US History: Election of 1800 PDF

​ Who ran in the Election of 1800? What were their challenges? John Adams was a federalists and was the president as the second president. He runs again in the 1800s but he is also going against Thomas Jefferson is representing the democratic republicans. The Federalists were facing the problems...

​ Who ran in the Election of 1800? What were their challenges? John Adams was a federalists and was the president as the second president. He runs again in the 1800s but he is also going against Thomas Jefferson is representing the democratic republicans. The Federalists were facing the problems was spending a lot of money for war along with the alien and sedition act. All of the acts were made to make the federalists party better even though they became more disliked by this. They party has now been divided. Jefferson’s running mate is Aaron Burr. There is a lot of name calling and words being thrown around to get the other people out of the campaign. Jefferson was being accused of killing a woman and her children from a loan and the fact that he was having sexual relations with Sally Hemmings. ​ How did Jefferson end up winning? Jefferson won with the ⅗ compromise and Aaron Burr in New York. Most of the south like Jefferson and there were a lot of slaves in the South so there were a lot more votes from there and they electoral colleges helped heighten his votes. The big problem is that Jefferson and Burr got the same number of votes. The congress, house of representatives, decided as said in the constitution. Hamilton helps use his spot in government to sway people's decisions to vote for Jefferson. ​ When was Jefferson inaugurated and what were his previous qualifications? He is inaugurated in washington DC in 1801 and it is a big deal because it is the new capital. He was the secretary of state, he was the vice president, and he was the diplomat with France. ​ Why is this called the “revolution of 1800”? There are two reasons why it is called this the first is that Jefferson wants to return the country to the original spirit of the nation. He wants the idea of the smaller central government and the checks and balances to keep more power in the hands of the states. Another reason is that it is what happened. The federalists had to give over all their power to the other political party being the democratic republican. When this happens there is usually a form a violence for this reason but in 1800 people voted there was a little bit of a problem with the tie but it gets fixed. There is no blood shed or violence and it was a very peaceful transfer which was never heard of as seen in Europe. ​ What did Jefferson say in his inaugural address? You can see the amazing writer that wrote all of this. He says that the majority will always win but the minority should not be oppressed because they still have rights so they should not be oppressed by the majority. When he takes office he does not want to have animosity between the parties he wants them to work together because they are all federalists and republican democrats in the end. He lets the people in the adams administration still there. He was honest friendship will all nations but alliances with none of them. ​ What changes did Jefferson make from the Federalist administration? He does let the sedition act fall and changes the alien act from 14 years to 5 years. He does keep the rest of the things from the Federalists. The writers that were affected by the sedition acts were pardoned because they were prosecuted by an unconstitutional act. This was because it gave away freedom of speech and freedom of press. He keeps Hamilton’s financial system but he take away the excise tax which was taxing whiskey. Jefferson was concerned about the farmers because he wants an agrarian nation and the farmers help get him into office. This was not very good because it made their economy. He wanted to make the central government smaller but he did not succeed. He did make the army smaller though because he was concerned that if it as larger it would start a dictatorship. Jefferson likes the smaller ships in the navy and is not as concerned with the dictatorship. ​ What did Jefferson leave intact? Why? He does not touch the bank of the united states he will also keep funding at par and assumption how they are. Even though he did not like them he knew that they were for the good of the country so he keeps them. ​ How did Adams and the Federalist Congress respond to Adams losing reelection? 1804 the supreme court or judicial branch is now coming in to play. John Adams loses the presidency this was called the lame duck period, the time from when the new president is elected and then when they was sworn in. Adams and the federalists did not want to sit so they put the Judiciary act of 1801. This created 59 new federal judges and some justices of the peace. The idea behind doing this was to make sure that there were no more federalists governments but if they put in the judges they would be using their federalist views to keep the federalists in the government. The people are approved and these people were known as the midnight judges. The last step was that they needed commission that said that they were federal judges. John Marshall is the secretary of state for John Adams, he is a federalist, he was very smart and he wanted him to be in the government so he decides to make him the chief justice of the supreme court. The secretary of state is the person that sends the commissions so when he is now the chief that he can no longer send it. Jefferson is now sworn in. His secretary