Introduction to Psychology - Motivation

A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal.

Motivation based on internal factors like curiosity and enjoyment.

Motivation based on external factors like rewards or punishments.

An aroused state caused by a physiological need.

A physiological deprivation that creates a drive.

The theory that motivation stems from the body's attempt to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis).

A theory of motivation proposing that basic needs must be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.

An innate, unlearned behavioral pattern in a species.

A study that showed a strong connection between stomach contractions and feelings of hunger.

Signals from the stomach, like contractions and nutrient levels, that communicate hunger and satiety to the brain.

A key factor in hunger, along with insulin and leptin, that influences our desire to eat.

A hormone that helps control blood sugar levels, influencing hunger and satiety.

A hormone that signals to the brain to decrease food intake and increase metabolism.

Part of the autonomic nervous system that triggers arousal and prepares the body for action, like fight or flight.

Part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body down after arousal.

Emotions like anger and fear increase SNS activity, leading to physical responses like increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Positive emotions like happiness also activate the SNS, but to a lesser extent than negative emotions.

Various methods like heart rate measurements and skin conductance are used to assess physiological arousal.

The highest level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It refers to the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being.

Maslow's theory that individuals must satisfy basic needs before they can progress to higher-level needs. It's like a ladder with different levels of needs.

A motivational theory suggesting that setting specific and challenging goals, with appropriate feedback, leads to higher and better task performance.

Motivational forces driven by biological needs, like hunger, thirst, and the need for safety.

The most basic level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy, including those essential for survival, such as air, food, water, and sleep.

Maslow believed that people have an innate drive to realize their full potential—to become “self-actualized,” but this requires a supportive environment.

Maslow believed that needs are arranged in a hierarchy, meaning that lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.

According to Maslow, individuals need a supportive environment to develop their full potential—without it, they might not be able to reach self-actualization.

Even in challenging circumstances, people can still reach their creative potential. Maslow highlighted that even individuals in poverty can be creative and successful.

Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting theory proposes that setting clear and challenging goals with appropriate feedback is essential for optimal task performance.

Emotions arise from both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

The process of interpreting and labeling the physiological arousal we experience, thus shaping our emotions.

The study of how emotions are conveyed through digital communication mediums like emails, blogs, and instant messages.

The internal drive to achieve goals, fueled by beliefs in your ability and the value of your efforts.

Components that contribute to self-motivation, including self-confidence, positive thinking, focused goals, and a supportive environment.

A machine used to monitor changes in the body, often used to attempt to detect lying by assessing physiological arousal.

The body's automatic reactions to stimuli, often involving changes in heart rate, breathing, sweating, etc.

A theory that suggests emotions occur AFTER physiological changes caused by stimuli, and we interpret these changes as emotions.

The James-Lange Theory proposes we feel emotions as a result of our interpretation of our own physiological changes.

The James-Lange Theory suggests that each emotion has a unique set of physiological changes, allowing us to differentiate between them.

This theory proposes that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Cannon argued that the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responses are too widespread and slow to explain the rapid changes we experience with different emotions.

The Cannon-Bard Theory suggests that the ANS is activated by stimuli, leading to physiological changes and the experience of emotion.

The Cannon-Bard Theory proposes that the experience of emotion and the physiological changes happen together, rather than one following the other.

Despite efforts, researchers haven't found a unique physiological response that reliably indicates lying.