UNIT-III-GEN-ED-9.docx

**UNIT III. RIZAL'S LIFE: Family, Childhood, Education, Trial, Exile, and Death** **Overview** This unit presents Dr. Jose Rizal's ancestry, family, childhood memories, early education in Laguna, and higher education in Manila and abroad. The people, events that may influence nor inspired Rizal to...

**UNIT III. RIZAL'S LIFE: Family, Childhood, Education, Trial, Exile, and Death** **Overview** This unit presents Dr. Jose Rizal's ancestry, family, childhood memories, early education in Laguna, and higher education in Manila and abroad. The people, events that may influence nor inspired Rizal to his decisions and life during and before the exile and exile, trial **Learning Objectives** At the end of the unit, I am able to: 1. know Jose Rizal thoroughly through his biography; 2. analyze Rizal\'s family, childhood, education, and life abroad; 3. discuss Rizal\'s exile, trial, and death; and 4. evaluate the people\'s influence on Rizal\'s life. **Setting Up** Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ Course/Year/Section: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ *Directions:* Answer the following questions concisely. 1. How would you describe your family? How was your relationship with them? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. How would you think your childhood experiences have molded the person you are today? **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Lesson Proper** He was also known as Jose Rizal or Pepe, born in Calamba, Laguna on June 18, 1961. The seventh among eleven children born to a relatively well-off family in a Dominican-owned tenant land in Calamba, Laguna. He lived and died during the Spanish frontier time in the Philippines  **RIZAL'S FAMILY** Jose Rizal came from a mixed race. The Rizal is viewed as perhaps a significant family during their time. Researchers uncovered that the Mercado-Rizal family had similar hints of Japanese, Spanish, Malay, and Even Negrito blood beside Chinese. **Francisco Mercado Rizal Y Alejandra (1818-1898)** - Jose\'s father, Don Francisco, was an honest, thrifty, and industrious man born in Biñan, Laguna, on April 18, 1818. - Studied in San Jose College, Manila - Rizal described him as a \"*model of father.\"* - He became a tenant of Dominican estate in Calamba. **Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos (1827-1913**) - Jose\'s mother, Doña Teodora, was an educated and cultured woman from Sta. Cruz, Manila born on November 8, 1826. - Studied in College of Santa Rosa, an esteemed school for girls in Manila - Also known as *Lolay* - She was a diligent woman, courteous, religious, hard-working, and well-read. - Rizal's first teacher **Saturnina (1850-1913)** - Her nickname was *Neneng*, the Eldest child - Married to Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. - She and her mother, Teodora, provided the Little Jose with good primary education **Paciano (1851-1930)** - The only brother of Jose, the second among 11 children, - fondly addressed by his siblings *ŇorPaciano* short for SeňorPaciano - Studied at San Jose College in Manila - He became a farmer but later on, a general of the Philippine Revolution **Narcisa (1852-1939)** - Her nickname was *Sisa*, the third child - She worked as a teacher and a musician - Married to Antonio Lopez also a teacher from Morong **Olympia (1855-1887)** - Her nickname was *Ypia*, the fourth child - Married to Silvestre Ubaldo - A schoolmate of SegundaKatigbak, Jose\'s first love, at the La Concordia College **Lucia (1857-1919)** - The fifth child - Married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba. - Her husband died of cholera in 1889 and was denied a Christian burial because Dr. Rizal was his brother-in-law. **Maria (1859-1945)** - Her nickname was *Biang*, the sixth child - Married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna - Concepcion (1862-1865) - Her nickname was Concha, the eight child - Died at the age of three due to an illness **Josefa (1865-1945)** - Her nickname was *Panggoy*, the ninth child - Unmarried - Epileptic - Headed the women chapter of Katipunan - Died as spinster **Trinidad (1868-1951)** - Her nickname was *Trining*, the tenth child - Unmarried - Member of the women chapter of the Katipunan - The longest living family member **Soledad (1870-1929)** - Her nickname was *Choleng*, the youngest child - Married to Pantaleon Quintero, native from Calamba, Laguna - the most educated among his sisters. **CHILDHOOD** Rizal\'s family was typical of the middle-class families of the 19th century. Only theirs was with social status, their family being among the *principalia*. Their rectangular abode was made of stone, wood, and red-tiled roof. They had an orchard, carriages, and horses and owned an agricultural business of rice and sugar. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **The Memory of his Infancy** | Included the nocturnal walk in | | | the town especially when there is | | | a moon | +===================================+===================================+ | ***Aya* (nursemaid)** | Rizal recalled her who told him | | | fabulous stories, like those | | | about the fairy, tails of buried | | | treasure, and trees blooming the | | | diamonds. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Daily Angelus prayer in their | Rizal recorded in his memoir that | | home** | by nightfall, his mother would | | | gather all the children in their | | | home to pray the Angelus. At the | | | early age of three, he started to | | | take part in the family prayer. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Death of Concha on sickness in | Jose\'s first sorrow. He later | | 1865** | wrote in his memoir, \"*when I | | | was four years old, I lost my | | | little sister Concha, and then | | | for the first time, I shed tears | | | caused by love and grief."* | | | | | | Rizal himself remarked that | | | perhaps the education he received | | | since his earliest infancy what | | | was that shaped his habits. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Leoncio Lopez** | One of the foremost acknowledged | | | and regarded men of Rizal, a | | | catholic town cleric of Calamba. | | | Rizal utilized to visit him and | | | tune in to his motivating | | | suppositions on current occasions | | | and through life sees. | | | | | | As a child, Rizal loved to go to | | | the chapel, pray, participate | | | from the novenas, and join | | | religious processions. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Age of five** | He learned to read the Spanish | | | Family Bible and started to make | | | pencil sketches and mold clay and | | | wax objects, which attracted his | | | fancy. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Age of six** | Pepe's sister once laughed at him | | | for spending much time making | | | clay and wax images. Initially | | | keeping silent, he then | | | prophetically told them, \"All | | | right, laughed me now! Someday | | | when I die, people will make | | | monuments and images of me\". | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Age of seven** | His father provided him an | | | exciting experience of riding a | | | *casco* (a flat bottom boat with | | | a roof) on their way to a | | | pilgrimage in Antipolo. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Alipato** | The name of the pony Pepe | | | received from his father as a | | | gift. As a child, he loved to | | | ride his pony. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Usman** | Pepe\'s black dog. He took long | | | walks in the meadows and | | | lakeshore. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Age of eight** | His mother also introduced him to | | | love the arts, literature, and | | | classics. He wrote a drama (a | | | Tagalog comedy) performed at the | | | local festival, and the municipal | | | captain rewarded him *two pesos*. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **To My Fellow Children (*Sa | The poem was previously believed | | AkingMgaKababata/Kabata***) | to be Rizal\'s first written poem | | | at the age of eight. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Kalayaan** | This term was used not just once | | | in the poem. This term was only | | | encountered by Pepe when he was | | | 21 years old from preserved | | | correspondence (letters) with his | | | brother Paciano. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Magic** | He is also interested in this, | | | reading so many books about it. | | | He also learned different tricks, | | | such as making a coin disappear | | | and making a handkerchief vanish | | | in thin air. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Influences from his Three | Tio Jose Alberto -- inspired him | | Uncles** | to cultivate his artistic | | | ability. | | | | | | Tio Manuel -- encouraged him to | | | fortify his frail body through | | | physical exercises. | | | | | | Tio Gregorio -- intensified his | | | avidness to read good books. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **The Story of the Moth** | Doña Teodora held regular | | | storytelling sessions with the | | | young Rizal. *Amigo de Los Niños* | | | (The Children\'s Friend)-- this | | | book was used by Doña Teodora, | | | where she read stories to Pepe to | | | impart essential life lessons. | | | | | | Lolay\'s chose the story about a | | | daughter moth who was warned by | | | her mother against going as well | | | close to a lamp flame. Youthful | | | moth guaranteed to comply. She | | | later succumbed to the drag | | | lights secretive charm, believing | | | that nothing appalling happens if | | | she approaches it with caution. | | | | | | By chance, Pepe was observing a | | | similar occurrence while he was | | | listening to his mother\'s | | | storytelling.