Unit 4: The Long 19th Century (1789-1914) Study Guide PDF

Unit 4 The Long 19th Century: 1789-1914 1789: French Revolution (Age of French Revolution) 1799-1815: Napoleon Bonaparte ruled France (Age of Napoleon) 1815-130-48: Age of Metternich French Revolution Enlightenment is to the French Revolution as Renaissance is to the Reformation Where do...

Unit 4 The Long 19th Century: 1789-1914 1789: French Revolution (Age of French Revolution) 1799-1815: Napoleon Bonaparte ruled France (Age of Napoleon) 1815-130-48: Age of Metternich French Revolution Enlightenment is to the French Revolution as Renaissance is to the Reformation Where do the rights stop? Enlightened thinkers did not want women or urban workers to have the same rights as them-the rights the Revolution were based on Louis XV replaced his great grandfather (XIV) in 1774 (5 years old) ○ France was in an economic and political crisis ○ His cousin was his regent ○ Mississippi Bubble French government and aristocrats buy stock in the Mississippi Company based on the word of an explorer who said it would be the richest land in the world Mississippi Company fell short of expectations and everyone wanted their money back Everyone lost money when the Mississippi Bubble burst France experiences a severe economic depression because of this ○ Louis then decides to engage in the Seven Y ears War France does not fare very well in Europe but it is even worse in America (French and Indian War) All French American territories fell to the British (except Louisiana which they secretly traded to Spain) Also lost territory in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world ○ People hated LXV , but they didn’t revolt because he was old ○ On his deathbed, LXV said “apres moi, le deluge” “After me, the flood” 1774: Louis XVI takes the throne; inherited a very bad situation ○ Just lost Seven Y ears War, no money, empty treasury, etc ○ Helps fund American Revolution ○ First to recognize American independence ○ Supported America in hopes that America would then support the French/ trade with them ○ Treaty of Paris 1873: British recognize American independence Britain and America agree to trade Nothing said about the French Returned to trade relations with British instead of French Another economic fail ○ Appointed new financial ministers who agreed that France would not make it if they kept on the track they were going Said they needed to tax the nobility ○ PR issues with his wife Marie Antoinette-she was into fashion and parties Refused to repeat an outfit Played pretend peasants and had a peasant village built for it Tries to find ways to improve agricultural production, but France didn't like her ○ Agricultural issues  4 back to back bad harvests-people are starving and France is losing $ Peasants go into debt with their landlords because they aren’t growing anything Theft and other crimes increase-leads to rioting People blame the government and the old regime ○ Louis XVI calls the Estates-General into session for the first time since 1614 in 1789 (175 years) because the third estate wants their opinion heard on taxing the nobles-election is held to appoint representatives Social system ○ 1st estate: clergy, about 1% of the population, controls 20% of all the wealth/ land in France, not necessarily unified ○ 2nd estate: Nobility, about 2% of the population, controlled about 30% of all wealth and land in France, very powerful, divided into older nobility (of the sword) and new nobility (of the robe) ○ 3rd estate: everyone else, about 97% of the population, bourgeoisie included, peasants made up 90% of France’s population, inflation mixed with tsand still wages led to intense suffering especially for urban workers, bourgeoisie extremely frustrated and decide to revoltEstates general: 1st and second estate equal number elected, the third estate has as much as both of them combined (100, 100, 200) Cahiers des Doleances-notebook of grievances-each member of the estates general brings one to their first meeting in 1789 to complain about the king and his actions At an impasse-neither sides wants to give in because it will take away their power They decide to make a new representative body: third estate makes national assembly (97% 3rd, 3% 1st and 2nd) Nat Ass- acts like they are the true government of france but the estate general does not accept it ○ 97% 3rd estate, 3% first and second ○ Formed in 1789 ○ Didn’t have official authority to be created June 20, 1789- nat ass shows up to their normal meeting room at versailles, but the king has locked them out Find an indoor tennis court in