Cells, Tissues, and Organs - PDF
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St. Clair College
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This document provides information about cells, their structures, functions, and types. It also details cell reproduction, metabolism, and the four types of tissue within the body. This document is likely to be a set of notes or study materials.
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2. Define a. Anatomy. ** i. Study of organs and systems b. Physiology. ** i. Study of structure and function of the organs and systems c. Histology. ** i. Study of structure too small to be seen except through a microscope 3. Describe the Basic St...
2. Define a. Anatomy. ** i. Study of organs and systems b. Physiology. ** i. Study of structure and function of the organs and systems c. Histology. ** i. Study of structure too small to be seen except through a microscope 3. Describe the Basic Structure and Function of a Cell. ** Cells are the basic unit of all living things—from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings. Without cells, life does not exist. As a basic functional unit, the cell is responsible for carrying on all life processes. There are trillions of cells in the human body, and they vary widely in size, shape, and purpose. 4. Define each structure. ❖ Nucleus ** Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. Can visualize the nucleus as the yolk of a raw egg. Within the nucleus of the cell is the nucleoplasm which is a fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair. ❖ Mitochondria ** Take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell. Work to keep the cell full of energy. This chemical energy used within cells for metabolism is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Small organelles floating freely throughout the cell. Some cells have several thousand mitochondria, such as muscle cells, while others have none, like red blood cells. Muscle cells need a lot of energy, so they have many mitochondria. Neurons or nerve cells (cells that transmit nerve impulses) don’t need as many. ❖ Cell Membrane ** Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave. It is selectively permeable, controlling the introduction of beneficial substances into the cell and the removal of waste and other substances that do not benefit the life of the cell. The cell membrane protects the cell from its surroundings. It also communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues. 5. Cell Reproduction and Division. ** Cells have the ability to reproduce, thus providing new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones. Mitosis is the normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells. As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce. Favorable conditions include an adequate supply of nutrients, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures; and the ability to eliminate waste products. Unfavorable conditions include toxins (poisons), disease, and injury, where the cell will become impaired or may be destroyed. 6. Cell Metabolism. ** A chemical process that takes place in living organisms. Metabolism converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. Metabolism also eliminates waste. These functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures. Men’s bodies contain more water than women’s bodies do. Water content differs throughout various tissues in the body Blood is made up of 83 percent water, and muscle is 75 percent water. The human brain is 73 percent water. Even bones are about 31 percent water. 7. Describe the Four Types of Tissue Found in the Body. ❖ Connective Tissue ** Supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (which separates muscles), blood, and fat, which is also called adipose tissue. Adipose stores energy and gives smoothness and contour to the body. Collagen and elastin are protein fibers, and also a part of connective tissue. ❖ Epithelial Tissue ** A protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of organs. Examples are skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands ❖ Muscle Tissue ** Contracts and moves the various parts of the body ❖ Nerve Tissue ** Carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is composed of special cells known as neurons, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord 9. List the Five Accessory Organs to the Skin. ** Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Sensory receptors 10.What part of the cell has a colorless, watery, gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair? Protoplasm ** 11.Where is deoxyribonucleic acid found? The nucleus 12.Mitochondria are organelles that float freely throughout the cell take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell. True or False? True 13.Describe selectively permeable. ** Its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others. 14.Can our cells reproduce to provide new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones? ** Yes, our cells do have the ability to reproduce to provide new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones. 15.CIMA Activity watch the video, Organs. ❖ Organs ** Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions 16. Cells structures and the role those structures play in perpetuating healthy skin and body. ❖ The Nucleus Within the nucleus of the cell is the nucleoplasm, which is a fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair. ❖ Mitochondria Mitochondria work to keep the cell full of energy. ❖ The Cell Membrane Protects the cell from its surroundings. It also communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues. Permits soluble substances to enter and leave. It is selectively permeable, controlling the introduction of beneficial substances into the cell and the removal of waste and other substances that do not benefit the life of the cell. 17. The process of cells building and reproducing.** ➔ Mitosis is the normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells. 18. How metabolism influences the development of healthy tissues. ** ➔ Metabolism converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. Metabolism also eliminates waste. 19. How body tissues combine to build various body organs and keep the body functioning in a healthy manner. ** Organs become capable of performing the complex tasks necessary for life. Each tissue type contributes its unique properties, ensuring the organs and the entire body function smoothly and remain healthy. 20. Identify the types of tissues found in the body. ** Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue 21. How two or more tissues combine together to build an organ. ** A collection of tissues that have an identifiable structure and that perform specific functions.
