Computer Organization and Architecture Structure and Function PDF

Unit-1_1.1 & 1.2 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 1 Outline Computer Organization and Architecture Structure and Function Evolution (a brief history) of computers Von Neumann Architecture Interpretation of Instructions I...

Unit-1_1.1 & 1.2 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 1 Outline Computer Organization and Architecture Structure and Function Evolution (a brief history) of computers Von Neumann Architecture Interpretation of Instructions Interconnection Structures Instruction Cycle & Instruction Pipeline RAM Model Evolution of Intel processor architecture- 4 bit to 64 bit 2  Unit- 1_1.1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE 3  Computer Organization and Architecture Describing computers - computer architecture and computer organization Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer organization refers to operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Architectural attributes instruction set number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms and techniques for addressing memory. Organizational attributes hardware details transparent to programmer, such as control signals; interfaces between the computer and peripherals; the memory technology 4  Computer Architecture Functional description for various parts of a computer. It decides functional behaviour of computer systems. Comes before computer organization while designing a computer. Computer Organization Comes after decision of architecture is done Organization is how architectural aspects (functions or operations) are implemented or realized using hardware design Organization deals with a structural relationship https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/differences-between-computer-architecture-and-computer-organization/ 5  Unit- 1_1.2 STRUCURE AND FUNCTION 6  Structure And Function Computer is a complex system - contain millions of elementary electronic components. How do we describe such a complex system ? Hierarchical approach for a complex systems is essential to both design & description. A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems At each level, system consists of a set of components and their interrelationships. At each level, the designer is concerned with structure and function Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure We have 2 choices: starting at bottom and building up to a complete description, or beginning at a top view and decomposing the system into its subparts. Top down approach is the clearest and most effective We will describe a computer system from the top down. We begin with major components of a computer describing their structure and function 7  Functional view of a computer Basic functions of a computer Data processing – Data storage – Data movement – Control Computer must process data Data may take a wide variety of forms Data processing requirements are wide Computer also stores data While processing computer must temporarily store data It needs a short-term data storage Performs storage in files for subsequent retrieval Computer must move data between itself & outside Devices connected - are either source or destination of data. This process of moving data is known as input–output (I/O), Devices are called peripheral. When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as data communications. 8  Structural view of a computer Figure below shows simplest possible depiction of a computer. Computer interacts with its external environment. Linkages to external world - classified as peripheral devices or communication lines The Computer 9 Structural view of a computer I/O: Moves data between the Main memory : Stores data. computer and its external environment System Central interconnection: processing unit Mechanism that provides for (CPU): Controls communication the operation of among CPU, main memory, and I/O. the computer and performs its data System bus - consisting of a processing number of functions; often conducting wires to There may be 1 or more of each of the above components which all the other simply referred components attach. to as processor Recent computers use multiple processors in single computer 10 THANK YOU 11 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune