Health And Illness PDF

Health The balance of the person, both within one's being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical Illness The imbalance of the person both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaph...

Health The balance of the person, both within one's being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical Illness The imbalance of the person both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical Healing The restoration of balance, both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical 5 steps to cultural competence 1. Personal heritage (who are you) 2. Heritage of others- demographics 3. Health and health beliefs and practices 4. Healthcare culture and system 5. Traditional healthcare systems Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) A set of 15 standards created by the office of minority health in 1997 that most healthcare agencies must meet. culturally competent Within the delivered care, the provider understands and attends to the total context of the patient's situation and this is a complex combination of knowledge, attitudes, and skills culturally appropriate The provider applies the underlying background knowledge that must be possessed to provide a patient with the best possible health Not studied (388) You haven't studied these terms yet! Select these 388 culturally sensitive The provider possesses some basic knowledge and constructive attitude toward the health traditions observed among the diverse cultural groups found in the setting in which he or she is practicing. What act declared that all recipients of federal funding must take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to people with limited English proficiency (LEP)? Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 What is the official language of the US? English What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak English at home? 79.2% What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak no English at all? 9% How many US residents speak Spanish (over the age of 5)? 37.5 million Of Spanish speaking residents over the age of 5 what % speaks no English at all? 62.9% Heritage consistency Degree to which a person's lifestyle reflects his or her traditional heritage Heritage Assessment Tool The tool that has been developed to determine how deeply a given person identifies with a traditional heritage or is acculturated into the modern, dominant culture Components of Heritage Consistency 1. Socialization (extended family, where you grew up) 2. Culture (language, folkways) 3. Religion (Historic beliefs, and religious membership and participation) 4. Ethnicity (socializes with members of same ethnic group and participates in folkways) Culture metacommunication system wherein not only the spoken words have meaning but everything else does as well Characteristics of culture 1. the medium of personhood and social relationships 2. A complex whole in which each part is related to another part 3. Learned by each person in a family and social community 4. Dependent on an underlying social matrix Ethnicity relating to large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background Ethnocentrism 1) Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. 2) overriding concern with race xenophobia a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers xenophobe one unduly fearful of what is foreign and especially of people of foreign origin How many ethnic groups of Native Americans are there? 106 How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there? 567 Religion the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. What does the US rank in weekly church attendance? 7th What % of the US is Christian? 70.6% What % of the US is Jewish 1.9% What % of the US is Buddhist? 0.7% What % of the US is Muslim? 0.9% What % of the US is religiously unaffiliated? 22.8% Acculturation The process of adapting to and becoming absorbed into the dominant culture (The process is involuntary) Socialization The process of being raised in a culture and acquiring the characterizations of that group (often occurs through schooling) How long does it take to fully acculturate? 3 generations Assimilation Becoming in all ways like the members of the dominant culture cultural conflicts events that occur when there is polarization between 2 groups and their differences are intensified by the way they are perceived Silent Generation people born between 1938 and 1945 who believe in community service and conforming to societies standards The Boomer Generation people born between 1946 and 1964 they like to work hard play hard and are often closer to friends than family Gen X people born between 1965 and 1980 who tend to only work hard if it doesn't interfere with having a good time Millennials people born between 1977 and 1994 who are very dependent on technology Gen Z people born between 1995 and 2012 characterized by independence and an eagerness to jump into life. While proficient with tech they often prefer personal interaction. 