Ancient Greece Unit 7 PDF

Unit 7: Ancient Greece Bell ringer: Label these civilizations. 3 5-> 6 4-> 1 2  Geography of Ancient Greece Greece was the first civilization that developed in Europe and also covered parts of wes...

Unit 7: Ancient Greece Bell ringer: Label these civilizations. 3 5-> 6 4-> 1 2  Geography of Ancient Greece Greece was the first civilization that developed in Europe and also covered parts of western Asia. They began to settle in river valleys, and the area was surrounded by mountains and seas. The mainland of Greece is on the southern portion of the Balkan Peninsula. Peninsula = body of land surrounded by water on 3 sides. Geography of Ancient Greece 3 Seas of Greece (A.I.M.) Aegean Ionian Mediterranean  Ancient Greek Communities Early Greek settlements were very separated from one another. 3 Seas of Greece: AIM - Aegean - Ionian - Mediterranean Those that were inland were separated from one another due to the very mountainous terrain. How might this affect these communities?  Island Civilization There were many Greek myths that told of a group of people that lived on an island southeast of the mainland called Crete. So in 1900 A.D., a British archaeologist named Arthur Evans went there to study. He was able to discover a site there that revealed a city known as Knossos. There, a palace belonging to King Minos was found.  The people that built the The Minoans/Crete palace were a civilization known as the Minoans (Crete). How do you think the Minoans get their resources? The Minoans last from around 2500 B.C. to 1450 B.C. No one knows why they collapsed (IDK). POSSIBLE reasons = undersea earthquakes/invasion. Mycenaeans = group who conquered Minoans Not much was known until its discovery by Heinrich Schliemann in the 1800s. He discovered a palace with thick stone walls to protect it. These were centers of government where officials kept records of wealth.  Mycenaeans The Mycenaeans were traders that adopted Minoan culture, including building ships, navigating using the stars and sun, and worshipping Minoan gods. This civilization lasts from about 2,000 B.C. to 1100 B.C., Reason for Mycenaean collapse = internal fighting/earthquakes Bellringer: Explain what a Dark Age is.  The Dark Age After the Mycenaeans collapsed, groups of people throughout the Mediterranean region began fighting each other, forcing them to move from place to place. One group was called the Dorians, a Greek-speaking group that invaded the Greek mainland. For about 300 years, Greece fell under what is called the Dark Age. The Dark Age = time of poverty, suffering, and uncertainty Focus on survival = no writing Escaping the Dark Age The Dorians had brought some positives during this time: the introduction of iron weapons and farm tools. But as they pushed into Greece, people were fleeing the mainland and settling on the islands in the Aegean region. By 750 B.C., the Hellenes (descendants of the people who had left Greece) returned back to the mainland bringing back new ideas and skills. Hellenes = “Greeks”  The Greek Alphabet The Greeks began trading with other civilizations, including the Egyptians and Phoenicians. As trade demand increased, the Greeks wanted an easier way of keeping track of it. The Greeks adopted an alphabet from the Phoenicians and created their own with 24 letters, each having its own sound. This simplified reading and writing, which allowed people to start writing stories that had previously only been told orally.  Recovering from the Dark Age Greece started to see its population increase rapidly once out of the Dark Age. Because the population was increasing so fast, they could not produce enough food for everyone. So, they started to send people to outside areas to form colonies along the Mediterranean Sea. What is the effect of Greece forming colonies outside of the mainland? What effect did the mountainous terrain and the seas have on the Greek Greek City-States communities? Because of this effect, each community became deeply loyal to itself. These areas became city-states that were made up of a major city and the surrounding area. Greek city-state = polis. At the center of the polis was an acropolis (fortified city on hilltop; used for refuge and worship)  What did they look like? Outside of the acropolis, there was the agora (open area for markets and government business) The city neighborhoods surrounded the agora and beyond the neighborhoods were the villages and farmland. Most city-states were very small because of the terrain. However, there was Athens (most populated city-state) with around 300,000 people living in it Stop and Think Who do you think were classified as citizens in Ancient Greece?  Greek Citizenship Ancient Greece has had a lasting influence on modern countries, including the US. The first influence on the U.S. is through their idea of citizenship. The Ancient Greeks allowed their citizens to have many rights and responsibilities. Rights: owning land, holding office, voting, and defending themselves in court. Responsibilities: serving in government, serving in the army Who is a Citizen? Greek Citizen Qualifications: - Male - Free - Land owner - Born in the polis Later, Greece would eventually change it to where women and children were citizens, however they would not be granted the same rights.  