Bio - Terminology & Literature SCBI 435 Lecture Notes PDF

Bio – Terminology & Literature SCBI 435 Dr Ahlam Harasani 2023/2024 – Term 2 Lecture # 3 Basic Elements of a Scientific Word 1. Word Root √ 2. Combining Form √ a) Combining vowels √ b) Compound words √...

Bio – Terminology & Literature SCBI 435 Dr Ahlam Harasani 2023/2024 – Term 2 Lecture # 3 Basic Elements of a Scientific Word 1. Word Root √ 2. Combining Form √ a) Combining vowels √ b) Compound words √ 3. Suffix 4. Prefix  Prefixes and Suffixes The prefixes and suffixes used in biology lingo can help you figure out many biology terms. Knowing key prefixes and suffixes under the biology umbrella can help you figure out lots of biology words. https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the- arts/science/biology/how-to-figure-out-biology-prefixes-and- suffixes-194598/  3. Suffixes A suffix is added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning. By adding a suffix to the end of a word root, we create a noun or adjective with a different meaning. Combining form + Word root + Suffix = Compound word  3. Suffixes Verbs are words that represent action or a state of being. The suffixes –ed or –ing added to the verb alter the tense of this verb. Verb Past tense Present Participle Vomit Vomited Vomiting Inject Injected Injecting  3. Suffixes Suffixes are added to the end of a base word. They change the meaning of the base word. The suffix -ly means in a certain way. Base word Suffix Compound word Meaning Quick -ly Quickly in a quick way Loud -ly Loudly in a loud way Sudden -ly Suddenly in a sudden way The suffix -ful means full of. Base word Suffix Compound word Meaning Colour -ful Colourful full of colour Play -ful Playful full of play Thank -ful Thankful Full of thanks  3. Suffixes Base words vs Root words The terms base words and root words are often used interchangeably. However, they are NOT the same thing. While a base word can function as a standalone word or be used to form more complex words, a root word may not always be able to stand alone. Some root words are independent words, but many of them need a prefix, a suffix, or another root word to form a word that makes sense in English. This is because many root words are of Greek or Latin origin. For example, the Latin root word “cred” (meaning “believe” or “trust”) is the root of words like “incredible,” but it’s not a separate word in English. Sometimes, a base word is also a root word. For example, the word “meter” is a root word of Greek origin, but it is also an independent word in English. By adding a prefix or a suffix, we get new words like “metric” and “diameter.” In this case, “meter” is both a root word and a base word.  3. Suffixes Suffixes may change the part of the speech between a noun (n.) and an adjective (adj). Suffix Meaning Example -oma Tumour Hemat/oma (n.) -al Related to teeth Dent/al (adj.) -algia Pain Arthr/algia (n.) -edema Swelling Ankle/edema (adj.) -uria Urine, Urination Albumin/uria (n.) NOTE: 1. These suffixes begin with a vowel; therefore, a combining vowel is NOT used between the word root and the suffix. 2. The element that comes before a suffix can either be a word root or combining form.  3. Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example -scope instrument to view micr/o/scope (n.) -rrhexis rupture kary/o/rrhexis (n.) -rrhea flow or discharge di/a/rrhea (n.) All suffixes here begin with a consonant; therefore, a combining vowel must be used between the word root and the suffix.  3. Suffixes A combining vowel is used to link one root to another root. This is to make pronunciation easier. Combining form + Word root + suffix = Compound word Combining form Word root Suffix Compound word Micr/o Scope -ic Micr/o/scop/ic (adj.) Therm/o Meter -ic Therm/o/meter/ic (adj.) Electr/o Stat -ic Electr/o/stat/ic (adj.) Hydr/o Chlor -ic Hydr/o/chlor/ic (adj.)  3. Suffixes A combining vowel is used to link root to a suffix that begins with a consonant. Combining form + suffix = Compound word Combining form Suffix Compound word Meaning Scler/o -derma Scler/o/derma (n.) Hardening of the skin Note: A combining vowel IS NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.  3. Suffixes Meaning of certain suffixes Suffix Meaning Example (n.) -ism Condition, state, of theory Hyperthyroidism, Darwinism, Mendelism -tion condition Contraction, relaxation -ist specialist Psychotherapist -er one who Radiographer -ity quality Sensitivity, conductivity  3. Suffixes Meaning of certain suffixes Suffix Meaning Example (adj.) -ous possessing, having, full of Nervous, mucous, serous -able ability Injectable, inflatable -ible ability Edible, reducible  3. Suffixes Examples of biology suffixes Word root + suffix = Word (noun) Word root Suffix Compound word (n.) anem -ia Anemia cyan -osis Cyanosis muc -us Mucus ili -um Ilium ‫الحرقفة‬ condyl -e Condyle ‫اللقمة‬ Carpus carp -us Carpus (wrist) ‫الرسغ‬ ‫التهاب‬ arthr -itis Arthritis ‫المفاصل‬ eme -sis Emesis ‫تقيؤ‬  3. Suffixes Examples of biology suffixes Word root + suffix = Word (adjective) Word root Suffix Compound word (adj.) anem -ic Anemic cyan -otic Cyanotic muc -ous Mucous ili -ac Iliac condyl -ar Condylar carp -al Carpal arthr -itic Arthritic eme -tic Emetic  References Borror, D.J. (1960) Dictionary of word roots and combining forms. Compiled from the Greek, Latin, and other languages, with special reference to biological terms and scientific names. http://117.3.71.125:8080/dspace/handle/DHKTDN/2455. Hummdi, L.(2022). Bio- Terminology & Literature (Bio 435). [PowerPoint slides].University of Jeddah. Classroom lecture. Nikolopoulou, K. (2023) Base Words | Definition & examples. https://www.scribbr.com/language- rules/base-word/