6 variables that lead to cultural conflict 1. Decade of birth 2. Generation 3. class and income 4. Language 5. Education 6. Literacy women's earnings are what % of men's? 74-80% Between 1980 and 2009 the percentage of students to complete high school went from _______ % to ________% 69% to 85.3% How many American adults scored a below basic on an English literacy test 11 million Environmental control the ability of members of a particular cultural group to plan activities that control nature or direct environment factors personal space people's behaviors and attitudes towards the space that surrounds themselves Territoriality The behavior and attitude and attitude people exhibit about an area they have claimed and defended or react emotionally to when others encroach on it in 2010 POC represented what % of the population? 36.3% (This percentage is continually growing) What is the median age of the population? 37.2 years old People aged 16-64 make up what % of the population? 62.9% People 65 and older make up what % of the population? 13% (This % is projected to grow as the baby boomers get older) Naturalization Process by which foreign born people aged 18+ can become US citizens Refugees Persons who seek residence in the US in order to avoid persecution in their country of origin Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR) any person not a citizen of the US who is residing in the US under legally recognized and lawfully recorded permanent residence as an immigrant What are the 3 leading countries of origin for LPRs? 1. Mexico (13.6%) 2. China (6.9%) 3. India (6.6%) Where did the largest % of naturalized people come from? Asia (39%) Top 3 cities of residence for LPRs 1. New York (16.9%) 2. LA (8.1%) 3. Miami (6.7%) What are the top 3 states of residence for undocumented people? 1. California 2. Texas 3. New York Top 3 states of residency for LPRs 1. California 2. New York 3. Florida physical poverty substandard housing, limited access to healthcare, poor nutrition, ext. mental poverty poor education, little opportunity, limited access to mental health services, ext. spiritual poverty despair, the experience of being disparaged and disenfranchised What is the official poverty rate? 14.8% (14.8 million people in poverty) What % of black people are impoverished? 26.2% What % of Hispanics are impoverished? 23.6% What % of white people are impoverished? 10.1% What % of children under 18 are impoverished? 21.1% How many federal programs provide aid to impoverished individuals? more than 80 What is the largest government program used to fight poverty? Medicaid followed by SNAP and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) In 2014 what % of households were headed by women? 30.5% The health people series science based 10 year national objectives designed to improve the health of all people (created by the surgeon general) health equity attainment of the highest level of health for all people health disparity a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage physical wellbeing relates to vigor and vitality, feeling very healthy and full of energy mental wellbeing being satisfied with ones life, accepting ones self, and balancing positive and negative emotions social wellbeing providing and receiving quality support from friends, family, and others What are the 3 domains of health belief? 1. Perceived susceptibility 2. Perceived seriousness 3. Perceived benefits of taking action 4 main components of the sick role 1. the sick person is exempted from the performance of certain normal social obligations 2. They are exempted from certain responsibility for their own state (they're not blamed for being sick) 3. The legitimization of the sick role is only partial (You should attempt to recover as quickly as possible) 4. Being sick except in the mildest of cases is being in need of help 4 phases of ilness 1. Onset- time when the first symptoms appear 2. Diagnosis- the disease is identified and the persons sick role is now socially accepted 3. Patient status- the person adjusts to the social aspects of being ill 4. Recovery-relinquishing of sick role and assumption of pre-illness roles 5 phases of illness 1. symptom experience 2. assumption of sick role- asks friends and family for advice 3. medical care contact stage- goes to health professionals for official diagnosis 4. the dependent patient stage- person is under control of health care providers and is expected to comply with their demands 5. The recover/rehabilitation phase Primary care clinics and local doctors offices (condition is usually stable) secondary care surgery, specialty care, and mental health care (unstable status) Tertiary Care Extensive surgery, Radiation, or other high tech care (Patient is deteriorating) Health Maintenance Everyday ways people go about living and attempting to stay well or healthy and ordinarily function within their family, community, or society. (ex. wearing a jacket in the cold or eating a balanced diet) Health protection protection of health rests on the ability to understand the cause of a certain illness or symptom and prevent it (getting vaccinated or wearing a red