versailles and use it as their meeting place Swear the Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789- some people mark it as the beginning of the revolution) Want to write a constitution that permanently limits the power of the king King calls for joint meeting of national assembly and the estates general which legitimizes them King is concerned about bread riots Louis XVI calls in troops because he is worried- the people see it as a threat and think he is trying to end the national assembly July 14, 1789- Parisians decide to riot before the troops arrive-storm the bastille (also known as the start of the french revolution) Bastille is a physical representation of the way the king kept rights from them Attack with sticks, kill the leaders of the bastille and paraded their heads around the city, and released prisoners But there are only a few prisoners and not many weapons-more of a symbolic victory than a physical victory National assembly knows that they can keep meeting but the people in france feel chaos and fear Peasants also revolt in the countryside and kill nobles Nobles fled france- The Great Fear (july-august 1789) Nobles who flee are known as emigres National Assembly abolished feudalism August 26, 1789- NA drafts document of the declaration of the rights of man and citizen ○ Inspired by enlightenment, john locke, dec. of independence ○ First article ○ Men are born and remain free and equal in rights ○ “Liberty, equality, fraternity” was the motto of the French Revolution ○ Social distinctions must benefit everyone in society Ie a priest and lay person can be distinguished between but must be treated equally○ Second article ○ Talks about the rights of man-Liberty, property, security, and the right to resist oppression ○ The all seeing eye symbolizes eye opening through reasoning and then can illuminate to the problems and fix them ○ Phrygian cap-symbol of emancipation Given to Roman slaves when they were liberated to show everyone their freedom If people put one on, you knew they were a revolutionary ○ Fasces- symbol of power In October 1789, there is a group of women who grow frustrated that they still cannot provide food for their families while the king and the NA and all of their families are sitting at V ersailles trying to write a constitution ○ They decide to march to V ersailles to make sure the king knows what they are struggling with ○ The guards don’t know what to do because of the women ○ This is where Marie Antoinette “Let them eat cake” quote comes from ○ The women abduct the royal family-the king and royal family somewhat willingly go with them ○ They carry them on a wooden hay cart all the way back to Paris so that they have to see what the people go through everyday and can no longer be out of touch ○ Huge step in the direction of the revolution helping those who have the most need ○ Revolution becomes more and more radical as it progresses Constitution of 1791-constitutional monarchy attempt-Montesquieu’s ideas of separation of powers-add three branches ○ Executive: king, cannot declare war or change the constitution and cannot handle/ deal with money ○ Legislative: unicameral, 2 year terms for elected members, legislative assembly-elected by all adult male taxpayers ○ Judicial: upper and lower, 6 year terms for electees (diminishes chance of corruption) ○ Departments: political subunits like parishes or states, 83 2343 created with elected sheriffs, judges, tax collectors, mayors, etc. Completely destroys the power of the nobility ○ National Assembly: abolition of the estates, everyone is equal, economic changes to make the government back off, laissez faire to be put in place, they wanted to get rid of guilds because they are too protective and get rid of competition and influences inflation-they wanted supply and demand to open up jobs to all people Financial problems: tax system is now based on land and profits instead of estates Issue with this is that urban workers aren’t taxed so they can’t vote New form of currency: Assignat Their answer was to print more money and claim all of the church land in France to back their new currency-leads to slight inflation This aggravates the Pope and all the French churches 1790: Civil constitution of clergy was adopted by France; it said that the people of France are going to elect their clergy and church workers but to be elected, they had to swear an oath on the document to the people of France ○ 1789: National Assembly-1791-it dissolves itself and becomes the Legislative Assembly (mainly made up of Bourgeoise) ○ Winners in this constitution: peasants but