Unit IV - Overview of Philippine Agriculture PDF

The Filipino Farmer in the Context of Socio-Cultural and Economic Status, Needs and Aspiration UNIT 4 Filipino Farmer in the Context of Socio-Cultural Factor Filipino farmers are integral to the country’s agricultural sector and cultural heritage. Their practic...

The Filipino Farmer in the Context of Socio-Cultural and Economic Status, Needs and Aspiration UNIT 4 Filipino Farmer in the Context of Socio-Cultural Factor Filipino farmers are integral to the country’s agricultural sector and cultural heritage. Their practices, challenges, and contributions are deeply intertwined with the socio-cultural dynamics of Filipino society. This exploration provides insights into how culture, community, and social structures influence the lives of farmers in the Philippines. Cultural Identity Connection to Land: For many Filipino farmers, the land is not just a source of livelihood but also a part of their identity. Traditional farming practices are often passed down through generations, preserving cultural heritage. Festivals and Rituals: Agricultural festivals, such as the Pahiyas and Sinulog, celebrate harvests and reflect the farmers' connection to their crops, reinforcing community bonds and cultural identity. Community and Social Structure Communal Living: Rural communities often operate on principles of mutual aid and cooperation. Farmers rely on each other for labor during planting and harvest seasons, fostering a strong sense of community. Social Hierarchies: Traditional roles within farming communities can create hierarchies based on land ownership and social status. These dynamics can influence access to resources and decision-making processes. Economic Factors Livelihood Challenges: Filipino farmers often face economic hardships due to low income, high production costs, and limited access to markets. Many depend on subsistence farming, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in crop yield and market prices. Cooperatives and Support: Agricultural cooperatives provide a means for farmers to pool resources, gain better market access, and enhance bargaining power, contributing to economic resilience. Gender Roles Role of Women: Women play vital roles in agriculture, often managing household tasks while participating in farming activities. However, they frequently face gender-based discrimination and limited access to resources. Empowerment Initiatives: Programs aimed at empowering women in agriculture can improve productivity and promote equitable resource distribution within farming communities. Education and Knowledge Transfer Access to Education: Educational opportunities vary, impacting farmers’ ability to adopt new technologies and practices. Traditional knowledge is often passed down orally, complementing formal education. Extension Services: Agricultural extension services can help bridge knowledge gaps, providing farmers with information on best practices, sustainable methods, and market trends. Environmental Awareness Sustainability Practices: Many farmers are adopting sustainable practices in response to environmental challenges and climate change. Techniques like organic farming and agro ecology are becoming more popular. Resilience to Climate Change: With the Philippines being prone to natural disasters, farmers are increasingly focused on adapting their practices to enhance resilience and sustainability. Economic Status of Filipino Farmer 1. Economic Overview of Filipino Farmers Poverty Levels: A significant percentage of farmers in the Philippines live below the national poverty line. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as of 2021, around 30% of farmers were classified as poor, with incomes insufficient to meet basic needs. Income Sources: Many farmers rely on a single crop, making them vulnerable to market fluctuations. Diversification is limited due to various factors, including lack of capital and market access. 2. Income and Livelihood Average Income: The average annual income of Filipino farmers varies significantly by region and crop type. Estimates suggest that farmers earn between PHP 10,000 to PHP 25,000 annually, which is below the national average for other sectors. Seasonal Variability: Income is often seasonal, peaking during harvest times and dwindling in lean months. This variability complicates financial planning and stability. 3. Access to Resources Land Tenure: Many farmers face issues with land ownership. The lack of secure land tenure discourages long-term investments in farming. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) aimed to address land distribution, but challenges remain regarding implementation and accessibility. Financial Resources: Access to credit is limited, with many farmers relying on informal loans with high-interest rates. Government programs exist but are often underutilized due to complex application processes or lack of awareness. 4. Production Costs Input Costs: The cost of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides can consume a significant portion of farmers' income. Rising prices of these inputs, often linked to global market trends, further strain farmers’ finances. Natural Disasters: The Philippines is frequently affected by typhoons and flooding, which can devastate crops and result in significant economic losses. Farmers often lack insurance or support systems to recover from such disasters. 5. Government Support and Policies Subsidies and Assistance Programs: The government provides various support programs, including subsidies for inputs and access to credit. However, these programs are often criticized for being poorly targeted or insufficient. Agricultural Cooperatives: Cooperatives can enhance farmers' bargaining power and provide access to collective resources. However, participation is limited, and many farmers remain isolated in their practices. 