ribbon to protect from the evil eye) Evil eye belief that someone can project harm by gazing or staring at another's property or person (the oldest and most widespread superstition) 5 common beliefs surrounding the evil eye 1. the power emanates from the eye/mouth and strikes the victim 2. The injury/ misfortune is sudden 3. the person who cast the evil eye might not be aware 4. the afflicted may or may not know the source 5. The injury may be prevented or cured with rituals and symbols German term for evil eye aberglobin or aberglaubisch Polish term for evil eye szatan Yiddish term for evil eye kayn aynhoreh What expression is used by jewish people after giving a compliment or statement of luck to prevent the evil eye? kineahora Dybbuk wandering, disembodied soul that enters another person's body and holds fast 3 traditional practices used in the protection of health 1. The use of protective objects 2. The use of ingested substances, the removal of an item from a diet, or the hanging of substances around the body/house 3. The practices of religion Amulets sacred objects worn on a string or chain around the neck, wrist, or waist to protect the wearer from evil spirits Mano milagroso "miraculous hand" it is worn by many people of Mexican origin for luck and to ward off evil spirits mano negro placed on babies of Puerto Rican descent to ward off the evil eye (placed on wrist or pinned to diaper during early years of life) Bangles Silver bracelets that are open in order to let evil spirits out yet also closed to prevent evil from entering the body and tinkle when the wearer moves to scare away evil spirits (worn from infancy onwards by people from the west indies) What will a bangle do when you are becoming ill? tarnish and leave a black ring on your wrist Tailsman an object possessing extraordinary powers that may be worn on a rope around the waist or in a pocket or purse Ginseng used to preventively "build the blood" especially after childbirth. Tradition states that the more the root looks like a person the more effective it will be. Kosher Jewish Dietary laws which states that only fish with scales and fins can be eaten. Only certain cuts of meat from animals with a cleft hoof and chew their own cud can be consumed. Furthermore, pig and shellfish products are outright banned. Spiritualiy connotes the way we orient ourselves toward the divine, the way we make meaning out of our lives, the recognition of the presence of a spirit within us, a cultivation of a lifestyle consistent with this presence, and a perspective to foster purpose, meaning, and direction to life Virgin of Guadalupe The patron saint of Mexico who is believed to protect the person or home that is wearing her image from harm Traditional Healthcare Healthcare beliefs and practices that are observed among peoples who steadfastly maintain their heritage and observe healthcare practices derived from their ethnocultural or religious heritage Natural folk medicine (rational folk medicine) the use of the natural environment, herbs, plants, minerals, and animal substances to prevent and treat illness Magico-religious folk medicine (occult folk medicine) the use of charms, holy words, and holy actions to prevent and cure illness Purple foxglove contains the cardiotonic digitalis and is used to slow the heartrate Feverfew herb used to treat headaches Allopathy (Dualistic) A system of medicine that embraces all methods of empirical science. Scientific methodology is used to prove the value in the treatment of diseases. Homeopathic (Holistic) Sees health as a balance of the physical, mental, and spiritual whole. Homeopathic treatments are often referred to as complimentary or alternative medicine and include practices such as acupuncture and massage therapy. Alternative/Integrative therapies therapies that are not a part of ones ethnocultural background and are not widely taught in US medical schools or available at hospitals (homeopathic) (ex. A white person using acupuncture) Traditional/Ethnocultural therapies Therapies that are a part of ones ethnocultural background (homeopathic) (ex. A Chinese person using acupuncture) Aromatherapy an ancient science, presently popular, that uses essential plant oils to produce strong physical and emotional effects in the body Biofeedback the use of an electronic machine to measure skin temperatures; the patient controls responses that are usually involuntary Hypnotherapy the use of hypnosis to stimulate emotions and involuntary responses such as blood pressure Macrobiotics diet and lifestyle from the Far East adapted for the United States by Michio Kushif. The principles of this vegetarian diet consist of balancing yin and yang energies of food. Massage therapy the use of manipulative techniques to relieve pain and return energy to the body Reflexology the natural science dealing with the reflex points in the hands and feet that correspond to every organ in the body. The goal is to clear the pathways and the flow of energy through the body. Ayuvedic 4,000 year old method of healing which originated in India and is the most