mainly bourgeoisie (who wrote it) ○ Losers is nobles and monarchy and the church and urban workers ○ 1791: Flight to V arennes: Louis XVI strives to revive absolutism; he tries to escape France, but people find him and bring him back to Paris where he claims he was kidnapped Jacobin Club: supported by radical bourgeoisie (calling for overthrowing monarchy and nobles-eat the rich) and urban workers Maximillien Robespierre: one of the leaders of the Jacobin Club- very radical- wants france in the hands of loyal people- calls for violence and execution of the monarchy ○ Most violent phase of the french revolution- reign of terror (1793-1794) ○ 40,000- roughly 75 a day killed by guillotine  Louis XVI put in jail France is being invaded by foreign powers Leg assembly is dissolved, national convention is formed (not a governing body but an effort to write a new constitution since the initial constitutional monarchy didn't come) ○ Election to figure out who will be on the national convention ○ Urban workers are still calling for voting rights- universal male suffrage Danton takes emergency control of paris and prepares people to defend themselves and take up arms People are excited by Danton- french people are ready to defend themselves -but rumors start to spread that this is a trick- thought it was a ploy to keep them out of france and take everything that they fought for back -people decide that they need to defend from inside first -want to make sure there are no nobles left to ruin everything while they are gone -september massacres- over a thousand rich people killed on the streets of paris- class violence Jacobin power is solidified in the election of 1792- new constitution will be radical Only the most radical people in france were brave enough to vote, so the most radical representatives were elected People start fighting over what type of changes should be made- divisions within the jacobin club Alliance of Convenience French Revolution (1789-99) ○ Old Regime-1789 ○ Estates-General (1789) ○ National Assembly (1789-91) ○ Legislative Assembly (1791-2) National Convention 1792-1795 ○ Most seats go to the Jacobins because they were the only ones brave enough to take to the streets○ Alliance of convenience-all want change but not the same kind ○ Alliance dissolves when they all are at the NatCon because their disagreements about what change to make come out ○ Montagnards: very radical-kill all nobles ○ Girondins: much more conservative-get rid of nobility but not kill them ○ ○ Revolutionary Plaza: where the guillotine is set up Where Louis XVI was executed-end of Bourbon monarchy ○ Problems ○ Never actually goes into full effect because the NatCon was struggling ○ Austria and Prussia were still invading France decides to attack Austria and Prussia in their states Britain and others join Austria and Prussia to defeat France because they didn't want the revolution to spread ○ V endee Rebellion Peasants mad at the NatCon because they were focused on the problems of the urban workers rather than the peasants-hurting farmers They start taking up arms and rebel against NatCon NatCon sends troops to quiet down V endee, but nobles supported them because they wanted their power back Spread beyond the V endee region More than 60/83 departments fighting against the NatCon ○ Sans-Culottes (urban workers in Paris)-means without pants (short pants they couldn’t wear because they were doing manual labor) They were on the NatCon’s side They were very powerful, so the NatCon had to bend to their will Convention decides to create a temporary government-Committee of Public Safety-instead of implementing the Constitution of 1792 ○ Committee of Public Safety-1793-4 (executive branch of the NatCon) Bread prices-force the prices to be lowered with a max price Redistribution of the wealth Took taxes from the wealthy to give to the poor Girondins expelled They were questioning radical groups Committee of Public Safety sends them out Revolution becomes more radical Connection: Rump Parliament Revolutionary Tribunal-Reign of Terror Too many people to prosecute Appointed judges, no jury An individual could be arrested, charged, and sent to the guillotine in the same day Justice is miscarried Over 500,000 arrested and 40,000 killed-about 75 people a day Bringing France back under control by destroying all opposition Robespierre really valued education-established national library, archive, and art gallery; he desired to create the Republic of Virtue  Republic of Virtue ○ Weird because he was also executing thousands ○ Art gallery-art taken from the very wealthy, and an old palace was converted into the Louvre-free public access ○ Metric system developed ○ Revolutionary calendar started on September 22, 1792-when the Constitution was accepted/ French Republic started Every month will have exactly 30 days and will be named after the weather of that month (logical) Example: Pluvios: the rainy month Named days of the week- first day, second day, etc.