\[5\] \[36\] Like a | | | live enactment, a moth flies as | | | well close at the fire of the oil | | | lamp on their table. | | | | | | It's, as a result, both moths in | | | two stories paid the price of | | | getting close the lethal light | | | Year passed since then. The child | | | has gotten to be a man. He got | | | from experience; biting lessons | | | are much more excruciating than | | | sweet lessons that his mother | | | gave him. He considers that light | | | is the most lovely thing in | | | creation, which is worthwhile for | | | a man to give up his life for it. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **EDUCATION** **In Calamba** - **Doña Teodora** - His mother was his first teacher. - She can teach him Spanish, reading, poetry, and values through rare storybooks. - Doña Teodora was patient, conscientious, and understanding. - She\'s the one who first discovered that her son had a talent for poetry. - **Jose Alberto** taught Jose how to paint, sketch, and sculpture. - **Gregorio** influenced him to love reading **further.** - **Manuel** developed Rizal's physical skills in martial arts like wrestling**.** - **Maestro Celestino** -the first private tutor of Jose, who was his parents employed to give him lessons at home - **Maestro Lucas Padua**- later succeeded Maestro Celestino as his private tutor. - **Leon Monroy**, an older man, a former classmate of Don Francisco, became the boy\'s tutor in Spanish and Latin. **In Biñan** - **June 1869** -- Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in Biñan. - **Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz**-- he owned the school where his brother Paciano brought him to study; Jose\'s first teacher; he described him as a severe disciplinarian. - **Pedro, the son of his teacher --**Jose, challenged him to a fight. Though younger and smaller, having **learned wrestling** from **his Uncle Manuel**, Jose **defeated** his tormenter. - **Andres Salandanan --** he had an arm-wrestling match with Pepe. **In Manila** - **1872-1877**: Jose enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in Intramuros; five years later, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree with the rating *sobresaliente* (highest honors). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **1878:** Took up Philosophy and Letter at the University of Sto. Tomas while studying surveying at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **1879:** Rizal enrolled in the College of Medicine at the University of Sto. Tomas to cure the deteriorating eyesight of his mother ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - **1881**: He reached the age of majority, the license was granted to him - **1882:** He stopped attending classes, tired of the Dominican professors\' discrimination against Filipino students, and the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. **Studies and Life Abroad** - **1882:** Rizal left for Spain and enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the *Universidad Central de Madrid* - **1884:** Began writing the Noli Me Tangere - **June 21, 1884**: He received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23 and got a grade of *\"fair.\"* - **June 19, 1885**: Received the degree in Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters and completed studies for the Doctor of Medicine - **1886:**Studied ophthalmology at the University of Leipzig. - **February 21, 1887:** completed the manuscript of Noli Me Tangere - **March 1887:** published the Noli Me Tangere in Berlin, Germany with the financial help of Dr. Maximo Viola - **1888:***Annotated Antonio de Morga'sSucesosdela Islas Filipinas* to awaken his countrymen to a consciousness of their historical past - **1889:** wrote for La Solidaridad - **1890:** Published his edition of Morga'sSucesos in Paris; Continue to write *for La Solidaridad*; Published *"The Indolence of the Filipinos*" and the 4th installment of the "*The Philippines a Century Hence*\"; Move to Belgium to save so that he could publish the \"*El Filibusterismo*.\" - **1891:** Received a letter from Leonor Rivera that she would wed an Englishman, Published the El Filibusterismo with financial assistance from Valentin Ventura and Jose Ma. Basa (September 18, 1891); Translated into Filipino the well-known \"French Declaration on the Rights of Man\"; Left for Hongkong to practice medicine and operated on his mother\'s eye for the second time; wrote the constitution of *La Liga Filipina* - **1892**: went to North Borneo and informed Governor General Despujol his plan to create a Filipino colony to free Filipinos from being maltreated **People Rizal Met during his Travel** - **Paterno Brothers (Antonio, Pedro, and Maximo)-**Friends of Rizal shared his ideas; they often held meetings and celebrations in their home. - **Don Pablo Ortega y Rey**- A rich mestizo who was a former mayor of Manila; befriended Rizal due to him being in love with her daughter. - **Consuelo