ancient existing medical system that uses diet, natural therapies, and herbs. Its chief aim is longevity and quality of life. It formed the foundation for Chinese medicine. cuanderismo Traditional Mexican system of healthcare originating in Spain and derived from the traditional practices of indigenous Indian and Spanish Health practices Qi gong form of Chinese traditional medicine which combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (vital energy) to improve circulation and enhance the immune system Reiki A Japanese form of therapy which is based on the belief that when spiritual energy is channeled through a practitioner the patients spirit is healed which in turn heals the physical body Santeria A syncretic religion composed of both African and Catholic beliefs that is practiced among Puerto Rican and Dominican individuals Voodoo A religion that combines Christian and African Yoruba religious beliefs Origin of Homeopathic medicine created between 1790 and 1810 by Samuel C. Hahnemann in Germany Law of similars in homeopathy A substance that is used to treat a certain set of symptoms is the same substance if given to a healthy person would cause the symptoms Osteopathy Uniquely American branch of medicine created by Dr. Still in 1847. DO's in addition to using allopathic techniques to cure patients also perform manipulations of the bones, muscles, and joints as therapy Chiropractic treatment consisting of manipulation to eradicate subluxations in order to resume normal transmission of "mental impulses" between the brain and the body organs (often focused on around the spine) Christian Science Turn to the bible and pages of science and health for answers to humanities deepest questions (they are free to implement any form of therapy they feel comfortable with) NCCIH- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health Federal government agency in charge of scientific research on complementary and integrative health approaches complimentary medicine term used to describe when a nonmainstream therapy is used in combination with a mainstream one (ex. taking a muscle relaxant and going to a chiropractor) Alternative Medicine When a nonmainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine Integrative health the process of incorporating complementary approaches towards medicine into mainstream healthcare What portion of Americans seek healthcare from a place outside of their doctors office? 1/3 What % of Americans use solely alternative medicine? 5% What % of American adults have used a dietary supplement other than vitamins/minerals? 17.7% How much money do Americans spend annually on complementary/ alternative medicine? $33.9 billion out of pocket 3 theories why people seek alternative care 1. Dissatisfaction with allopathic care 2.Need for personal control 3. Philosophical congruence - aligns with their religious/spiritual views Telotherapy Spiritual healing St. Blaise patron saint of those with throat diseases St. Odilia patron saint of blindness St. Dymphna Saint of Mental Illness Callery Pear tree shrine found in the rubble of the world trade center Tomb of Menachem Mendel Schneerson shrine located in Queens, New York where Jewish people gather to receive healing Shrine of our lord of Esquipuals Located in Chimayo, New Mexico eating the dirt from this shrine is believed to cure illness Lourdes, France Site where the Virgin Mary appeared to Bernadette Soubrious (there have been 67 accepted miracle cures here) Shrine of Our Lady of Montserrat Statue of black Madonna in Barcelona, Spain Fatima, Portugal Place where Mary appeared to 3 Shepard children which is now a site for pilgrimages What religious group uses the laying on of hands for healing? Mormons spiritual healing The cause of the illness is sin and the cure is repentance Inner healing Cause is emotional or mental distress; arises from the conscious or subconscious mind. Focus on healing the person's memory Physical Healing Healing a bodily illness, such as leprosy (often through some sort of prayer) deliverance or exorcism when the body or mind are victims from evil from the outside, exorcism is used herbalists plant experts who use their knowledge of plants to heal limpia cleansing What are considered the most important days in a baby's early life? 3rd, 7th, 8th, and 40th days What happens on the 8th day of life for a male Muslim baby? a lock of their hair is cut and then his forehead is sprinkled with sheep's blood (the hair is then weighed and the weight of it was given to the poor) When are Jewish boys circumcised? on the 8th day of life When are Muslim boys circumcised? on the 7th day of life When are Christian children baptized? on the 8th or 40th day of life Adhan words whispered into a babies right ear upon birth by Islamic fathers In Haiti what color represents death? White How long is the Jewish mourning period? 7 days How long after the burial do Muslim people hold the ceremony? 2 days What is placed in the orifices of Chinese people to prevent the entrance of evil spirits? jade stones When was the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act passed? 