Bio 150 Unit 3 Study Guide PDF

# Bio 150- Unit 3 Study Guide- Learning Objectives ## UNIT 3 EXAM - Chapters 6, 7 & 8 - 50 Questions - 55 Minutes - 100 points - Variable format questions - Based on the Learning Objectives ## VI. Integumentary System **Course Competency 7. – Describe how the structure of the skin contributes t...

# Bio 150- Unit 3 Study Guide- Learning Objectives ## UNIT 3 EXAM - Chapters 6, 7 & 8 - 50 Questions - 55 Minutes - 100 points - Variable format questions - Based on the Learning Objectives ## VI. Integumentary System **Course Competency 7. – Describe how the structure of the skin contributes to its function.** 1. Describe the major functions of the integument. 2. Identify the two major layers that make up the integument - epidermis and dermis. 3. Name the primary germ layers from which epidermis and dermis are formed. 4. Discuss the structure of the epidermis including the following: - type of epithelium. - principal cells present - keratinocytes and melanocytes. - five layers of cells - stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale. - role of keratin. - keratinization and growth of the epidermis. 5. Discuss the structure of the dermis, including the following: - type of tissue. - papillary region and reticular region. - dermal papillae and epidermal (friction) ridges. 6. Briefly describe the anatomy of the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis). 7. Describe the structural basis of skin color, including the role of melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene. Explain the anatomical basis of albinism. 8. Identify the different types of sensory receptors found in the skin and describe the location and function of each - free nerve endings, lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, corpuscles of touch (Meissner's), tactile (Merkel's) discs, nociceptors. 9. Describe the following terms associated with hair structure: - pilus. - shaft. - root. - hair follicle. - arrector pili muscle. - hair root plexus. 10. Describe the structure and function of sebaceous (oil) glands and sebum. 11. Describe the structure and function of sudoriferous (sweat) glands and distinguish between eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine sweat glands. 12. Briefly describe ceruminous glands. 13. Identify the following nail structures on a diagram - lunula, eponychium, free edge. ## VII. Skeletal System **Course Competency 8. – Describe the organization and function of the skeletal system.** 1. Describe the major functions of bone and the skeletal system. 2. Describe the general histology of bone (osseous) tissue including the following: - nature of the extracellular matrix - hydroxyapatite, calcification. - four types of bone cells present - osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. 3. Describe the histology and location of compact bone tissue and be able to label the following on a diagram: - osteon (Haversian system) lacunae. - central (Haversian) canal osteocytes. - concentric lamellae perforating (Volkmann's) canals. - canaliculi. 4. Describe the histology and location of spongy bone tissue including trabeculae, red bone marrow, interstitial lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi. 5. Describe and label on a diagram the following parts of a long bone: - diaphysis periosteum. - epiphysis endosteum. - metaphysis medullary (marrow) cavity. - articular cartilage yellow bone marrow. 6. Describe the blood supply to a typical long bone: - periosteal artery and vein. - nutrient artery and vein. - metaphyseal artery and vein. - epiphyseal artery and vein. 7. Discuss the following regarding intramembranous ossification: - embryo model. - major bones formed. - major steps involved. - importance of fontanels. 8. Discuss the following regarding endochondral ossification: - embryo model. - major bones formed. - major steps involved including primary and secondary ossification centers 9. Explain how growth in the length of a bone occurs by describing the role of the epiphyseal plate. Include the significance of the epiphyseal line. 10. Explain the concept of bone remodeling and distinguish between bone resorption and bone deposition. List some factors that affect bone growth and bone remodeling. 11. Explain bone's role in calcium homeostasis, including the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. 12. State the total number of bones in the human body. 13. Identify the bones and bony landmarks found in the axial skeleton using the list in the current laboratory manual as a guide. 14. Identify the bones and bony landmarks found in the appendicular skeleton using the list in the current laboratory manual as a guide. Distinguish between bones of the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. 15. Name the five major types of bones and give examples of each. 16. Name and identify the four normal curves in the adult vertebral column - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. Explain why each curve is described as being either a primary or secondary curve. 17. Using diagrams in the textbook, describe differences between the male and female pelvis according to the following criteria: - general structure pelvic brim (inlet). - pubic arch pelvic outlet.