-and made ten of them instead of 7 Decide to have five days at the end of the year-every fourth year 6 days-to celebrate the republic The Festival of the Supreme Being Deism (concept of God as a clockmaker-God is real but miracles are not, he does not interfere with daily life and did not send His son) was still the primary belief Appreciate the creation of Earth and natural laws Not their job to worship God but to study creation and reason more ○ Rejected Catholicism and converted churches into Temple of Reason Decided religion was all myth and was stopping progression/ thinking ○ Abolished slavery in all French territories Short lived because of the economic reliance on slavery Comes back after Reign of Terror ○ Rejection of women’s rights=shortcoming The French did kind of well at defending itself against all of Europe and the Vindet Rebellion was pretty much crushed ○ So why was Robespierre still cutting off heads? ○ Fewer and fewer people agreed with Robespierre as time went on ○ It was hard to oppose because he sent all opposition to the guillotine ○ They send Danton to meet with Robespierre to try and reason with him Danton told him that the justification was over It seemed to go well; they even hugged at the end The next morning, Danton is arrested and brought to the guillotine Even one of his closest friends was not immune ○ Organized group got together to plan a public arrest of all the members of the Committee of Public Safety in the summer of 1794 V ery hard because it required a lot of people, and anyone could have been a spy for Robespierre July 1794-all members arrested, brought to trial, and sent to the guillotine Robespierre attempted to take his own life, but someone fought the gun away from his temple and the gun ends up at his jaw, firing upward and completely shatters the right side of his face Marat Newspaper-if you were published in this, you would probably be killed ○ He had a skin disease, so he had to bathe in mineral water for hours at a time ○ He would write while in the bathtub ○ A sister (Charlotte Corday) of someone who was killed based on Marat’s writing stabbed him in his bathtub, and he died ○ Jacques-Louis David painted a picture of Marat’s death ○ Marat is celebrated and sainted for being a great person of the revolutionary era July 1794-Thermidorian Reaction: conservative response to the Reign of Terror ○ Pendulum swings back to the more conservative side ○ Upper bourgeoisie takes control of the revolution again away from the urban workers ○ Got rid of the Reign of Terror ○ Harassed and arrested Jacobins and other key players in the Reign of Terror ○ Urban workers still want the rights they were fighting for-the revolution shifted from the bourgeoisie to the urban workers (then it shifted to women and so on) Crane Brinton wrote Anatomy of a Revolution-coined term “Thermidorian Reaction” and thought of it as the way a revolution comes back to more conservative ideas after the most radical stage ○ Compares three revolutions to a disease Enters the body, reaches a height of sickness, comes back down to where you still feel bad but not awful ○ English CommonWealth-1641-1660 ○ American Revolution-1776-83 ○ French Revolution-1789-99 ○ Russian Revolution-1917 Timeline Old Regime: Power goes to Monarchs, nobles, and church 1789- Estates General: Bourgeoisie gaining, Monarchy called it, nobles and church still have some power National Assembly: Bourgeoisie gaining, Monarchy, nobles, and church are losing it Constitution of 1791- Legislative Assembly: Bourgeoisie in charge, monarchy is still there, nobles and church lose Constitution YI (Y ear one) 1793-1794 R. O. T. -National Convention: Bourgeoisie in charge, Sans Culotte (Urban Workers) gaining, monarchy is dead, Nobles and Church have little power Thermidorian Reaction: Constitution of 1795/ Y ear III: more conservative, wants to make sure Sans-Culotte cannot come back to power ○ The Directory- Bicameral legislature Elected by adult male property owners Really only nobles and very wealthy bourgeois voting Caused very conservative people to be elected 5 Directors Share executive power Each year, one of them is changed out ○ Afraid of too much power No money in