1938 Beliefs of healthcare workers standardized dualistic definitions of health and illness, and the omnipotence of technology Practices of healthcare workers the maintenance and protection of health or prevention of disease through such mechanisms of avoidance of stress, the use of immunizations, and the high use of costly medications; and the annual physical examinations and diagnostic procedures such as pap smears Habits of healthcare workers charting, the constant use of medical jargon, the use of problem-solving methodology, dependence on electronic monitors Dislikes of healthcare workers tardiness, disorganization, and disorderliness Customs of healthcare workers professional deference and adherence to the pecking order found in autocratic and bureaucratic systems, handwashing and the ritual scrubbing procedures, and the use of certain procedures regarding death/birth Expectations of healthcare workers recovery no matter the cost or consequence of the the therapies expended Why is healthcare so expensive? 1. advances in medical science and associated tech/pharmaceuticals 2. The advent of widespread health insurance What is the annual price of healthcare in the US? $2.919 trillion What is the biggest buisness in the US? Healthcare When was the Affordable Care Act passed? 2010 What country has the highest infant mortality rate? Afghanistan 115.05 per 1,000 births What country has the lowest infant mortality rate? Monaco 1.82 per 1,000 births What is the infant mortality rate in the US? 5.98 per 1,000 births What is the rank of the US for infant mortality rates? 174th What year is the cutoff used to compare healthcare costs and events? 1960 3 ways medicine is used as a form of social control 1. Determines how you should live your life (don't smoke, eat a low salt-diet, ect.) 2. Retains absolute control over certain technologies 3. people use medical jargon to try and get laws passed (it would be good for the health of the economy) medical care the art and science of the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health Native Americans make up what % of the US population? 1.2% or 5.4 million people What is the median age of the Native American population? 31.4 years What is the life expectancy for a Native American person? 73.7 years How many states do Native Americans occupy? 26 Native American idea of health total harmony with nature and having the ability to survive under exceedingly difficult circumstances How do Native Americans divide the body? they divide the body into 2 halves (one positive and one negative) and they believe that every being possesses 2 energy poles which can be spiritually influenced NAtive American idea of identity every being has a purpose and identity that he or she is able to control which is what kindles the spirit Duklij a turquoise or green malachite amulet that may be used among American Indians to ward off evil spirits and bring rain Native American view of illness there is a reason for every sickness or pain; illness is the price to pay for either something that happened in the past or something that will happen in the future Kusiut a reference term for an American Indian medicine man; a "learned one" How do the Hopi people diagnosis illness their medicine man meditates often using the help of a crystal ball or jimsonweed to enter a trance and see whats wrong What do Native Americans use to treat fever? A plant that smells like lightning What are the 3 types of divination practiced by the navajo people to diagnosis illness? 1. Motion in the hand 2. Stargazing 3. Listening How do the Navajo treat illness singing (a specific set of chants) Motion of the hand sand or pollen sprinkled around the sick person and the medicine man closes their eyes and begins to move their hand while a song is played. They then begin to think of different illness and when their hand begins to move in a specific pattern they know what's wrong. This ceremony may also incorporate sand paintings. This skill cannot be learned and must be acquired suddenly as a gift. Sand paintings Native American technique to diagnosis illness in which white, blue, yellow, and black sand are spread around while chanting occurs Stargazing Native American diagnostic technique in which singing occurs and a star shoots a ray of light which determines the cause of the illness. This technique must be learned and sandpainting is often included. Listening Native American diagnostic tool similar to stargazing except it relies on the sounds that can be heard What do Native Americans see as the first step to gaining control of consciousness? Purification Dandelion Used by Native Americans to increase the flow of milk from a breatfeeding mother Thistle Used by Native Americans to relieve the prickly sensation in the throats of people who live in the desert How do Native Americans treat colds? witch hazel and sweet flag How do Native Americans treat sore throats? Comfrey How do Native Americans treat diarrhea? Elderberry Flowers How do Native Americans treat headaches? Tansy and sage How do Native Americans treat ear infections? skunk oil How do Native Americans treat mouth sores? Dried raspberry leaves What are drums used for in Native American healing? drums are used to help alter the human state of consciousness and interfere with the negative work of spirits What ethnic group can expect the highest rates of disease and lowest life expectancy? Native Americans What proportion of Native Americans live in abject poverty? 