appropriate treatments. - Applying infection control procedures. - Using medical terminology accurately. - Solving case studies related to burns, diabetes, cancer, and mobility.