Greek Armies Citizens were required to fight in the army in return for having rights. Citizen soldiers (hoplites) wore heavy armor and carried a round shield, a short sword, and a spear. Hoplites would march in rows, shoulder to shoulder. When they met enemies, they would raise their shields above their heads to protect themselves from arrows. Phalanx = formation of marching in rows How were the Greeks so successful? The reason the Greeks were powerful is because each polis had citizens that had a sense of pride and loyalty, which gave them motive to continue fighting. These soldiers put the needs of the polis and its citizens above their own needs. What does this quote mean? “I will not disgrace my sacred arms nor desert my comrade wherever I am stationed… And I will observe the established laws and whatever laws in the future may be reasonably established. If any person seek to overturn the laws… I will oppose him. I will honor the religion of my fathers.” - Athenian soldier Stop and Think What effect on Greece do you think occurs from having each city-state loyal to only itself?  Governments in Greece Throughout Greece, different city-states had differing ways of governing their people Some places were ruled by tyrants (someone who seizes power and rules with total authority). A lot of tyrants during this time period would actually treat the people fairly, however, there were some who abused their power and hurt the people. The Greeks supported the good tyrants, and the tyrants would have support from soldiers as well.  Governments in Greece City-states that shifted away from tyranny looked at two different governments. The first was an oligarchy (government ruled by a small group of people, usually wealthy people). Sparta = Oligarchy Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula in the southern Greece. Sparta was an agricultural economy and were very well known for their great military.  Sparta Rather than setting up colonies, the way that Sparta expanded was to conquer nearby city-states and enslave their people. These enslaved laborers = helots, which meant “capture.” The helots revolted against Sparta in 650 B.C. but were easily crushed by the Spartans. To make sure this did not happen again, Sparta began instituting a military society that focused on discipline, simplicity, and strength. Bellringer: Quick Think What did Sparta teach in school? Create this table in your notebooks Spartan Ages 7 20 30 60  Sparta To build up their military, Sparta wanted to prepare their men for the lifestyle of war. At the age of 7, young Spartan boys were forced to leave their homes to go to military camps where they would spend the next 13 years learning how to fight. They learned how to read, write, and use weapons and were taught obedience. They were also treated very poorly to ready them for war.  Sparta At the age of 20, Spartan men entered the army to fight. They could marry but were only allowed to come back home at 30 but they still continued to train in combat. Spartan men, if they survived, could finally retire from the army at the age of 60.  Spartan Women Since the men were off at war, it was up to the women of Sparta to look after children and the home. However, Spartan women were also granted more freedoms than other civilizations at the time. They owned land, trained in wrestling and javelin throwing, and had their main goal of raising their sons to become brave, strong soldiers. What does this quote mean? Who do you think said it? “Come home carrying your shield or being carried on it.”  Spartan Government Sparta had two kings that ruled jointly but only had power over the army and religious celebrations. They had two governing bodies that served as judges, enforced laws, and collected taxes. This government brought stability to Sparta, however it did have its downside. Sparta did not welcome any foreigners and did not let citizens travel outside of Sparta. Sparta did not welcome trade either, so while other city-states began to advance in technology, Sparta stayed the same poor, farming society. Even with this, Sparta still had the most powerful army in Greece.  The City-State of Athens While Sparta was growing, there was another city-state that began to flourish: Athens. Athens was very different than Sparta. Athens focused more heavily on education: arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music, public speaking. The Athenians also focused on sports, like Sparta, because they believed that this produced strong minds and bodies. At 18, males finished schooling and were expected to take part in public affairs.  Athenian Women The job of mothers in Athens was to not only care for the children but to also educate the daughters at home. This included household duties, spinning, and weaving. Some women in wealthy families even learned how to read, write, and play music. Women were expected to be marry and become caregivers for their children. Stop and Think How were women in Athens different than the women in Sparta? How were they similar?  