1/3 What is the suicide rate for Native Americans ages 15-24 29.1 per 100,000 people Ghost sickness a preoccupation with death and the deceased frequently observed in Native Americans Signs of fetal alcohol syndrome 1. Abnormal height, weight, and head circumference 2. Central nervous system problems 3. A smooth philtrum, a thing vermillion border, and small palpebral fissures What % of Native Americans live in urban areas? 70% IHS (Indian Health Service) Federal program in charge of providing health services to Native Americans How many sections is the IHS divided into? 12 Native American communication style - low tone of voice - Don't ask too many questions - Note taking is taboo What % of the US population is Asian? 5.3% How many languages are spoken by Asian people? over 30 More than half of all Asian people live in which 3 states? 1. Hawaii 2. California 3. Washington What 3 cities have the largest asian populations? 1. Honolulu 2. New York 3. LA Chinese definition of health a state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature Taoism teaches harmony between humans and nature, charity, happiness, and long life What are the 5 elements in asia? - wood - fire - earth -metal -water Buddhism teaches harmony/nonconfrontation, respect for life, moderation in behavior, self-discipline, patience, and humility Confucianism teaches the achievement of harmony through observing the 5 basic hierarchical roles and relationships of society, such as the ruler and the ruled and the father and son 2 main components in treating disease in Asia 1. local pathological changes are always considered to be in conjunction with other tissues and organs of the entire body 2. the body and external environment are extremely interrelated yang heaven, light, dynamic, and male forces = protects the body from outside sources yin Earth, darkness, static, and female forces = vital strength of life What do Asian people believe causes illness? an imbalance of yin and yang what body parts are yin? inside of the body, the front of the body, and the fu structures - gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, and "warmer" what body parts are yang? surface of the body, back of the body, and 5 ts'ang viscera- liver, heart, spleen, lungs, and kidney When do your yin forces deplete and what is the effect? its half way depleted at 40 = lethargy and fully depleted at 60= bodily deterioration What seasons are yin? winter and spring what seasons are yang? summer and fall Shen Nung Red emperor who performed 70 experiments where he ingested plants to find out their effects Nei Ching The book that holds the entirety of ancient chinese medical knowledge How do the chinese view their body? A gift given by their parents which they are responsible for taking care of (not their personal property) what organs are considered noble in China? heart and liver fu 5 hollow organs ts'ang 5 solid organs which collect and store secretions glossoscopy Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by examining the tongue Osphretics Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by listening and smelling Anamnesis Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by asking questions sphygmopalpation Traditional Chinese medical way of diagnosing a health problem by palpating the pulse how do chinese physicians feel for the pulse? they use their 3 middle fingers In traditional chinese medicine how many pulses are there and where are they located? 6; 3 in each hand In traditional chinese medicine how many ways is there to characterize a pulse? 15 ways 7 piao or superficial and 8 li or sunken how many conditions can be diagnosed with a glososcopic examination? over 100 Jade stone seen as the giver of children, immortality, wisdom, power, victory, growth, and food in China Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles at specific points on the body to cure diseases or to ease pain. Meridians specific points on the body where needles are inserted in acupuncture based on the therapeutic value of cold (used when there is excess yang) How many meridians are there? 