6. Education and Training Skills Development: Educational opportunities are critical for improving farming practices. Access to training on modern agricultural techniques is limited, affecting productivity and income potential. Extension Services: Extension services are vital for bridging the gap between agricultural research and practice, providing farmers with access to knowledge, training, and resources. They empower farmers to adopt modern and sustainable farming techniques, enhance productivity, and solve problems effectively. 7. Gender Disparities Economic Roles of Women: Women play significant roles in agricultural production but often face economic disadvantages. Their contributions are frequently unrecognized, leading to disparities in access to resources and decision-making power. Empowerment Initiatives: Programs aimed at empowering women farmers can lead to improved family income and better community outcomes. Filipino Farmer in the Context of Needs and Aspiration Filipino farmers are the backbone of the country's agricultural sector, playing a vital role in ensuring food security and sustaining rural communities. However, their needs and aspirations extend far beyond mere survival. As custodians of the land, these farmers seek not only to cultivate crops but also to improve their livelihoods, access better resources, and secure a brighter future for their families. Who is the Filipino Farmer? A typical farmer is usually working the land ( about one hectare or less) of rice land as tenant. “70 percent of the poor in our country are in the rural areas, where agriculture and fisheries are the main source of livelihood. A Filipino farmer is typically poor Why are Filipino farmers Poor? 1. Poor productivity growth in agriculture 2. Under-Investment in Rural Infrastructure 3.Unequal Land and Income Distribution 4. High Population Growth 5. Low quality of Social Services 6. Low prices for the product of their hard work 7. Natural Calamities 8. Risk Associated with Unpredictable Market Demand 9. Persistence of Armed Conflict 10. Poor Educational Background The Filipino farmers still suffer from landless, unfair trade practices, usury, and unsafe modern agricultural practices. Aspiration of Filipino Farmer 1. Farmers Dream to own a piece of Land 2. Better future for their Children Farmers aim to boost their agricultural production by obtaining high quality agricultural input, such as: 3. High quality of seeds, 4. Better Livestock Breeds 5. Access to A. Credit Facilities B. Market C. Storage and Postharvest Facilities d. Irrigation E. Irrigation 6. Having sustainable Source of Income 7. Good quality of life 8. Having other sources of income Republic Act 7607: Empowering Small hold Farmers in their Economic Endeavors 12/01/24  Farms are primarily characterized as small hold and are managed and cultivated by small farmers.  These small hold farmers are important drivers of development in the countryside but are commonly marginalized and mostly vulnerable to the rapidly changing social, political, and environmental conditions.  Hence in view of their significant contributions in achieving economic and sustainable development especially in the countryside, the Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7607, also known as the “Magna Carta of Small Farmers” was signed into law on June 4, 1992. 12/01/24  Magna Carta for small farmer  Republic Act 7607 primarily aims in realizing equitable distribution of benefits and opportunities through the empowerment of the small farmers.  The law recognizes the country’s responsibility for the welfare and development of small farmers by giving them support in attaining their socioeconomic goals.  The law encourages the participation of small farmers, farm workers, farmers’ cooperatives and organizations to enjoin in the planning, organization, management and implementation of agricultural programs and projects. 12/01/24  Small farmers- are defined in R.A. 7607 as those “natural persons dependent on small- scale subsistence farming as their primary source of income and whose sale, barter or exchange of agricultural products do not exceed a gross value of one hundred eighty thousand pesos (P 180,000) per annum based on 1992 constant prices.”  Empowerment of small farmers The farmers’ rights and obligations are also specified in R.A. 7607 in order to guide their endeavors. The farmers’ rights are the following: (1) support to the price program; (2) ensure market; (3) be covered with social security; (4)avail of credit system at minimal interest rates and minimum collateral requirements; (5) avail of farm inputs and services;  (6) be heard and represented in the government;  (7) be updated on market prices and demands, policies and farming practices;  (8) benefit from natural resources;  (9) assume certain processing and marketing functions of government agencies;  (10) pursue appropriate education and skills development; and  (11) avail of technical assistance from government agencies. On the other hand, the farmer’s obligations are as follows: (1) establish farmers’ organizations; (2) adopt recommended farm practices and inputs; (3) comply with the terms and conditions in availing of assistance; (4)adopt recommended production and marketing strategies; (5)provide reasonable prices and quality products; (6) share labor and material resources to community-based activities;  (7) meet local demand requirements to avert shortage that may necessitate importation;  (8) participate in conservation, protection and development of national patrimony;  (9) pay all fees, license fees and taxes;  (10) contribute to government insurance and social security programs; and  (11) undertake self-help community development projects. EMPOWERING SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN MARKETS (ESFIM)  In many developing agricultural countries, almost one-third (1/3) of the world’s population depend on smallholder farming. As such, smallholder farming is important in terms of agriculture and food security.  