A Foreign Empire While Athens was undergoing political reform, there was an empire in southwest Asia growing. Located in modern-day Iran was the empire of Persia. With a dynasty of kings, Persia was able to come together to form a powerful kingdom. Under a man named King Cyrus the Great, Persia would start expanding. Eventually, Persia = largest empire of the ancient world. Creating the Persian Empire During the 540s B.C., the Persian army began taking over areas such as Mesopotamia, Syria, Judah, and Greek city-states in Asia. However, King Cyrus was able to keep everyone together by treating the conquered people fairly. After Cyrus, other Persian rulers continued to stretch and strengthen their empire. Persia would take over Egypt, western India, and lands northeast of Greece. This would lead to the Persian Empire stretching about 3,000 miles from east to west. How to Control All of This Land? To connect all of their territory, the Persians improved their trading routes. Persia’s most important route = Royal Road. - More than 1,500 miles long - Had roadside stations where travelers could get food, water, and horses - Turned a 3-month journey into a 7 day trip - Connected Persia to Asia Minor  Persian Government The Persian Ruler Darius I created a way to control the increasing empire. - Divided the empire into satrapies (Persian territories) - Each satrapy was governed by a satrap (Persian governor) - Satrap collected taxes, judged legal cases, managed the police, and recruited soldiers. Persia maintained a full-time, professional, paid army. Immortals = 10,000 best soldiers who guarded the king; when one died, they were immediately replaced  Persian Religion The Persian religion changed from polytheistic to monotheistic overtime. Religion of Persia = Zoroastrianism It taught of one supreme god named Ahura Mazda (wise lord). The religion taught that evil existed in the world. People were free to choose between good and evil, but ultimately, good would win. Stop and Think Question: Are You Ready? GO TO A NEW PAGE AND DIVIDE YOUR PAPER INTO 4 LABEL YOUR PAPER AS “BATTLES OF THE PERSIAN WARS” LABEL EACH BOX AS WE DISCUSS THE BATTLES The Persian Wars When the Persians were expanding, they ran into the Greek civilization in the Mediterranean region. Persia had already controlled Greek city-states in Asia, but in 499 B.C., those city-states revolted against the Persians. Athens sent warships to help the rebels, but Persia defeated them easily. King Darius was furious at the interference, As payback, Darius and Persia would invade Greece. Stop and Think What is it called when someone runs a race that is 26.2 miles long?  Persian Invasion In 490 B.C., Darius sent a fleet of 600 ships plus an army to invade mainland Greece. They landed at an open plain just northeast of Athens. Persians waited for days, expecting the Greeks to come fight them. Why didn’t Greeks show up? Persia: 20,000 soldiers Athens: 10,000 soldiers  Did the Greeks Just… Win? The Persians, annoyed with the Greeks, decided to pack up and sail directly to Athens. They began to load up their ships with their strongest units: cavalry. When the horsemen were on the ships, this is when the Athenians attacked. The Persians were caught by surprise and had no chance to defend themselves without their cavalry. The first battle would go to the Greeks.  Why Did I Mention Marathon? Battle of Marathon = first Greco-Persian battle; Greeks catch Persia by surprise; GREEK WIN Marathon was the name of the plains where the battle was fought. After the Greeks won, Pheidippides = Greek messenger who ran 25 miles to tell Athens they won According to Greek legend, once there, he shouted “Victory!” and then collapsed/died from exhaustion. Someone is Coming… Bellringer: Who would Athens want help from to defeat the Persians?  Persia Seeks Revenge The defeat at Marathon left the Persians hungry for revenge. In 480 B.C., there was a new Persian king in charge: Xerxes. Xerxes invaded Greece with around 200,000 soldiers and thousands of warships. To be able to fight against the looming Persian threat, the Greek city-states, including Athens and Sparta, joined forces against the common enemy.  Preparing for Battle In order to fight the Persians, city-states sent soldiers to join the Greek army. Leonidas = Spartan King supplied the most soldiers. Themistocles = Athenian navy general Persia would send ships of food and supplies to their soldiers fighting in Greece. Themistocles created a plan: attack the Persian ships and cut off their supplies. In order for this to work, the Greeks needed to stop Persia from reaching Athens. Warnings of War Before battling the Persians, the Spartans had met with the Oracle at Delphi. O ye men who dwell in the streets of broad Lacedaemon! Either your glorious town shall be sacked by the children of Perseus, Or, in exchange, must all through the whole Laconian country Mourn for the loss of a king, descendant of great Heracles Warnings of War Before battling, Xerxes sent a message to Leonidas. The message sent was a final offer for Leonidas and the Spartans to surrender their weapons. Leonidas sent this message back: “Molon labe.” This roughly translates to: “Come and take them.”  Battle of Thermopylae Persian Army: about 70,000 Greek Army: about 7,000 To combat against this unfair matchup, the Greeks led the Persians to a place called Thermopylae. Battle of Thermopylae = fought at a narrow mountain pass; this prevented the Persians from using all of their soldiers at once. The battle lasted for 3 days, but the Greeks knew that they could not stop the Persians.  Battle of Thermopylae Disaster then struck the Greek army. A Greek traitor had shown the Persians a trail that would lead them around and allow them to attack the Greeks from behind. Once word got back to Leonidas and he knew that his army would be surrounded, he dismissed most of his troops. Leonidas and 300 Spartan troops remained to stall the Persian army.  