of state is James Madison and he sees the commissions. He was told to not deliver them because then the federalists would take their seats. ​ Explain what leads to the case of Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury was supposed to be the justice of peace he was approved but when his commission was never sent he was told he did not have his job. He sues under the Judiciary act of 1789 and he asks for a writ of mandamus from the supreme court. This is asking him to make James Madison give him the commission to give him the job. What does John Marshall decide in Marbury v. Madison? John Marshall decides that yes William Marbury has a right to his commission. He also says that yes James Madison was wrong for not delivering those commissions. Lastly he says no William Marbury does not get his job because part of the judiciary act of 1789 that he was using was unconstitutional. The supreme court gives itself the power of judicial review which is extremely important. This gives them the right to decide if the actions that are being made are constitutional or unconstitutional to keep the safety of the citizens rights from the constitution from being violated by the acts and laws that were passed. John Marshall protects the executive branch because he showing that it was unconstitutional and good they did not go on with the setting out the law since it would have been unconstitutional actions. This was a very good check for the judicial. What circumstances led to the Tripolitan War? The United States made a treaty to with pirates to keep the people there safe, bribes to pirates off the bibery coast. They were getting paid since Adams so that they may not hurt our people. Jefferson takes office and he has very new ideas and he says that he is not going to pay them. Due to this the tripolian were waging war since they were not getting their money. Jefferson did not want to have to pay to use the ocean. So he sends the navy but it is not a huge win because in the end we had to give them $60,000 which was said to be ransom for the prisoners. How was the war resolved? What led to the purchase of the Louisiana Territory? Thomas Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers so he needed more land which became an issue because they started running out of and there was no more space for others to have the land they need to be self reliant as a farmer. Europe in 1800, Napoleon was running around in Europe so he negotiated with Spain to give france back the territory that france had given spain after the french and indian war. They got this land for thanking spain for staying with france through the french and indian war. Spain gave the land back but there is now a problem because it was messing up the trading in america and the trading on the mississippi river. Now the pinckney treaty is messed up. Jefferson wanted to fix this for the farmers because those are his voters and the people that he wants the nation to be. James Monroe is sent to france to offer the french $10 million for the new orleans land. They meet with the french ambassadors and it is good because Napoleon no longer wanted the land to he said i will give you new orleans and everything of the west of the mississippi river for $15 million. Jefferson is freaked out but the land was bought from France and it doubled the size of the United States. This led us into war and things that were never thought of due to this land. From whom was the territory purchased? What were the effects of the Purchase on the US? Pretty much got rid of most foreign affairs or presence in America-no significant european power in north america… kind of. This is because there is still a presence of British from the treaty of paris and they are in their forts. Thomas Jefferson is not okay with the terms of the treaty because he knows that it is unconstitutional because it did not permit the sale of foreign lands. This did not got him in trouble with congress because it was a lot of land for cheap so they were allowing the treaty. This land was bought for farming. There was an exploration of this area by luis and clark and this was a 2 year trek to look for a water route to the pacific ocean, there is not one but they make it to the pacific ocean. They draw maps, flower, and animals into journals that all telling about. Sacagawea was the one that lead them ways to look at the land and she also spoke many different native languages. She and her husband are helping these men around the area. While she is guiding she finds her brother that was taken. Zebulon pike was another explorer. ​ What was Jefferson’s foreign policy goal? Remain neutral with all nations because he does not want to entangle alliances. There are many challenges through because american ships are being stopped, boarded, and then being impressed, impressment, to use the ships are their own navy this is from mainly britain. There is also british in the great lake region. Jefferson wants us to learn to build because we are relying too much on britain for the goods. There are various wars that break out in war. Britain declares war on france. Jefferson wants to remain neutral since they still want to trade with both. ​ What were the Orders in Council? How did the French respond? 