365 Moxibustion Therapy used when there is too much yin which involves heating mugwort and passing it over certain meridians Cupping placing a heated cup on the skin to create a slight suction the purpose is to remove cold or damp evils from the person Bleeding usually performed using leeches this process is performed to remove heat from the body Tui Na A complex Chinese system of massage, "pushing and pulling," using meridian stimulation used to treat orthopedic and neurological problems When can ginseng be harvested? only at midnight on a full moon what can ginseng not touch while being prepared? metal deer antlers strengthen bones and dispel nightmares lime calcium used to clear excessive mucus Quicksilver used externally to treat venereal diseases rhinocerous horn applied to pus boils and used to treat snake-bites turtle shells used to stimulate weak kidneys and remove gallstones Who is the primary healer in China? physicians How did chinese male physicians treat women they would tie a ribbon to a woman's wrist or use an alabaster figure to point to areas of pain When was Ayurvedic medicine introduced to America? 1984 what % of people in india live in rural areas? 70% What proportion of rural Indians use Ayurvedic medicine? 2/3 Dosha the patient's basic condition; understanding dosha is central to Ayurvedic medicine What is seen as the source of life in chinese medicine? blood which they do not believe is restored = hesitant to have bloodwork done Asian view of mental health extreme amount of stigma around it Hwa-byung fear of death and tiredness from the resulting imbalance between reality and anger Koro Fear in some Asian cultures of genitals retracting into the abdomen causing death Taijin Kyofusho Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others What percentage of the US population is black? 13.2% What city has the largest black community? New York What county has the largest black population? cook county, Illinois what portion of black people live in urban areas? 1/2 What % of slaves brought from Africa were muslim? between 10-30% African belief about life life is a process rather than a state and such a person is viewed more as an energy force than as matter What is illness primarily blamed on in African American beliefs? demons and evil spirits what are the 3 practices African culture use to maintain health 1. 3 nutritious meals a day (breakfast is hot) 2. Rest and a clean environment 3. Laxatives to keep the system open and running Asafetida a rotten gum resin that looks like a dried out sponge and has an awful smell worn by Africans around the neck to prevent contagious disease cod oil used to prevent colds sulfur and molasses Used in the spring in black communities as a mixture rubbed on the back or ingested to cleanse the intestines What might be born on a black girls wrist? copper or silver bracelets used to protect the wearer as she grows and to indicate illness (a black ring will appear) The 3 most common practices to treat illness in black communities 1. prayer 2. laying of the hands 3. rooting Sugar and turpentine mixture used to get rid of worms or cure a backache use for potatoes in black culture grated to make a poultice which is placed on the body and believed to remove illness when it turns black cornmeal and peach leaves used as an antiseptic in African American culture onions in black culture used to heal infection flaxseed poultice used to treat earaches goldenrod root used to treat pain and reduce fevers sassafras tea used to treat colds bluestone a mineral applied to the skin to treat inflammation and poison ivy how do you fix a "crick" in the neck? form an x with 2 pieces of silverware over the effected area African American contraceptive 9 drops of turpentine on a sugarcube 9 days after intercourse salt + pork placed on a rag to treat cuts and wounds Hot Toddies tea with honey, lemon, peppermint, and a dash of alcohol used to treat colds and congestion what are raw onions on the feet used for? to break a fever Who tended to be leaders in Voodoo women Good gris-gris powders and oils with a good scent Bad gris-gris powders and oils with a vile odor flying devil oil olive oil with red coloring and cayenne pepper black cat oil Machine oil geophagy the practice of eating earth, dirt or clay What were pregnant slaves often given to eat? clay How often do muslims pray a day? 5 times How long do muslims fast 30 days from sunrise to sundown during the month of ramadan sickle cell anemia a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape (targets black individuals) what % of children with sickle cell anemia live to adulthood? 50% How much longer do white people live than black people on average in America? 5.7 years How much more likely are black women to be incarcerated than white women? 3x what portion of black children have at least 1 parent under community or correctional supervisions? more than 2/3 Who tends to be the head of the household in black families? women Boufee deliriante (Haiti) sudden outburst of agitated and aggressive behavior, confusion or occasional hallucinations Falling out sudden collapse without warning Zar person possessed by a spirit who may weep, laugh, hit their head against a wall, or sing Brain fog physical and mental exhaustion, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, sleep/appetite problems pallor absence of underlying red tones in brown skinned people which causes them to appear yellow or ashen grey Erythema Inflammation must be detected using palpation to look for warmth and tightness of the skin cyanosis in people with dark skin you must look for cyanosis in the lips, tongue, palms, and soles of the feet Jaundice in dark skinned people look for yellowing of the sclera, buccal mucosa, and palms/soles Keloids raised scar formed on black patients Pseudofolliculitis Razor bumps common in black patients Melasma patchy tan discoloration of the face in black women during pregnancy What is the largest minority group in America? Hispanic/Latino What portion of the US population do hispanic people make up? 17.3% What percentage of hispanic people are from Mexico? 