The term “small holder” refers to their limited resource endowments relative to other farmers and therefore the definition of smallholders differs between countries and between agro- ecological zones. 12/01/24  Based on the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) or RA 8435 of 1997 and the Magna Carta of Small Farmers (RA 7607) of 1993, the country defines smallholder “as natural persons dependent on small-scale subsistence farming as their primary source of income”.  TheLand Bank of the Philippines defines small farmer as actual tillers of lands not over 5 hectares. 12/01/24 On the other hand, the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) otherwise known as REPUBLIC Act 8435, aims to strengthen the agriculture sector thru modernization, greater participation of small- holders (or small stakeholders), food security and food self-sufficiency, private sector participation and people empowerment. The AFMA is geared to achieved the following: 1. Modernization of the agriculture sector in the country and convert them into a technology-based market driven industry; 2. To be able to wipe out the problems regarding the lack of post-harvest information and other rural support services to open the way to farm modernization, the common denominator among most of East Asia’s economic giants. 12/01/24  3. Uplift the plight of farming communities and make them competitive in the long-run.  4. Lessen the rapid rate of agricultural land conversion in the county brought about by the industrial development.  5. Anchor the country’s fast-track farm modernization program on an unprecedented rural infrastructure build-up which the government hopes would finally address rural poverty. Institution and Support Systems for the Filipino Farmer Government Agencies Department of Agriculture (DA)  ThePrimary agency for the development of the agriculture sector, providing policies, programs and services National Irrigation Administration (NIA)  Manages irrigation systems to enhance 12/01/24 agricultural productivity Agricultural Credit Policy Council (ACPC)  Facilities access to credit and financial services for farmer. Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC)  Provides crop insurance to protect farmers from losses due to natural disaster, pest, and diseases. It aims to promote agricultural productivity and stability by offering financial assistance to affected farmer Bureau of Agricultural Research  Support research and development in agriculture 12/01/24 Development and Mechanization  Focuses on improving postharvest practices and technologies in agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Research  Focuses on agricultural research and development to improve practices yield. Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)  Implement land Reform programs to promote equitable land distribution and support farmers. Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA)  Provides support and development programs specifically for the coconut farmers. 12/01/24 Financial Institution Land bank of the Philippines  Offers loans and financial services Philippine Agricultural Bank  Provides financing options for agricultural project Financial and Association Agricultural Cooperative  Help farmers with marketing, purchasing inputs, and accessing credit Farmer’s Association  Promote collective bargaining and resources 12/01/24 Non-Government Organization (NGOs) Food and Agriculture Organization  Provides technical Assistance and resources for sustainable agriculture Local NGOs  Often focus on community development, training and capacity building for farmers. 12/01/24 AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT U NIT 5 Prepared by: JOHN P. PORRAS Dept. of AgEd/AgExt College of Agriculture Rural Poverty in Developing Countries  About one-fifth of the world's population is afflicted by poverty. Poverty is not only a state of existence but also a process with many dimensions and complexities. Poverty can be persistent (chronic) or transient, but transient poverty, if acute, can trap succeeding generations. The poor adopt all kinds of strategies to mitigate and cope with their poverty.  Rural poverty accounts for nearly 63 percent of poverty worldwide, reaching 90 percent in some countries like Bangladesh and between 65 and 90 percent in sub-Saharan Africa.  In almost all countries, the conditions—in terms of personal consumption and access to education, health care, potable water and sanitation, housing, transport, and communications—faced by the rural poor are far worse than those faced by the urban poor. Factors of Rural Poverty Poverty can come in a variety of forms. According to the International Monetary Fund, factors that contribute to poverty include: Wars and political instability Corruption Discrimination for various reasons Unsecured property rights to land High population growth rate  Factors of Rural Poverty  Insufficient participation of rural people in policy development creates a gap between rural  urban areas and increases the risk of poverty and deprivation in rural areas by up to three times  Children, women, rural youth, farmers, indigenous peoples, and landless workers are in the worst position.  lack of access to education for many rural dwellers. Not only are children denied the right to education, but they are often used as laborers in agriculture Factors of Rural Poverty can be divided into three groups:  Economic perspective, poverty is due to low productivity, lack of diversification in the rural economy, and limited market access.  From a social perspective, various forms of exclusion of certain groups in rural communities contribute to poverty. For example, women are excluded from decision-making and development activities due to gender inequality in most developing countries. In addition, the female population generally does not have ownership rights to land, which further exacerbates their disadvantage and contributes to poverty.  