Ortega y Rey**- Rizal met her in Madrid while he was studying. A young and beautiful woman, further described in Rizal's poem dedicated to her. - **Senor Roses**- the owner of the book store where Rizal always buy - **Suzanne Jacoby**- A lover of Rizal while in Spain. Beautiful and pretty, as described by him, confessed her love as he left Spain for France. - **Marcelo H. Del Pilar**- An *Illustrado* and a leading figure of the propaganda movement. Founder of the famous La Solidaridad and a respected member of the freemasons. - **Mariano Ponce**- Another principal member of the Propaganda Movement. Also, the co-founder of La Solidaridad, together with Marcelo del Pilar. **In France** - **Maximo Viola**- A very good friend of Rizal. The *savior* of Noli Me Tangere because he helped Rizal when he became near destitute. - **Dr. Louis de Weckert**- A leading French ophthalmologist. Rizal worked for him as an assistant. - **Paz Pardo de Tavera**- A pretty girl and fiancée of his good friend, Juan Luna - **Nellie Boustead**- A beautiful Parisian. The very girl who became the reason for the momentary rivalry between Rizal and Antonio Luna, the famous Revolutionary General. **In Germany** - **Dr. Otto Becker**- Another well-known ophthalmologist. Rizal worked for him as an assistant. - **Dr. Karl Ullmer**-. Rizal stayed at his home. He welcomed Rizal with open arms proving he was a kind protestor. - **Prof. FrederichRatzel**- A famous German historian. Rizal befriended him. - **Hans Meyer**- A German anthropologist. He is a friend of Rizal. - **Dr. Adolf B. Meyer**- He is the Director of the Anthropological Museum. Also, befriended by Rizal. - **Dr. Feodor Jagor**- A celebrated scientist-traveler. Author of the book: Travels in the Philippines, which Rizal read as a child. - **Dr. Hans Virchow**- Introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor. He is a famous German anthropologist. - **Dr. Ernest Schwelgger**- A German ophthalmologist. Rizal worked for him too. **In Bohemia** - **Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt**- A Kind-hearted Austrian professor; developed a lifelong friendship with Rizal. - **Burgo Master**- A kind town Mayor who welcomed Rizal. - **Dr. Carlos Czepelak**- A renowned scientist in Europe; he met Rizal at Leitmeritz. - **Prof. Robert Klutschak**- An eminent naturist. Also met Rizal in Leitmeritz. - **Dr. Willkomm**- He\'s working as a professor of natural history at the University of Prague. **In Hong Kong** - **Jose Maria Basa**- A Filipino resident in Hong Kong; he toured Rizal in Macau. - **Jose Slanz de Varanda**- A Spaniard who served as a secretary of Gov. Gen. Terrero and became a spy by shadowing Rizal's movements in Hong Kong. **In Macau** - **Don Juan Francisco Lecaros** - A Filipino gentleman, who accommodated Rizal and Basa in his home. - **Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor**- A practicing lawyer where Rizal stayed at his home as a guest. - **Dr. Reinhold Rost**- A librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The one who recommended Rizal to the British Museum authorities and famously called him \"a pearl of a man.\" **In Japan** - **Seiko Usui (O-Sei-San)**- Lover of Jose Rizal in Japan. She taught him the Japanese language, which he mastered within a week---the reason why Rizal almost got to settle in Japan. - **TetchoSuehiro**- A fighting Japanese journalist who was forced into exile by the government; met Rizal on the Belgic and became friends. - **Juan Perez Caballero**- The secretary of the Spanish Legation in Hong Kong and invited Rizal to reside in the Spanish Legation. **Homecoming** - **To negotiate with Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol about establishing a Filipino colony in Borneo;** - **To establish La Liga Filipina; and** - **To disprove Eduardo de Lete, who published a comment in La Solidaridad that Rizal has abandoned his country.** - **July 3, 1892:** Visited Gov. Gen. Despujol to request a pardon for his parents; Created the La Liga Filipinas in Tondo, Manila (July 3). **EXILE** Despujol ordered the arrest of Jose Rizal and exile to Dapitan (July 7, 1892) Four grounds: 1. For publishing books and articles abroad that shows disloyalty to Spain, anti- Catholic and anti-Friar 2. For having possession a bundle of handbills, the *PobresFrailes*in which the advocacies violated the Spanish orders; 3. For dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three "traitors" (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora) and for emphasizing on the novel's title page that *"the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country* (referring to Spain)"; and 4. For directly criticizing the religion and aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino culture. - **July 15, 1892**: Exiled in Dapitan - **1892 - 1896:** Lived in Dapitan and served as a doctor, farmer, educator, cartographer, and