63% Hispanic view of health health is either the result of luck or a gift from god as a reward for good behavior (people are still expected to maintain this health by creating an internal equilibrium) 5 causes of illness in hispanic culture 1. body imbalance 2. dislocation of body parts 3.magic or supernatural events 4.strong emotional states 5.Envidia What are the 4 humors? 1. blood - hot and wet 2. phlegm - cold and wet 3. black bile - cold and dry 4. yellow bile - hot and dry Empacho The traditional Hispanic belief that a ball of food is stuck in the stomach. How is empacho treated? rubbing and gently pinching the spine as well as reciting prayers caida de la mollera fallen fontanel, traditional Hispanic belief that the fontanel falls if the baby's head is touched by the nurse or physician Why does a baby experience caida de la mollera? severe dehydration Brujas hispanic witches who use black magic Curanderos hispanic practitioners who use white magic Herbrias Traditional Hispanic word for a person who sells herbs, amulets, and talismans. mal ojo bad eye, traditional Hispanic belief that excessive admiration by one person can bring harm to another Susto hispanic illness arising from fright in which the soul is able to leave the body and wander freely Envidia hispanic beleif that envy causes disease 4 hispanic magico-religious practices 1. making promises to god or a saint 2. visiting shrines 3. offering medals and lighting candles 4. offering prayers Retablo a painting on wood or a piece of medal that depicts a healing miracle milagros "miracles" or small offering given to a saint in thanks for answering a persons prayers curandero/curandera folk healer, someone who uses prayers, herbs, and the laying on of hands to heal; from Spanish "curar", to heal how do curanderos receive "the gift of healing" 1. they are born with it 2. they learn it via an apprenticeship 3. they receive a calling through a dream, trance, or vision materia spanish spirit channeler partera spanish lay midwives What are the 2 ways that limpias are performed? 1. passing and unbroken egg over the ill person 2. passing herbs tied in a bunch over the ill person Orishas The hundreds of various Yoruba deities who are the main objects of ritual attention Ataque screaming, falling to the ground, wildly moving arms and legs, and hysterically crying Fatigue ailment with asthma like symptoms Pasmo form of paralysis celos jealousy coraje rage tirisia anxiety what % of migrant workers are hispanic? 90% what % of migrant workers live below the poverty line? 80% what % of the US population identifies as white? 77.4% what % of the US population identifies as white alone? 62.1% Europeans compromise what % of new immigrants? 11.9% what are the 3 largest white ethnic groups in America? 1. German 2. Irish 3.English What state has the highest % of white people? maine German definition of health a state of well being-physically and emotionally- the ability to do your duty; positive energy to do things; and the ability to do, think, and act the way you would like why do german people wear shawls? to protect themselves from drafts castor oil/ black draught constipation chicken soup used for diarrhea or vomiting as well as a sore throat peppermint tea stomachaches salbec tea used to treat toothaches chamomile compress used to treat ringworm honey and milk or lemon juice and whiskey cough or cold goose fat rubbed on the chest for congestion warm oil placed in the ear to treat earaches a hard knife (cold metal) used to treat physical injuries like bumps senna-leaf treats constpation gugel mugel warm milk with butter, whiskey, and honey used to treat coughs urine treatment clean cuts spider webs used to clean scratches swamp root polish diuretic What % of the US population claims italian heritage? 17.4% where do italian americans believe congenital abnormalities come from? unsatisfied desire for food during pregnancy what do italians believe will happen if a pregnant woman is not given food that she smells? she will miscarry Favism A condition in which people who eat fava beans suffer from hemolytic anemia; associated with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Common in italians. Thalassemia inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia heritage culture, ethnicity, religion embraced in the processes of socialization demographics the changing picture of the United States and the challenges of the demographic factors what are the core 4 focuses in the cultural care circle 1. Vulnerability 2. Resilience 3.Responsibility 4. Consequences How many languages are spoken in the US? 350+