1807 coles european french ports to foreign shipping unless the vessels first stop in britain. They french were not okay with that so they start seizing merchant ships that have entered british ports. Those ships were mainly the US ships. British set up a blockade just to make the trade a little harder for us. British are impressing the american soldiers and they are still on the Great lakes ​ Describe the Chesapeake Incident. Also known as the chesapeake affair there is a ship off the coast and it is stopped by the leopard which was a british ship. THe captain of the leopard wanted the chesapeake captain to give the soldiers that abandoned their role. The leopard fires on the chesapeake there are three american sailors killed and the men were still taken off the chesapeake. This does not begin the war of 1812 though because they still wanted to stay neutral and get it to all go away in a day.  ​ What was the Non-Importation Act (1806)? The united states were going to ban british imports that could be made in the united states or obtained from somewhere else. ​ Explain the Embargo Act and its effects. Thomas jefferson does not want anymore haggle with the other nations so the embargo act was put into place which was peaceful coercion. Jefferson does not want to go to war he want to not have enemies so congress passed this act and it bans the americans to export anything to europe. He thinks that if they are at war they are going to need things like food so they will finally see how much Americans were needed. The imports dropped by half and their exports dropped by %80. Port cities and ship building industries were also affected since they were also not exporting anything. Farmers were not able to sell their items so they are just sitting on a lot of items. In new england colonies there are a lot of federalists while the south are for the democratic republicans. There is smuggling happening and they start to talk about succeeding from the union but the northern states. James madison is now the president so in 1809 while jefferson is still in congress repeals the embargo act. The economy is not good so they put a solution which was a non-intercourse act. This act said that the United States could trade with everyone but great britain and france. This was put into act with jefferson is still in office. ​ How does Congress respond in 1809? ​ Why did the act not hurt Great Britain and France? Jefferson overestimated how much britain and france needed them because they were able to look other ways to get the things they needed. France was getting their things from the south because they were able to make their own things. They also steal cargo off the american ships.  ​ How did it benefit America? Old factories that were maybe not used at 100% so they started to work harder to make things that they were originally getting from the europeans. Jefferson gets the farmers to get the embargo act to help them but the manufacturing was the thing that was growing instead. ​ When did Madison became President and who did he beat? 1809 and he runs for the democratic republicans and he runs against charles pinckney. The federalists really wanted to win and they were showing the embargo act but it was not enough to win. Madison is now president and these pieces of legislation there is now a new piece of legislator and it is called macon’s bill no. 2. ​ What was Macon’s Bill No. 2? How did Madison wind up back at the Embargo Act? United states will trade with all nations except france and great britain but if france of great britain lift their trade restrictions against the united states they will then trade with that one nation and continue the embargo against the other. Napoleon says that he will lift his trade restriction if britain repeals the orders in council. The us gives britain to repeal the order in council. Before the three months are up the us is walking into the trick that they are going to embargo france for three months. We are no longer neutral and we have chosen frances side on this. ​ What was the effect of the Election of 1810? The election of 1810 is a congressional election and now people are going to the house of representatives. A lot of jeffersonian republicans are being there. These men are called the war hawks and they are there to convince us to be with war with britain. They do not like how the natives are being used by the britain and these men are going begin the war. Two men kentucky and south carolina henry clay and john c calhoun. ​ Who were Tecumseh and the Prophet? The native americans have never accepted the terms of the treaty of paris of 1783. They did not agree but they were affected a lot. They wanted their land back and the native were encouraging this want for land and war. Tecumseh who is the leader of a tribe. He is trying to form a native american confederacy and they are living west of the mississippi river. The prophet is tecumseh brother and he was getting them to change back to how they used to dress and stop using things that are from the white man so the problem is that they have sold land to the men and they can not get that back. They are also negotiating with british for their land back. Native americans are moving into prophets town and it is in the indiana territory. The people and harrison there are now seeing a bigger area of natives near their area and tecumseh is leaving to get another tribe and told the prophet to not do anything. Harrison and the army was getting the native to fight and they lost the battle of tippecanoe and the natives were then siding with the british instead of the americans. Now that the war hawks have found out the fact that the british were giving things to the natives it only strengthened the want for war ​ What conflicts occurred between the brothers (Tecumseh & the Prophet) and William Henry Harrison? How did this lead to war? ​ Describe Madison’s declaration of war. Congress declares war on British in 1812 with