France, fighting foreign wars, internal struggles Urban workers still want rights-think the Directory is too conservative Jacobins upset that they don’t have a say People on the right-nobility, church, monarchists-say the Directory is not conservative enough The Directory is not equipped to handle these problems because it was not designed to do so ○ Also called National Convention  Fall of 1795 ○ More than 2000 marchers try to overthrow the Directory and restore the monarchy and the church ○ They call in Napoleon to fight them Napoleonic Era/ Age of Napoleon (1799-1815) ○ Born in Corsica-belonged to Italy but was acquired by France (making him a citizen) Like Lither, born at the perfect time to be influenced by the revolution and the Enlightenment Family sent him to France for a military academy Strong student, but he was looked down upon by the mainland French kids He has to prove himself even more-takes the challenge Commissioned as an officer in the French army at 16 Essentially a secretary Continues to study while doing his job 1789-20 years old-he is given his chance with the revolution Provided him with unique opportunities Makes a name for himself-brilliant tactician ○ Fighting against the counter revolution-ruthless Had cannons brought in Had grape shot put in (similar to a shotgun) so that it would hit more people than a cannonball “Give them a whiff of grapeshot” Willing to do whatever necessary to stop the counterrevolution Over 1000 royalists killed in the street by Napoleon  His name became very popular-nationally known and recognized “I’m not here to invade you; I’m here to protect you from Austria” ○ 1796-given command over the French armies in Italy Connects with his troops-presents himself as a common man-demands respect also Takes care of people, merit-based promotion Convinced Italians to join him or at least stand out his way while fighting the Austrians They surrender Napoleon decided to negotiate with them instead of sending back to the Directory to get diplomats to do it ○ Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) ○ Wonderful treaty for France ○ Sent treaty back to Directory-ask for forgiveness not permission Napoleon=incredible commander and diplomat ○ Invading United Kingdom V ery difficult to invade And British maintains naval dominance Wanted to defeat the British but knew they couldn't do it at home Made a plan to take a French army into Egypt ○ 1798-Egypt English Admiral Horatio Nelson Defeats the French fleet in 1798 Napoleon races home to try and shift the narrative ○ People in france are getting frustrated with the Directory (centrist response upsets everyone outside of that) Need a government that can respond quickly and a stronger executive 1799-French revolutionaries call for a coup to overthrow the Directory-want Napoleon to lead them Consulate ○ Not a monarchy ○ The console is an elected position ○ Person elected as First Consul is granted a lot of power Power to declare war Power to appoint officials Can initiate any legislation Legislative branch can only pass laws that have been initiated by the First Consul ○ Napoleon elected First Consul-very good at it 1799-France is facing huge problems War against Austria, Britain, and Russia Problems with US France and Britain attacking ships headed to the other country Quasi War (John Adams): naval wars with Britain and France to try and remain neutral Napoleon crushed radicals ○ 1800-Napoleon crosses the Alps to invade Austria Jacques Louis David painted Napoleon on horseback leading his men through the Alps-propaganda  France is finally at peace, so they can focus on domestic issues○ Financial achievements Louisiana Purchase (1803) $15 million in gold pumped into French treasury Bank of France National bank Stabilize currency, lending, and economy overall Better harvests-France needed this natural help ○ Social achievements Approved end of feudalism, but protected property rights of emigres Still protected property rights of nobility Called emigres to come home Upset some peasants, but they couldn’t do anything about it Wealth returned to France with them Greater tax income Legion of Honor Honorary organization Had to be an upstanding citizen of France to be nominated New concept of what it means to be French Poor individuals, nobles, bourgeois, etc. could all be nominated Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) Took ideas of French Revolution to make new set of laws for all of France Innocence until proven guilty, equality, justice, etc.