merchant. - ***Casa Real --** commandant's residence where [Jose Rizal](http://ourhappyschool.com/history/jose-rizals-bitter-sweet-life-dapitan) instead opted to live because he is* unwilling to accede to these main conditions set by the Jesuits*,* - **Commandant Captain Ricardo Carnicero and Jose Rizal --**became such good friends that the exile did not feel that the captain was his guard. - **Manila Lottery ticket no. 9736 --** jointly owned by Rizal, Carnicero, and a Spanish resident of Dipolog won the second prize of ***Php 20, 000***. - *He built a house, a clinic, and a school from the land he bought* - *H still correspondence with European researcher despite everything proceeds; some species animal named after Rizal are Rhacoporusrizali, a frog, and Apoganiarizali, a beetle.* - **Francisco de Paula Sanchez**- remain good friends despite differences in their beliefs; help Rizal create a massive map of Mindanao at the town plaza. - **He practiced medicine and later on operated his mother\'s eye.** - **He studies medical plants to be prescribed to his patients.** - Rizal found out that his **enemies sent spies** to gather **proof** that he was a separatist and an insurgent. - **Matias Arrieta** is a physician who revealed his covered mission and asked forgiveness after Rizal cured him. - **Pablo Mercado**- Introduced himself to Rizal, claiming to be Rizal's relative; vigorously volunteered to bring **Rizal's letters** to certain persons in Manila. Made suspicious by the visitor\'s insistence, but Rizal\'s interrogate him. - **Florencio Nanaman**from Cagayan de Misamis paid as a secret agent by the Recollect friars. But because it was raining that evening, Rizal did not command Nanaman out of his house but even let the spy spend the rainy night in his place. - **Doctor Pio Valenzuela --**an emissary sent to Dapitan by Andres Bonifacio. - Andres Bonifacio -- the Katipunan leader; believed that carrying out revolt had to be authorized first by Rizal. - Valenzuela was able to deliver the *Katipunan's* message for Rizal discreetly. Rizal firmly believed that a revolution would be unsuccessful without arms and monetary support from wealthy Filipinos. It had to ask for the help and support of wealthy and educated Filipinos, like Antonio Luna, an expert on military strategy. - Rizal learned that his true love Leonor Rivera had died; he was in the Dapitan at that time. - In August 1893, Rizal successfully operated his mother's cataract. - Doña Teodora left Dapitan and went to Manila to be with Don Francisco, who was getting weaker. Shortly after his mother left, **Josephine Bracken** came to **Jose's life**. - **Josephine Bracken** was an **orphan** with Irish blood and the stepdaughter of Jose\'s patient from Hong Kong. Rizal and Josephine Bracken were unable to obtain a church wedding because Jose would not retract his anti-Catholic views. - Before the year ended in 1895-- They had a child but was **born prematurely**; it was named after Rizal\'s father (Francisco) died a few hours after birth. - **Ferdinand Blumentritt -** In 1895, he informed Rizal that the revolution-ridden Cuba, another nation colonized by Spain, was raged by the yellow fever epidemic. Rizal wrote to Governor-General Ramon Blanco, asking for permission to volunteer and provide medical services in Cuba. As days past on, receiving no reply from Blanco, Rizal lost interest in his request. - **But on July 30, 1896** --Rizal received a letter from the governor-general sanctioning his petition to serve as a volunteer physician in Cuba. - **In the late afternoon of July 31**-- Rizal got on the *'España'* with Josephine, Narcisa, a niece, three nephews, and three of his students. **Heartily bidding** him **goodbye**, they **shouted,** *"Adios, Dr. Rizal!".* With agonize, heart, He waved his hand in farewell to the generous and **loving Dapitan folks**, saying, *"Adios, Dapitan!"* **TRIAL** - **November 20, 1896:** Preliminary investigation started - **December 8-26, 1896:** Trial of Rizal - **Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade-** from the Spanish army; selected by Rizal to defend him - Trialed by a military court at the **Cuartel de España** - **Documents and testimonials** were the types of pieces of evidence presented against Rizal - *15 Documentary evidence* - *13 Testimonial evidence* - **Colonel Francisco Olive--** one of the judges; he administered a series of interrogations as a preliminary investigation for Rizal. Those who were constrained to testify against Rizal were not allowed to be cross-examined by the accused. - The records of the case were transmitted in the following order: - ***Judge Advocate Dominguez--** presented Rizal\'s criminal case, followed by the lengthy speech of Prosecuting Attorney Enrique De Alcocer.