the ask of the president. President cannot declare war because it would give them too much power. Right now there is a lot of division and sectionalism in different regions of the country. North does not want to go to war as much as the south and the west. The warhawks really want to go to war and defeat britain. ​ What was the early war like on land & at sea? British forces are weak so they came up with a three pronged approach which should have just been montreal. This was a bad plan because all their army members are spread out which results in their defeat in detroit and the great lakes. British and american ships are on the great lakes but the american navy is not very good and was outnumbered due to only having 16 ships. Americans want to win really bad and the navy wants to prove themselves as a nation that is just as good as others and they want to get back at britain for their impressment. There are good gunners on the ships and good sailors that are able to hurt the british. Oliver Hazard Harry he wins at the battle of lake erie. This in 1813 and it is an american win harry says that he met the enemy and they are ours. This win is followed by october 1813 battle of the thems and it was an american win again. Temchumsa died here. ​ What happened to Washington D.C. during the War? East Coast there is fighting in the great lakes and there is a blockage. The british will try to hurt the big eastern coast cities and DC. They want to get DC because it is the capital. They enter in 18.. and they burn the capital down. Madison leaves because he is not supposed to be there so his wife Dolly knew that there were things that could not be destroyed so she went around getting things and they sending them outside of washington so that the british would not burn it this included the declaration of independence. ​ What happened at Fort McHenry? This is a fort in baltimore port and there was a battle that rages all night long. Francis Scott Key was left in the british ship so he writes a poem about what he saw in the window of the ship. This was an american win and the star spangled banner was made in the poem. ​ How did Andrew Jackson contribute to the war? He is a future president and he is fighting the creek tribe of natives and he is fighting them because the natives and the british were teamed up to defeat the americans in horseshoe bend is destroying the native american military in the south and this was a very big win but the bigger victory is in the battle of new orleans. This battle was a huge win because in a half an hour inflicted 2000 casualties on the british. There was a problem with this battle though because after the treaty of ghent is signed ending the war they did not put jackson in jail but instead they thanked him. This would be different now because this information would have not reached him about the treaty and the peace ​ How did the Federalists act during the war? They did not like it so they try to shine lights into the ocean so that when the american ships were leaving so the british ships would know if the ship was trying to break the blockage. ​ What happened at the Hartford Convention? What was the significance? This was a secret meeting in december 1814 with 5 states mas. Con. rod. Ver. and new hamp. these are all in the new england region they met in hartford and they want money from washington to compensate for the money they lost earlier for the embargo act. They wanted ⅔ vote in congress before the another embargo is put out. They want the ⅗ compromise gone because getting rid of this would help them make a more fair since now the southern region was growing and the slaves were being brought in due to needing more hands. They want to limit the president to 1 term and lastly they do not want 2 presidents from the same states. They present to congress but it kind of hurts them because then they figure out about the treaty of ghent which makes everyone happy so when they came mad no one wanted to hear it. SECESSION SUCCESSION Secession is leaving the union while succession means that the meaning of what is next. ​ Who proposed peace first? Why did Britain eventually give in? Alexander the 1st of russia wants peace because he wants to trade with the us and the british but he also wants to make sure that the seas are safe for his ships. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay go to belgium to negotiate the treaty. They want the land back that they lost during the war. Antebellum means the time period before the war. Great britain wants the land back they they had antebellum too. Britain gives into the terms because they are a little more concerned about what was happening in the US. Treaty was reached on christmas eve with an armistice or an end to fighting, the prisoners will be returned and the people that took land will give it back to the original owner. The british agree to evacuate their western post. Impressments, shipping rights, and the native americans are not stated in the treaty. The war is now at a draw since neither really win or lose there is a shift in europe because there is less war and now they focus in more on Africa and Asia so they start to leave the united states alone for now. This was a second war for independence for America. ​ What did the Treaty of Ghent say? ​ How was the War of 1812 viewed? ​ What were the major effects of the war? America gets more respect, diplomats are respected more and they have a better chance of being able to negotiate with the other nations, nationalism is able to be focused on, new war heros are there, the native americans lose more land and they no longer have britain as an ally, growth of manufacturing due to the low trade, and the US is going to look towards expansion. Nationalism was the pride in the country. This pride was shown in literature, textbooks, art, and economy. This was shown in the headless horseman. James Fenimore Cooper wrote a book called last malwikens. The painting are being made to show the strength of the americans. This will not last very long though. ​ What did the different regions of the country have to offer? There is some agriculture but the industries are on the rise in the north and many immigrants are going north. The south is still with cash crops there is a new cash crop which is cotton. This means that there will be more slaves in the south. ​ Which President proposes the American System and what are the three points to unite the regions? 1815 the american system was made to unite the south to put together the american system. The first thing is that he wants to make transportation system that is better later the railroads and roads were made to make the connection of the country better. He wanted a protective tariff which is a tariff that protects the american manufacturing and the money from the tariff which is paid by the exporters that are sending their items to america which would eventually make the americans pay more. The money will be used to build the roads to help the money growth. He also wants to bring back the national bank this had gone out of affect because we had it under hamilton but it had ended right when the war of 1812 started but after the war it was realized that they need it back. Henry clay called this the american system so people started calling it henry’s american system. The north makes the things that are needed in the south and west while the south and west will make the grain, wheat, and cotton for the north so that they will be able to make the items in the north this helped link the entire country up. ​ Who coined the name “American System” and how did it work? ​ What was the Tariff of 1816? This is the first protective tariff to protect the american industry but not really to make any money off of. Madison is still president and this idea was that the foreign goods were more expensive so that people will want to buy american goods instead of the european goods. This started to make the wedge again because in the american system the north is manufacturing while the south is agriculture. The tariff was only really helping the north because the south are mad because they can either buy the things from the north or they pay extra for the european things. This then made tension between the two regions on the american country. ​ Why was the Second Bank of the United States important to the American System? This would make everyone use the same money so that this will be easier to trade and make money. The second bank is chartered in 1816 and congress says that this institution has a 20 year lifespan. It will expire in 1836 and then they can recharter the bank or not for the next 20 years. ​ Why was there little support for transportation and internal improvements? A lot of people do not want this to come into being. Republican in 1816 were mainly in the south and west so they were the one that were more opposed because they did not want the national government to get in the way of building railroads or roads because their thought is that if the national government is more involved in daily life then it will not be good. They want less government in their life and they think that building roads is the government so they do not want them or accept them.  ​ Why was the Era of Good Feeling a misnomer? Monroe was elected in 1816 and it was given the title the era of good feelings because there is a surge of nationalism. We also have a confidence that foreign nations were not going to mess with us anymore. But this was not right because there was a lot of disagreements between the two parties there were economic issues and even though they start this in the area of nationalism there is a start of division and sectionalism. ​ What caused the Panic of 1819 and what were the effects? This is one of the first economic downfall and it is a depression. There are a lot of people going into bankruptcy and many people are losing jobs and houses along with shops because there are no more jobs or money so the start to go to the soup kitchens for help. The big problem was over speculation. Louisiana purchase was made and the land over speculation was saying that you would buy it and hope that the cost will build up so that you can sell the land later. When the price does not go up then you are not able to pay the loan since you lost your job so you are going into a panic over your own profit. The land is probably lower in price than it was right when you bought it at first. ​ What happened as people moved west? People want to escape their debt or maybe their crimes. They are also looking for economic gain. This means more territories could be states leaving with more states slave or free state now. ​ What new states had joined between 1791 and 1819? 9 new states have joined the union. Some are north and south which is important. 