○ Religious Achievements Concordat of 1801  Napoleon recognized the importance of religion and keeping catholics happy Deal with the Pope “God is on whoever’s side has the most cannons”-Napoleon was most likely Deist-did not believe in religion but knew its political importance Said that Catholicism is the religion of the majority, giving them special privileges but not taking away the privileges of other religions Put Napoleon and Pope on the same side-made him popular with peasants Other things Napoleon did Public education with secondary schools (Lycees) ○ Still the structure of French education statement Secret Police ○ Rid France of any radicals ○ People could not resist Napoleon No women’s rights ○ Subject to their husbands and fathers Reintroduced slavery in French colonies abroad Fought against the Haitian Revolution○ Unsuccessful ○ Slaves rose up against France to become their own state ○ He arrested Toussaint L’Ouverture with a fake meeting “Consul for Life” ○ No longer an elected representative of the people ○ Said France needed the stability of a constant leader Empire (1804) ○ Napoleon named himself the “Emperor of the French” Suggesting he is emperor of the people not the land ○ Painting: Coronation of Napoleon Huge Jaques Louis David Napoleon wore crown of laurels All about the power Napoleon yielded Napoleon placed the crown on his own head instead of allowing the pope to-taking power away from church ○ Plebiscite: Napoleon asked the people to vote-Is it ok that I named myself emperor? 95-98% approval rate They really had no choice-asked for forgiveness not permission ○ Napoleon started seeking ways to expand the empire ○ 1805: Battle of Ulm Won the Battle of Ulm○ Next day: Battle of Trafalgar Huge loss British naval force was way bigger Same guy who beat him in the Battle of the Nile (Nelson) French fleet defeated and nearly destroyed (captured or sunk) Huge victory for the British  British controlled Mediterranean and North Sea ○ Napoleon’s empire was landlocked He conquered all of continental Europe He could not expand or really trade because of British naval dominance Neither side could claim victory because France was better at land while Britain was better at sea Austria and Prussia were conquered-defeated in their own territory ○ Napoleon defeated Russia in modern-day Poland He did not conquer Russia; he just defeated their army Russia had more negotiating power than Austria and Prussia Tsar Alexander I met with Napoleon in Tilsit 1807: Treaty of Tilsit Tsar wanted to be a junior partner, not a subject An ally of Napoleon rather than under his control Russia wanted control of Bosphorus Strait (Ottomans-Constantinople) so that they could exit the Black Sea into the Mediterranean Suggested they worked together to conquer the Balkans and the Ottomans ○ Napoleon conquered HRE (reorganized it as the Confederation of the Rhines into only about thirty countries) ○ Overthrew Bourbon king of Spain and put his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne ○ He placed one of his brothers as the Duke of Warsaw (Poland) ○ Names his Son King of Rome ○ Names his brother King of Italy ○ Austria and Prussia got to keep their leaders, but they were puppets of Napoleon ○ All these places use the Napoleonic Code Influence of French Revolution embedded into societies all over ○ He spread ideas of equality in his conquered territories, but does that mean his conquest was valid? Can any conquest be good? Decline and fall of Napoleon ○ Constant resistance from UK Napoleon and UK both knew they couldn’t invade each other Napoleon has the much better army, but UK refused to stop fighting Napoleon wanted them to stop fighting him, even though there was a stalemate The British were in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and counted on the continent to trade Napoleon decided to attack them economically so that British merchants would force Parliament to stop the war Continental System: blockade around all of Napoleon’s controlled land to stop produced goods from coming in and raw goods going out Napoleon threatened arrest or fines if caught with British goods Europeans depended on trade with Britain, so they were very angry Britain could still trade with the Americas, so they were not as heavily affected ○ Rising nationalism The French see themselves as a people-fraternity-the brotherhood of Frenchmen  Napoleon spread the ideas of nationalism in the areas he conquered-bad for him Peninsular Wars Iberian Peninsula 1808: Napoleon attempting to complete conquest of Iberian Peninsula by trying to conquer Portugal He sent more troops into Spain and wanted the Spanish troops to help him, but they decided to