Bio - Terminology & Literature SCBI 435 2023/2024 Term 2 PDF

Bio – Terminology & Literature SCBI 435 Dr Ahlam Harasani 2023/2024 – Term 2  Grades Periodic Exam (1) = 30 Periodic Exam (2) = 30 Final Exam= 40 Total = 100  Terminology Definition: Is a science that deals with the proper use of...

Bio – Terminology & Literature SCBI 435 Dr Ahlam Harasani 2023/2024 – Term 2  Grades Periodic Exam (1) = 30 Periodic Exam (2) = 30 Final Exam= 40 Total = 100  Terminology Definition: Is a science that deals with the proper use of scientific terms.  Biological Terminology (Bio Terms) Many scientific terms are derived from Greek and Latin roots because these languages were widely used in the development of early scientific literature and because they provide precise and descriptive terms for complex scientific concepts. Latin & Greek Word Parts (prefixes, root words, and suffixes). Students of any Biology course should learn to recognise word parts since they often give a clue as to the meaning of a word.  Roots, like bio (life) may be found at the beginning of a word, the end of a word, or stand alone. Prefixes and suffixes are two elements that can be attached to roots to form words. Prefixes : at beginning of word root. e.g. A (prefix) = (without). A /biotic means “without life”. Suffixes: at end of word root. e.g. –itis (suffix) = inflammation. Hepat/ itis means “inflammation of the liver.”.  The Word-Building System Building thousands of words by using a few word parts including word roots, suffixes, prefixes, parts of speech, plural formation. There are exceptions also  Basic Elements of a Scientific Word 1. Word Root 2. Combining Form a) Combining vowels b) Compound words 3. Suffix 4. Prefix These four parts of a scientific word are known as ELEMENTS.  Construction The way in which scientific terms are constructed can be illustrated by the following examples: 1. Prefix, root and suffix (Pericarditis) ‫التهاب غشاء القلب‬ 2. Tow roots and a suffix (Osteo-myelitis) ‫التهاب نخاع العظم الشوكي‬ 3. Prefix and root (Dyspnea) ‫ضيق تنفس‬ 4. Root and suffix (Cystitis) ‫التهاب المثانة‬ 5. Prefix and suffix (Epistaxis) ‫نزيف األنف‬  1. Word Root Main part or foundation of a word. All scientific words have at least one word root. The word root usually refers to a body part. A word root may be used alone or combined with other elements to form a complete word. For example: Speak (word root) + er (suffix) = Speaker (complete word)  Word Root Examples Word Root: The foundation (main) of a word Port Trans/port, ex/port, sup/port Fix Suf/fix, pre/fix, af/fix Gastr Gastr/itis, Gastr/ectomy, Gastr/ic  Word Root Examples Word Root: The foundation (main) of a word Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language. “dent” means tooth “dermat” means skin “cardi” means heart “gastr” means stomach “pancreat” means pancreas “Cysto” means bladder  2. Combining Forms Correct pronunciation of scientific words is important. In order to make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root. The combination of a word root and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM.  Combining Forms Combining form: The combination of a word root and a vowel. The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used. Combining vowels = (a, e, i, o, u or y) For example: Gastr / o pronounced GASTRO. Word root Combining Vowel  Combining Forms Examples Combining form: The combination of a word root and a vowel. Word root Combining vowel Combining form Meaning Micr O Micr/o extremely small Gastr O Gastr/o relating to the stomach. Therm O Therm/o relating to heat  a) Combining Vowels - Adding a combining vowel (a, e, i, o, u, or y) to a word root to create a combining form allows 2 or more word roots to be joined to form a compound word. Examples: ‫مفاغرة معدية عفجية‬ Gastr O duoden -ostomy Gastroduodenostomy Word root Combining Word root Suffix Compound word Vowel ‫هشاشة العظام‬ Oste O arthr itis Osteoarthritis Word root Combining Word root Suffix Compound word Vowel  a) Combining Vowels A combining form (word root + vowel) is usually used to join a word root to a suffix or other root that begins with a consonant. Combining form + Suffix = Compound Word Gastr O duoden -ostomy Gastroduodenostomy Word root Combining Word root Suffix Compound word Vowel  a) Combining Vowels Example: Leukocytopenia ‫نقص عدد كريات الدم البيضاء‬ Word Roots: Leuk = (white) cyt = (cell) Combining Vowel: / o / Suffix: penia = (decrease) Leuko cyto penia Leukocytopenia Combining Combining Suffix Compound word form form  Combining Vowels SO…. A combining vowel makes the term easier to pronounce. A combining vowel allows two or more word roots to be joined to form a compound word. A combining vowel allows a word root to be joined suffix (word ending) or other root that begins with a consonant Examples: Cyt/o/meter ‫عداد الخاليا‬ Neur/o/spasm ‫تشنج عصبي‬ Micr/o/film Micr/o/be ‫جرثومة‬  b) Compound Word 1. Compound words can be formed when two or more word roots are used to build the word. Sometimes word roots are nouns or object of preposition. Word root + word root = Compound word Chicken + Pox = Chickenpox ‫الجدري‬ Examples: Under/age Down/load, Short/hand Brain/stem  b) Compound Word 2. Compound word can also be formed from a combining form and a whole word. Combining form + word root = Compound word Therm/o + meter = Therm/o/meter  b) Compound Word Examples: Combining form + word root = Compound word Micr/o + scope = Microscope ‫مجهر‬ Micr/o + surgery = Microsurgery ‫جراحة مجهرية‬ Micr/o + meter = Micrometre )‫ميكروميتر(وحدة قياس‬ Hydr/o + phobia = Hydrophobia ‫ السعار‬- ‫داء الكلب‬ Hydr/o + cele = Hydrocele )‫قيلة مائية (تورم في كيس الصفن‬ Hydr/o + therapy = Hydrotherapy ‫عالج مائي‬  References Altibbi.com. “ ‫” الطبي‬.‫ أدوية وعالج‬،‫ أمراض‬:‫موقع الطبي للمعلومات الصحية واالستشارات الطبية‬ altibbi.com/. Accessed 18 Jan. 2024. https://altibbi.com/ Borror, Donald J. 1960. Dictionary of word roots and combining forms. Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, California. https://www.academia.edu/7940768/Dictionary_of_Word_Roots_and_Combining_Forms Hummdi, L.(2022). Bio- Terminology & Literature (Bio 435). [PowerPoint slides].University of Jeddah. Classroom lecture.