In terms of the environment, biodiversity loss and natural resource degradation primarily affect the rural poor. This population is largely dependent on natural resources, as their livelihoods depend on agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Strategic Approaches to Reducing Rural Poverty:  Poverty reduction through the development of an inclusive value chain  Reducing rural poverty through income diversification  Combining social assistance with economic inclusion measures  Local and territorial development  Participatory community development  Multisectoral strategy for rural poverty reduction.  The Philippine Department of Agriculture (abbreviated as DA; It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. Responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth. Some example of Programs under Department of Agriculture  SURE COVID-19  Kapital Access for Young Agripreneurs (KAYA)  Agri-Negosyo Loan Program (ANYO)  Sikat Saka Program (SSP)  Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) The Philippines' Department of Agrarian Reform (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Repormang Pansakahan, abbreviated as DAR or KRP) is the executive department of the Philippine Government. oLand Bank of the Philippines (Filipino: Bangko sa Lupa ng Pilipinas, Spanish: Banco Hipotecario de Filipinas), stylized as LANDBANK or also known by its initials, LBP, is a universal bank in the Philippines owned by the Philippine government. oWith a special focus on serving the needs of farmers and fishermen. While it provides the services of a universal bank, it is officially classified as a "specialized government bank" with a universal banking license. The Philippines' Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (Filipino: Kawanihan ng mga Pangisdaan at mga Yamang-Tubig, abbreviated as BFAR). Responsible for the development, improvement, management and conservation of the Philippines' fisheries and aquatic resources. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international agricultural research and training organization with headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna in the Philippines and offices in seventeen countries with ~1,300 staff. IRRI is known for its work in developing rice varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in the 1960s which preempted the famine in Asia. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) is a government corporate entity attached to the Department of Agriculture created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 (as amended) to help develop high-yielding and cost-reducing technologies for farmers. The Philippines' Agricultural Training Institute (Filipino: Surian ng Pagsasanay sa Pagsasaka, abbreviated as ATI), is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture. responsible for training agricultural extension workers and their clientele; conducting multi-level training programs to promote and accelerate rural development; and ensuring that research results are communicated to the farmers through appropriate training and extension activities. The Philippines' Bureau of Plant Industry, (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Paghahalaman, abbreviated as BPI) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture responsible for serving and supporting the Philippine plant industry sector. The Philippines' Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pamamahala sa mga Lupa at Tubig, abbreviated as BSWM), is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture. Responsible for advising and rendering assistance on matters relative to the utilization of soils and water as vital agricultural resources. Sugar Regulatory Administration (Filipino: Pangasiwaan sa Regulasyon ng Asukal, Hiligaynon: Administrasyon sa Regulasyon sang Kalamay), abbreviated as SRA, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture. Responsible for promoting the growth and development of the sugar industry of the Philippines through greater participation of the private sector and to improve the working conditions of the laborers. The Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority or PhilFIDA (Filipino: Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Industriya ng Hibla) is an agency of the Philippine Department of Agriculture. Responsible for promoting the accelerated growth and development of the fiber industry in the Philippines, such as abaca, also known as Manila hemp. The Philippine Coconut Authority (Filipino: Pangasiwaan ng Niyog ng Pilipinas, abbreviated as PCA or PHILCOA), is an agency of the Philippine government under the Office of the President (from 1987 to 2014, under the Department of Agriculture). Responsible for developing the coconut and other palm oil industry to its full potential in line with the new vision of a united, globally competitive and efficient industry. The Philippines' Bureau of Agricultural Research (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pananaliksik sa Agrikultura, abbreviated as BAR), is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture. Responsible for ensuring that all agricultural research is coordinated and undertaken for maximum utility to agriculture. Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (Filipino: Pangasiwaan sa Pataba at Pestisidyo, abbreviated as FPA), is a technical regulatory agency of the Philippine Department of Agriculture. Responsible for assuring adequate supply of fertilizer and pesticide at reasonable prices; rationalizing the manufacture and marketing of fertilizer; protecting the public from the risks of the inherent use of pesticides; and educating the agricultural sector in the use of these inputs. The Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE), formerly known as the National Postharvest Institute for Research and Extension (NAPHIRE), is a bureau of the Department of Agriculture of the Philippines. It was created on May 24, 1978 through Presidential Decree 1380 to spearhead the development of the country’s postharvest industry.  The Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) was created by virtue of Strengthening the DA Agricultural and Fishery Engineering Groups, pursuant to Section 24 of the Republic Act No. 10601 also known as “Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law”.  BAFE is mandated to monitor the implementation of the National Agricultural and Fisheries Modernization Plan of the Department of Agriculture. Moreover it shall plan, implement, and evaluate the development of agricultural mechanization and infrastructure in the agriculture sector.  The Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) of the Department of Agriculture is mandated to develop and promote standards to ensure food safety, quality, workers' health and welfare, environmental management, and global competitiveness of Philippine agriculture and fishery products.  Bureau of Animal Industry  The BAI was created on January 1, 1930 pursuant to Act 3639 to investigate, study and report the cause of dangerous communicable diseases and the means of prevention, and in general, promote the development of the livestock industries  Philippine Rubber Research Institutions PRRI is a staff Bureau of the Department of Agriculture (DA) created through Republic Act 10089 or the PRRI Act of 2010 that is mandated to strengthen the research and development on rubber and other aspects of the industry, in order to increase rubber production and improve the quality of life of people in the rural communities that depend on this industry. Attached Agencies  Agricultural Credit Policy Council (ACPC) Was created in 1986 by virtue of Executive Order 113 to assist the Department of Agriculture (DA) in synchronizing all credit policies and programs in support of the latter’s priority programs. It was also tasked to review and evaluate the economic soundness of all on-going and proposed agricultural credit programs, whether for domestic or foreign funding, prior to approval. Also, ACPC was tasked to undertake measures to increase its funds base and adopt other liquidity interest stabilization and risk cover mechanisms for its various financing programs. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute As the primary agency for fishery research in the Philippines, NFRDI is tasked with: Establishing a national infrastructure unit to support, oversee, and implement the diverse research needs and initiatives of the fisheries sector; Providing a hub for intensive training and skill-building for human resources, as well as serving as a repository for all fishery research and scientific information; Enhancing the economic potential of the fisheries sector through collaborative research efforts with international institutions; Providing training and development opportunities for the effective utilization of technology; and Building and expanding a nationwide network of fishery research communities through effective communication linkages. National Meat Inspection Services The NMIS shall promote the development of livestock, poultry and meat industry to ensure adequate supply of quality meat and meat products. These shall be undertaken in collaboration with government and other industry partners thoroughly guided by the Meat Inspection Code of the Philippines and other relevant laws. The Philippine Carabao Center, An attached agency of Department of Agriculture is mandated to conserve, propagate and promote the carabao as a source of draft animal power, meat, milk, and hide to benefit the rural farmers. Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization  PHilMech is mandated to generate, extend and commercialize appropriate and problem- oriented agriculture and fishery postharvest and mechanization technologies, practices and systems.  With the approved rationalization plan, the functions of PHilMech, formerly BPRE, has been strengthened. As a center, it is responsible for the conduct of innovative studies, research and development, acquistion, adaptation and development of strategies for the effective dissemination and application of technologies.  DIRECTION FOR GROWTH UNIT 6 JOHN P. PORRAS AGRI 41- COURSE FACILITATOR Introduction  This unit focuses on the opportunities for modern agriculture and present technologies, and production systems appropriate for specific needs like urban communities and organic agriculture practitioners. Drivers for growth and the need to modernize Philippine agriculture  A direction for growth in agriculture is a migration of traditional agricultural practices of the farmer into a modern agriculture.  A technology advancement like water impounding system, fertigation techniques, and drip irrigation helps revolutionized crop production. These technologies have demonstrated potentials to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizer, and cut water consumption which can help use the resources efficiently and reduce farmers costs in farming  As highlighted by Department of Agriculture (DA) Secretary, Francisco P. Tui Laurel Jr that there is a pressing need for agricultural modernization to solved challenges faced in agriculture and need to restore sustainable economic growth (Dharmaraj, S. 2024).  Population Growth and Rising Domestic Demand The Philippine population is projected to reach over 150 million by 2050, leading to a substantial increase in demand for food. This growing population represents both a challenge and an opportunity for the agriculture sector, as demand for key staples like rice, fish, fruits, and vegetables will increase. Urbanization also plays a role in driving demand for high-value crops and processed food products  Technological Advancements and Innovation Digital Agriculture The use of smartphones, drones, satellite imaging, and GPS technology can revolutionize farming by enabling precision agriculture. This technology allows farmers to optimize their use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, leading to higher yields and cost savings. Smart Irrigation Systems Modern irrigation systems can help mitigate the effects of water scarcity, an issue exacerbated by climate change. Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) The development of drought-resistant and pest-resistant crop varieties can significantly improve productivity and reduce reliance on chemical inputs.  Improved Infrastructure and Connectivity Transportation and Logistics Improving rural infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and transportation systems, is critical to reducing post-harvest losses and connecting farmers to markets, both locally and internationally. Cold Chain Development Investment in refrigerated storage and transport is necessary to preserve perishable goods and increase farmers' ability to reach distant markets. Internet Access and Mobile Connectivity Expanding internet access in rural areas can enable farmers to access market information, weather updates, agricultural best practices, and financial services, helping them make informed decisions. Access to Financing and Credit Access to affordable credit and insurance is essential for enabling farmers to invest in modern equipment, purchase quality seeds and fertilizers, and insure their crops against risks like typhoons or droughts. Microfinance and Agricultural Loans Expanding microfinance programs and specialized agricultural loan products can help small-scale farmers overcome financial barriers to modernization.  Government Support and Policy Reforms Agricultural Subsidies and Incentives The Philippine government has implemented various policies to support the agriculture sector, such as subsidies for inputs and price supports. Continued and enhanced government support can help incentivize modernization. Land Reform and Consolidation Policies that promote land consolidation and efficient land use are crucial to increasing economies of scale and ensuring more efficient production practices. Support for Agribusiness Development Encouraging public-private partnerships and fostering the development of agri- businesses and cooperatives can provide farmers with better market access and reduce their dependence on middlemen. Climate Change Adaptation The Philippines is one of the countries most affected by climate change. However, this also drives the need for climate-resilient farming practices, including crop diversification, agroforestry, and organic farming. Sustainable Farming Practices: Shifting to organic farming, water-efficient irrigation techniques, and agro-ecological methods can help mitigate the negative effects of climate change while ensuring long-term sustainability.  Modern production The GMtechnologies and technology and the gains in Bt production Corn systems Is a transfer of genes for specific traits between species using some laboratory techniques. It is some of the new strategies to enhance the agronomic performance of crops for food, feed, and processing purposes have been developed with the advent of transgenic technologies. According to Geneticki 2004, the first genetically modified plant (GMP) was a tobacco resistant to antibiotics in 1983. In 1996, the first genetically altered crop, a delayed-repining tomato was commercially released. In 2003, the estimated global area of GM crops for was 67.7 million hectares.  Bt-Corn  Bt Corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO is a plant or animal that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques.  Example of GMO field crops include Bt-potatoes, Bt- corn, Bt- sweet corn, Roundup Ready soybeans, Roundup Ready Corn, etc., that have been given genetic traits to provide protection from pests, tolerance to pesticides, or improve its quality. The following are the gains of BT-Corn:  Reduced Use of Insecticides Bt- corn offers both economic and environmental advantages and grower responses indicate an awareness of both types of these benefits. Many growers cite unique opportunities to protect yield and reduce handling (and use) of insecticides to explain their rapid adoption of Bt maize (Pilcher et al. 2002).  Protected Yields Historically, growers had difficulty controlling corn borers because insecticides are not effective after larvae have tunneled into the stalk. One entomologist called corn borers "silent thieves" because stalk tunneling and ear injury often reduced yields 5-10 percent or more with many growers not even noticing.  Improved Grain Quality Another benefit of Bt maize is reduced occurrence of ear molds. Because insect damage provides a site for infection by molds, Bt-protected maize can have lower levels of toxins produced by molds (i.e., mycotoxins), especially fumonisin and deoxynivalenol. Consequences of contamination with mold may be serious, as fumonisins can cause fatal leukoencephalomalacia in horses, pulmonary edema in swine, and cancer in laboratory rats.  Technologies for urban agriculture-concept, practices A. Container gardening and is when technologies: plants are grown in containers such as pots rather than into the ground. isfor urban areas where having an actual garden is not possible. It is space-efficient and mobile, so it can be arranged to fit wherever you choose to set up your garden.  b.) Hydrophonic/Aquaphonics  Hydroponics is a type of horticulture and a subset of hydroculture which involves growing plants, usually crops or medicinal plants, without soil, by using water- based mineral nutrient solutions.  The nutrients used in hydroponic system can come from many different organic or inorganic sources, including fish excrement, duck manure, purchased chemical fertilizers, or artificial standard or hybrid nutrient solutions.  