* - **December 28, 1896: Governor-General Camilo Polavieja**signed the court decision and decreed that the guilty be executed by firing squad at 7 am on December 30, 1986, at Bagumbayan (Luneta). - **December 29, 1896:** Captain Rafael Dominguez read the verdict to Rizal - **Rizal wrote an untitled poem-** later known as Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell). **DEATH** After a proclaim trial, Rizal was convicted of rebellion and condemn to death by firing squad. Rizal\'s public execution was implemented in Manila on December 30, 1896, at age 35. His execution was followed and created more opposition to Spanish rule. **Rizal's Last 24 Hours** **From 6 am to 12 Noon** - ***Standard biography**-- states that at6 am on December 29, Judge Advocate Dominguez formally read the death sentence to Rizal.* - *At about **7** am, he was transferred to either his "death cell" or \"prison cell.\"* - ***Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata** and **Fr. Luis Viza**-- The two priests visited Rizal. They brought the medal of the Ateneo's Marian Congregation as Rizal's membership and the wooden statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. He had a curve in the school.* - *At **8:00 am**-- **Fr. Antonio Rosell** came after Fr. Viza left. They eat their breakfast together at that time. Then Lt. Andrade arrived, and Rizal thanked his lawyer Santiago Mataix of the Spanish newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.* - ***9:00 am**-- Rizal was interviewed.* - ***About 10:00 am-- Fr. Federico Faura** came and advised Rizal that he must forget about his resentment and marry **Josephine Bracken**. Rosell witnessed the discussion about religion.* - ***Jose Vilaclara and Vicente Balaguer**(missionary in Dapitan) two other priests also visited at 11 am.* **From Noon to 7:00 pm** - ***Rizal left alone** and had **his lunch**, read the **Bible**, and meditated.* - *That moment **Balaguer** reported to the Archbishop about Rizal's Last Hours refusing to **receive visitors** for the meantime.* - *Rizal finished up **his last poem** and wrote to **Blumentritt** his previous letter, which he called the **Austrian scholar,** \"my best, my dearest friend.\"* - *Rizal talked with Fr. Estanislao March and Fr. Vilaclara at **2 pm**.* - *Balaguer returned to the cell at **3:30 pm** and allegedly discussed the **retraction** of Rizal. Then he wrote letters and dedications and had his rest.* - *At **4 pm**-- the sorrowful mother of Rizal and his sisters went to see him.* - *His mother is not permitted by the guards to embrace Rizal, but he kisses on her mother's hand.* - ***Dominguez** was said to have been moved with compassion before his mother asks for forgiveness.* - *As the visitors were leaving, Rizal handed over Trinidad, an alcohol cooking stove as a gift from the **Pardo de Taveras**, whispering in a language that the guards could not understand. "There is something in it,\" that \"something\" was now known as **Mi Ultimo Adios**.* - ***Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon**-- the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, came to see Rizal at **5:30 pm**.* - ***At 6:00 pm, Josephine Bracken** came into Fort Santiago, and Rizal talked with her emotionally.* **The Night of December 29** - - - - **The Early Morning of December 30** - - - *Afterward, Rizal wrote letters, and one addressed to his family and the **brother Paciano**. To his **family.** He partly wrote. "I ask You for forgiveness for the pain I cause you. I die resigned, hoping that with my death, you will be left in peace."**To Paciano**, he partially wrote. **"I am thinking now how hard you have worked to give me a career. I know that you have suffered much on my account. And I am sorry."*** - - **Slow Walk to Death** - - - - - - **RPJ-** the initials asked by Narcisa to the caretaker of the cemetery to put on her brother's marble plaque. **After 1896** - **August 17, 1898:** Rizal\'s name was revealed and were brought to Narcisa\'s house until 1912 - **December 29, 1912:** Rizal\'s remains were transferred from Binondo to the marble hall of the Ayuntamiento de Manila, where the Knights of Rizal guarded it. **References** *Book* Mañebog J., Claudio E., Mangahas T.L, Bustamante J. (2019). *Life and Works of JOSE RIZAL biography, writings, and legacies of our Bayani*. G.F. &Zaide, S. M. (2011). *Philippine History and Government*. 105 Engineering Road, Araneta University Village, PotreroMalabon City: Mutya Publishing Houce, Inc. Social Behavioral Science Department. Study Guide in The Life and Works of Jose Rizal *Internet* *JOSE P. RIZAL: Family, Early Childhood, and Education.* (2006, March 29). *Jose Rizal*. (2019, September 14). Geni\_family\_tree.. *José Rizal Family Tree*. (2014, December 12). Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation \| San Francisco, Ca. *The Mercado-Rizal Family*. (2019, January 21). Knights of Rizal: Diamond Chapter. P. (n.d.). *The People Rizal Met During His Travels*. Scribd. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from