1819 we have 11 states in the union where slavery is permitted and they are called slave states. There are also 11 free states where there is no slavery permitted. Missouri wants to be a state but if they are then they are going to mess up the 11 11 equality. This would mess up the representation in the senate which is more powerful. If Missouri is added then it will be 22 to 24 votes in the senate and they will be able to have the power to make slavery more used. ​ What was the problem with Missouri being admitted? There is no more balance and this is worrisome for the free states. People that have moved there brought their slaves so there are now slaves there. ​ What does this amendment say? What happened to it? This would have Missouri be a slave state and no more slaves can come into Missouri. Gradual emancipation of children born to enslaved parents. This means that the children will be freed. They are trying to say that there can be slaves to begin but as time goes on they will become a free state. The senate does not pass this this is why the balance is so important in the senate because there needs to be equal representation. ​ What was the over-arching problem with Missouri? This is the first west of the mississippi river and they do not know what law to apply. ​ What did the compromise say? Henry Clay is one of the masterminds so he makes an agreement to help get both side what they want. This is put into place and is saying that Missouri is now a slave state without any exception so now it is 11 12 so now there will be another state made which will be Maine and now it will be 12 12. 36 degree 30 minute line and it is the southern border of Missouri so there is no slavery north of the line except for in the state of Missouri. This does not make everyone happy because the North has more chance of having a lot more free states and it does not solve all the problems along with starting the idea of abolishing slavery. ​ What was the Marshall Court? Marshall Court are the 34 years that John Marshall was on the Supreme Court and during this time we will see federal government power increase but then state power will decrease. There will be a idea of nationalism promoted and the federal government expand. Any case under marshall court that has federal vs state the state will always lose. SOS Quincy Adams (under Monroe) worked to secure the boundaries and expand the country: There is a boundary to the east is the atlantic ocean and to the north it is canada to the west it is where the spanish claims start lastly south is the gulf of mexico. ​ Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) Son of john quincy Adams is the secretary of state and he is there to set form the boundaries of the states. Richard Rush is in charge of for now and he is with bagot to make sure the the british and american military ships on the great lakes. ​ Convention of 1818 This is a treaty that sets the US border at the 49th parallel latitude and the united states and great britain agree to jointly occupy oregon for a 10 year period as sharing terms between the two. ​ Adams-Onís Treaty (Florida Purchase  Treaty)(1819) The US gains Florida and Spain ceded Florida to the United states and they are going to give up their land claims to oregon is return for US land claims in Texas. We are not okay with giving this up though to the Spanish because they wanted Texas. ​ What type of problems existed with Latin America? Monroe is concerned with Latin America because at this time the countries are struggling with getting away from spain but spain and portugal really want to get their land back. This concerns are because america thinks that Spain wants to get some of the American land back. Latin Americans can not handle any kind of invasions with imperialism but he also thinks the the countries can not control themselves so they will be given up. ​ What were the Russians up to in the West? They have been in Alaska but now they want to move down to california since they have a fort in san francisco. The russians want more land from the americas for their claims. ​ What type of potential alliance between the British and America was in the works? Did it happen? Why or why not? They want to make a joint declaration to the european nations to give up with the Latin American and other areas in the western hemisphere. This was mainly to spain to tell them to keep off the new Latin American republics. They do not make the statement together but the Monroe doctrine was made by John Quincy Adam he wants to have the full power because he does not trust Britain and this is made all by themselves to the european countries to try and prove that we are just as strong as them. The Monroe doctrine is issued in december. The Monroe Doctrine (December 1823). Created by John Quincy Adams ​ Four principles American continents are now closed to new european colonization which is pointed to russia primarily. The political systems of the americas are separate from those in europe. *The united states will consider attempts to extend european political influence into the western hemisphere as a hostile act towards the US.* Lastly the US would not interfere with existing colonies in the new worlds or with European affairs. ​ Did the doctrine have an immediate impact? Why or why not? No it does not this is because the doctrine only said things but we had no power to hold up our claims but we were lucky that none of the european powers tried to get them. Big talk but not much that could have been done. ​ Describe why this was signed and what it did. Russia and America were like this before the Monroe doctrine was signed. Russia wants to retreat from San Francisco this is far away from Russia and when this kind of colonies too far away will make problems. This was made to change the Russian boundary to be set at the Alaskan Panhandle which is 45 degrees 40 minutes latitude. We set an earlier boundary at 49th parallel. This was made to keep Russia farther north in Alaska territory claims.