In contrast to field cultivation, plants are commonly grown hydroponically in a greenhouse or contained environment on inert media, adapted to the controlled- environment agriculture (CEA) process. c.) Vertical gardening  In vertical gardening, use structures or columnar trees to create garden rooms or define hidden spaces ready for discovery. Trellises, attached to the ground or to large containers, allow you to grow vines, flowers, and even vegetables in vertical garden pots using much less space than traditional gardening requires.  d.) Communal urban gardening  Make an Insight/Learning/Reaction paper about Organic Agriculture Act of 2010  1 A4 size bond paper- hand written or encoded.  Submit it during our class on next meeting. What is the Rice Tariffication Act or Republic Act (RA) 11203? The Rice Tariffication Act amends the Agricultural Tariffication Act of 1996 (RA 8178). The law replaces the system of quantitative restriction (QR) on rice importation with a purely tariff system. If rice tariffication is well implemented and market players (e.g. importers and local retailers) are well regulated, this reform is expected to benefit consumers – providing a boost to their real incomes thanks to lower rice prices. At least one estimate suggests that up to 3.8 million Filipinos could be lifted out of hunger due to this reform  Allows the private sector to freely import rice subject to a tariff. Removes the regulatory and import licensing functions of the National Food Authority (NFA). Requires importers to obtain Sanitary and Phytosanitary Import Clearance (SPSIC) to be issued by the Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Plant Industry (DA-BPI) to protect our agriculture and consumers from diseases, pests, or contaminants. Reduces the mandate of the NFA to emergency buffer stocking of rice that will be sourced solely from local farmers.  Creates the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) or Rice Fund with a P10 billion annual appropriation for the next six years to be allocated and disbursed as follows: – Rice farm machinery and equipment (50%) - will be released to and implemented by the Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech) – Rice seed development, propagation, and promotion (30%) - will be released to and implemented by the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) – Expanded rice credit assistance (10%) - will be made available in the form of a credit facility with minimal interest rates and minimum collateral requirements to rice farmers and cooperatives to be managed equally by the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) and the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) – Rice extension services (10%) – will be made available for extension services provided by the PhilMech, PhilRice, Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).  Shifts to a purely tariff system with the following rates: – 35% if rice is imported within ASEAN – 40% if within the MAV of 350,000mt for imports coming from countries outside of ASEAN – 180% if above the MAV and from non-ASEAN countries In January 2019, when inflation was at 4.4 percent, the contribution of rice to inflation was 0.6 percentage point (ppt). By contrast, in January 2020, when the inflation rate was at 3 percent and with the RTL already in effect, the contribution of rice to inflation dropped to -0.8 ppt. The effects of the RTL continue to be felt. In June 2022, when overall inflation hit 6.1 percent, the contribution of rice to inflation was only 0.18 ppt. Clearly, due to the RTL, rice prices have remained stable. GLOBAL SITUATION AND FOOD SECURITY: 1. THE ASIAN BIRD FLU Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting several species of food producing birds (chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc.), as well as pet birds and wild birds. Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza. Avian influenza continues to cause severe loses in poultry and poses a zoonotic threat to human populations in many countries. Many countries in Asia have encountered highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtypes such as H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 as well as the highly pathogenic H7N9 which resulted in outbreaks in 2018–2019. These outbreaks impacted animal and public health, trade and economy in affected countries. Human infections with zoonotic influenzas—especially avian influenza virus H5N1 and H7N9—have occurred in countries in Asia since 2003, causing a serious public health threat. Concerns about food security related to avian influenza are multifaceted: 1.Impact on Poultry Industry: Bird flu outbreaks often lead to culling of infected birds to prevent the spread of the virus. This can have significant economic implications for the poultry industry, affecting livelihoods and the availability of poultry products. 2.Disruption of Food Supply Chains: The culling of infected birds and measures to control the spread of the virus can disrupt the supply chain for poultry products, potentially leading to shortages and increased prices. 3.Human Health Concerns: While the primary focus is on preventing the spread of the virus among birds, there is also concern about the potential for the virus to mutate and spread more easily among humans. This could lead to a public health crisis, with potential impacts on healthcare systems and broader societal stability. 4. Impact on Livelihoods: In regions where poultry farming is a significant source of income for local communities, bird flu outbreaks can have a direct impact on livelihoods. Farmers may face financial losses due to the culling of their birds and the temporary closure of markets. 5. Global Trade Concerns: Bird flu outbreaks can also affect international trade of poultry products. Countries may impose restrictions on the import and export of poultry to prevent the spread of the virus, impacting global trade dynamics. 