Biology Notes PDF

Biology is the study of all living things. The scientific method is used by scientists to test experiments. A control group is made up of variables independent and dependent. Independent variables are measured throughout an experiment while dependent variables are manipulated through the experime...

Biology is the study of all living things. The scientific method is used by scientists to test experiments. A control group is made up of variables independent and dependent. Independent variables are measured throughout an experiment while dependent variables are manipulated through the experiment. An experimental group is where the variable has been changed. A control group is where the variable has not been changed. All living things must maintain homeostasis in order to function properly. Multicell organisms are organized as cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major classes of organic molecules. ATP is produced in the mitochondria. During cellular respiration energy stored in glucose is turned into ATP. ATP is the source of all energy in the body. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells don\'t have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. DNA needs to be duplicated before division of gametes. Meiosis is when cells divide into gametes. After meiosis 2 is cell differentiation. Glycolysis breaks down into glucose to transfer the energy to the chemical bonds of pyruvic acid. Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green color. Chloroplast is what captures the light energy in photosynthesis. Asexual reproduction is when an organism can reproduce without a mate Sexual reproduction is when an organism can produce a new genetically unique organism. DNa is coiled up into structures called chromosomes. Cell division replaces cells that die naturally. The cell cycle includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. PMAT: prophase, matephase, anaphase, and telophase. Metabolism is the chemical reaction within an organism. Homeostasis is the balance reached in a cell or organism in which all living organisms must maintain to function properly. Allele pairs separate independently during meiosis. Crossing over is when genes shuffle during meiosis. Alleles are different forms of the same gene. During translation tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes. During DNA replication 2 DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand of genes are made. Cellular is the breaking down of glucose to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen. The Krebs cycle is when pyruvic acid is metabolized. Mitosis is when the nucleus of a cell divides forming two identical nuclei. Cell differentiation is when a cell changes from a generalized cell to a cell that performs a specific task. Cell specialization is the result after cell differentiation when cells with specific functions are created. Melanin gives skin color and UV protection. In sexual reproduction there is genetic variation. Punnett squares are used to make predictions about the possible offspring. Homozygous is two identical alleles present in an organism. Heterozygous is two different alleles present in an organism. A pedigree is a diagram that shows how a trait is passed down through relations. Sex-linked traits are found more commonly in men than women. Mutations are the change of genetic material. Sickle cell disease occurs when the allele SS is found in a person. The difference of genes from one individual to another is called genetic variation. A population is a group of the same species that live in a common area.