rebel They overthrew Napoleon’s brother Joseph-chased him out of Madrid Napoleon fought against them He sent more and more troops in-he could win any battle on a battlefield The Spanish rebels knew that, so they decided to use guerilla tactics In its entirety Guerilla Warfare The French army cannot defeat the rebels They cannot determine who is friend and who is foe because they would hide in villages to tell the other rebels when to attack The rebels would make it as difficult as possible for the army-killed small groups, destroyed bridges, etc. Austria, Italy, Prussia, Poland, pretty much everywhere Napoleon controlled had nationalistic uprisings ○ Russian campaign 1812  600,000 troops: Grand Army Napoleon put this together to fight Russia Napoleon was not getting enough in his partnership with Russia Russia was a big part of smuggling goods to and from England He was mad so he decided to declare war V olunteer French soldiers wanted to do it when they crossed the Alps for Austria-glory for France and for themselves This army was not as committed or loyal-involved Spanish troops Napoleon decided only to bring military supplies-no food or shelter That was fine while in Napoleonic lands because they could stay with people and requisition food The people already did not like Napoleon because of growing nationalism and the Continental System The plan was to conquer Russian territory and then live off of that land and food Russia employs the Scorched-Earth Policy As the Russian army was retreating, they burned everything as they went They burned villages, fields, livestock, etc. so that Napoleon’s army could not use it Napoleon’s army was starving and freezing, and the Russian’s refused to stop and have a battle Napoleon decided to chase them to Moscow because he figured they wouldn’t burn it ○ Wrong-the Russian army burned it too  Winter of 1812-Napoleon finally let his army return home Many people died on the journey from starvation or hypothermia The Russians started fighting them out Britain, Austria, Prussia, and other haters of France (Coalition) joined the Russians Napoleon had to fight his way back to Paris 1813: Battle of the Nations-faced the Coalition-Austria, Prussia, Russia, UK They invaded Paris, captured Napoleon, and deposed him They sent him to the Island of Elba in 1814 Named him Emperor of Elba He kept 100 of his closest guards with him He was governor of the island Bourbon monarchy was restored in France ○ 1815: Napoleon took his 100 soldiers and sailed back to the coast of France A crowd met him there and cheered on his return chanting “long live the emperor” He marched North towards Paris The French army marched south to try and stop him, but every village he went through, more people joined him People who remember how great France was under NApoleonic rule-very loyal The French National Army was only a hill away Napoleon told his men to stand down, and he went unarmed, completely alone a few hundred feet towards the French army  All of them had their guns raised pointed at Napoleon Napoleon stepped out in the road, unbuttoned his jacket to show he was unarmed, and shouted “Frenchmen, if you would shoot your emperor, then do it.” The French National Army lowered their guns and joined Napoleon to take back Paris 1815-Napoleon’s 100 days The Coalition put another army together to fight Napoleon ○ June 1815: Battle of Waterloo Duke of Wellington led the British army Napoleon was defeated and was exiled again but this time to St. Helena-a British territory more than 1,000 miles from the nearest piece of land Under house arrest, a British physician, British soldiers He died at 52 in 1821 due to stomach cancer Some rumors that the British poisoned him “Able was I ere I saw Elba.” famous palindrome about Napoleon He lost the magic when he went to Elba Age of Metternich (1815-1830/1848) ○ Hosts congress of Vienna meeting ○ Metternich is an Austrian diplomat Klemens V on Metternich ○ Meeting is to put Europe back together again- restore order after napoleon -leaders of major states ○ Prussia: Frederick William III ○ British: diplomat- Lord Castlereagh ○ Russia: Tsar Alexander I ○ French diplomat Talleyrand Brilliant Spoke up for France-prevented Con of Vienna from instituting harsh punishment to France for all the destruction they caused He reasoned to Castlereagh that a strong France would stop others like Prussia from rising up-who could stop Prussia if France was out of the picture? He played off of Russia’s desire for a warm water port He went to Prussia and asked why Austria would try to lead this-without France, Austria