2. THE AFRICAN SWINE FEVER January 2022, African Swine Fever (ASF) has been a significant concern in the global pork industry. ASF is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild pigs, and it can have serious economic and food security implications. Some key points related to ASF and its impact on food security: 1.Pork Industry Impact: ASF can lead to high mortality rates in pigs, and there is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available. Infected pigs and those in contact with them are often culled to prevent the spread of the disease. This can result in substantial losses for pig farmers, affecting their livelihoods and the pork industry as a whole. 2.Food Supply Chain Disruption: ASF-related culling and control measures can disrupt the pork supply chain. This includes the production, processing, and distribution of pork products. As a result, there may be shortages of pork in affected regions, and prices may increase due to reduced supply. 3. Livelihood Impact: Pig farming is a significant source of income for many people, especially in regions where pork consumption is high. ASF outbreaks can lead to the loss of livelihoods for pig farmers, affecting rural economies and potentially contributing to poverty and food insecurity. 4. Global Trade Restrictions: ASF outbreaks can prompt countries to impose restrictions on the import and export of pork products to prevent the spread of the disease. This can impact international trade and contribute to shifts in global pork markets. 5. Diversification of Protein Sources: In regions heavily dependent on pork as a primary protein source, ASF outbreaks may lead to efforts to diversify protein sources to mitigate the impact of reduced pork availability. This could involve increased production and consumption of alternative proteins such as poultry, beef, or plant-based proteins. Impact of ASF by region based on the information submitted through the Early Warning System (2016-2020). The Philippines: The Department of Agriculture (DA) confirmed the first outbreak which started in July 2019. As of 13 October 2023, there are 158 barangays in 93 municipalities of 31 provinces that have active ASF cases. In Visayas, Negros Occidental Province detected ASF cases in La Castellana in September 2023 but ASF is now under control; ASF cases were also confirmed in Kabankalan, Silay, Victorias, and Bacolod cities and Pulupandan, Hinigaran towns in the province, according to media. On Luzon, Nueva Vizcaya Province has confirmed ASF outbreaks in nine towns with nearly 1 300 pigs tested positive. 2. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts on various aspects of society, including concerns related to food security. The pandemic has affected food systems globally in several ways: 1.Disruption of Supply Chains: Lockdowns, restrictions on movement, and other measures to curb the spread of the virus have disrupted agricultural supply chains. Farmers faced challenges in accessing markets, transportation, and labor, leading to delays in planting, harvesting, and the overall production of food. 2.Labor Shortages: The pandemic has led to labor shortages in the agricultural sector due to movement restrictions, illness, and fear of contagion. This has affected the timely cultivation and harvesting of crops, leading to potential losses in production. 3.Impact on Livelihoods: Many individuals and families reliant on daily wages, particularly in the informal sector, have experienced economic hardship due to job losses and reduced income during lockdowns. This economic stress can contribute to food insecurity as people may struggle to afford or access an adequate and nutritious diet. 4. Disruptions in Food Markets: Closure of food markets, restaurants, and other food establishments, as well as restrictions on gatherings, have affected the demand for certain types of food and disrupted traditional food distribution channels. This has led to food waste in some cases, as perishable goods could not reach consumers in a timely manner. 5. Rising Food Prices: Economic challenges, disruptions in supply chains, and increased production costs have contributed to rising food prices in some regions. This can pose challenges for vulnerable populations with limited resources for purchasing food. 6. Shifts in Consumer Behavior: Changes in consumer behavior during the pandemic, such as panic buying and stockpiling, have led to temporary shortages of certain food products in some areas. This has highlighted the need for resilient and adaptive food supply chains. 7. Vulnerability of Vulnerable Populations: The pandemic has disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, including those in low-income communities and developing countries. Pre-existing issues of poverty, inequality, and inadequate social safety nets have been exacerbated, leading to increased vulnerability to food insecurity. Some general strategies and programs that were being pursued to the global issues mentioned: 1.Public Health Measures:. These measures included testing, contact tracing, quarantine and isolation protocols, and public awareness campaigns on hygiene and preventive practices. 2.Vaccination Campaign: Vaccination programs included the distribution of vaccines, setting up vaccination centers, and public information campaigns to encourage vaccination. 3.Economic Stimulus and Social Support: The government initiated economic stimulus packages to support businesses and individuals affected by the economic downturn caused by the pandemic. Social support programs aimed to assist vulnerable populations who faced challenges such as job losses and income reduction. 4. International Cooperation: The Philippines, like many other nations, was engaged in international cooperation to address global health challenges. 5. Health Infrastructure and Capacity Building: Efforts were made to strengthen health infrastructure and build capacity in terms of healthcare facilities, equipment, and healthcare workforce. This included setting up quarantine and treatment centers and increasing the number of healthcare professionals.