could take over Prussia completely The big four decided that a strong France would be in their best interest Congress of Vienna decisions on France ○ Bourbon monarchy should be restored in France but allowed the creation of the Constitution of 1815 to limit their power ○ Restoration of the borders of France as they were in 1789 ○ Reparations had to be paid to all victors of the Napoleonic Wars 700 million francs ○ France would be occupied until they paid the reparations Members of the coalition’s army ○ Buffer state France had conquered this during the wars but they took it away from them Kingdom of Netherlands Between France and Austria and Prussia If France did anything to attack the Buffer State, they would have all attacked  Other decisions ○ UK: wanted the small French islands for their naval strength ○ HRE: Confederation of the Rhine-39 states kept in place, Prussia gained Saar V alley Austria gained some Italian provinces (direct instead of indirect control) Austrian kings become presidents of German Federation Reactionary Conservatism ○ Legitimacy (pre 1789) ○ Stability Concert of Europe/ Congress System ○ First time a cooperation like this appears and it becomes a new norm ○ Countries agree to meet regularly in congress to fight the problems and stuff Holy Alliance: most EU countries- big ones: Austria, Prussia, and Russia ○ Defended principles of Christianity against revolutionary and liberal ideas ○ Papal states will not join because they disagree with protestantism and orthodoxy ○ British aren’t in central europe so they don't get involved, also realize that the real purpose of the holy alliance is actually to keep these states allied together and manipulate them into supporting austrian foreign policies goals ○ Metternich gets russia involved by appealing to tsar alexander by telling him liberalism is threatening christianity Quadruple alliance: Austria, Prussia, Russia, and UK○ Military alliance to defend the principles of the con of Vienna ○ If anyone tries to change anything in the next 20 years, we will stop them ○ Kill the revolutionary ideals completely 1815-1830 ○ France Bourbon Monarchy restored with Louis XVIII Y ounger brother of Louis XVI Grossly overweight, old, terrible case of gout A good king of France because he understands that he is only king because the Congress of Vienna put him in power and not by some Divine Right-opposite of Sun King He decided to live in Paris instead of V ersailles and worked with the elected bicameral legislature because he wanted to serve the people Dies in 1824 ○ 1818: Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle Withdrew troops Asked France to joining the Quadruple Alliance-Quintuple Alliance ○ German Lands-German Confederation has a diet Not a strong confederation- pretty much every state does what it wants with some influence from Austria and Prussia States are largely independent and autonomous Bigger states: reactionary conservatism Smaller states experienced more of a liberal influence-more of Napoleon’s ideas The bourgeoisie should have a say in the government Bourgeoisie was the most liberal group, especially young bourgeoisie A lot of university students in these small states had very liberal ideas and formed organizations on campuses (fraternities) They discussed liberal ideas Led to action-they wanted to change the world for the better 1817: the 300th anniversary of Martin Luther’s 95 theses Important to liberals because Luther stood up against a large authority and made huge change to the world-hero to liberals Martin Luther shows what it really means to be German 1819: the liberals met with a conservative writer and “accidentally” killed him Concern over growing liberalism-Quintuple Alliance gets together ○ 1819: Congress of Carlsbad: decrees The student press was shut down and censored All student organizations had to have a government representative at each meeting Library books censored and professors looked over V ery severe crackdown Does not destroy liberalism but prolongs it Recap ○ 1789: Old Regime ○ 1789-National Assembly-1791 (Constitution of 1791) ○ 1791-Legislative Assembly-1792 (because the king tricks the LA into going to war with Austria and Prussia) ○ 1792-National Convention-1795 Constitution of Y ear I-forms a Republic-never put into effect because they are in a crisis  1793-Committee of Public Safety-1794 Given emergency powers Reign of Terror Constitution of Y ear III (1795) ○ 1795-Directory-1799 Made to be slow moving ○ 1799-Consulate-1804 Constitution of 1799 ○ 1804-Empire-1814/15 Language matters ○ “Citizen” ○ Monster and madam