Battle of Thermopylae This would serve as the final stand for Leonidas. He and his army would fight to the death. Though they died, their heroic stand ultimately proved to turn the tides for the Greeks. Themistocles was able to carry out his attack on Persia’s ships. The Athenian navy lured Persia’s fleet into the strait of Salamis. Bellringer: 1/25 What advantages does each side (Greece and Persia) have? Who has the biggest advantage?  Battle of Salamis A strait is a narrow channel of water. Persian ships = large and heavy; hard to steer Greek ships = small and quick Themistocles thought the narrow strait would make it difficult for Persian ships to move, and he was right. Even though Persia had more ships, this would be a victory for Greece. Persia lost about 300 ships; Greece only lost about 40.  Battle of Plataea Persia still had one last chance: foot soldiers marching to Athens. Athens had been deserted; Persians set it on fire. 479 B.C.; Greeks form their largest army yet (100,000 soldiers). Battle of Plataea: both sides were evenly matched but Greeks would defeat the Persians. Fighting continued in the war until about 449 B.C. before the Greek city-states were free of Persian control and peace had been reached between the two sides. Aftermath of Persia After losing to the Greeks, the Persian army was no longer large enough to defend the entire empire. Citizens were also furious with government; there were heavy taxes to pay for the war and for other luxurious palaces. As Persia weakened, it was open to be attacked. 300s B.C.: Persian empire falls to a young, powerful ruler by the name of Alexander. Bellringer: 1/29 Why would the Greek city-states stay united after the Persian War? Why would they break apart after the Persian War?  Aftermath of the Persian Wars: Athens Athens would become a very powerful city-state after the victory in the Persian War. One reason for this was due to their new leader, Pericles. Pericles would turn Athens into a strong democracy. The Athenians took pride in their government, but it looked different than the democracy that you see in the US. Athens had a direct democracy: all citizens can participate firsthand in making decisions  Aftermath of the Persian Wars: Athens This is different than the US’ democracy; we have what is called a representative democracy: citizens elect officials to make decisions. The reason that direct democracy worked in ancient Athens is because their population was relatively small. The assembly involved 43,000 males over 18 years old, but only about 6,000 participated. Meetings were held every 10 days; they discussed laws, policy on war, and foreign affairs.  Pericles’ Rule in Athens Pericles would rule Athens for more than 30 years. He improved the democracy by appointing officials based off of their ability, not social class. Athens was rebuilt during his rule and became a center of learning; known as the “school of Greece.” He supported free thinkers; this led to a rise of people who reflect on the meaning of life (philosophers). Athens would dominate Greece with a population of 285,000 (only 150,000 were citizens). Women had some rights but were never seen as equal to men. They could be educated and even some taught public speaking, most notably Aspasia. Athenian Economy Athens had more than 100,000 slaves. Many slaves were prisoners who had been captured in battle. Slaves worked on farms and other hard-laboring jobs and helped boost the Athenian economy. However, Athens did not have sufficient land to grow enough food for their population, so they had to rely on trading with other colonies and city-states. With all of this, Athens began to see itself as better than the other Greek city-states.  The Delian League All of the Greek city-states knew that they needed to rely on one another in case of another invasion. Athens, under Pericles, banded together with other city-states to form a group meant to protect themselves from the Persians and other invaders. Located on the island of Delos, the protective group of Greece would be known as the Delian League. Athens provided most of the sailors and soldiers, while others supplied money and ships. Together, the Greeks would drive out the rest of the Persians in Greece.  Delian League: Successful Failure Even though the Delian League worked to some extent, it would overall be a failure. The reason for this is because as Athens was growing more powerful, it began to use its power wrongly. Influencing to control other city-states, Athens was not treating the others as allies, more like colonies. Pericles treated these city-states like subjects, demanding loyalty and payments. He demanded that everyone use Athenians coins and even moved the treasury from Delos to Athens.  Greece Goes to War… With Itself? With Athens going power-hungry, the other city-states began to get worried, including Sparta. Sparta and Athens did not get along; they did not trust each other and each wanted to be the major power in Greece. Sparta had begun to form alliances with other city-states in order to oppose Athens. Athens began to interfere with some of these allies of Sparta. The allies would then pressure Sparta into attacking Athens. War would break out from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C. between Greeks two major powers. Bellringer: 1/30 List some advantages that both Sparta and Athens have. Who do you think wins the war between Sparta and Athens?  The Peloponnesian War Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula, the war between Athens and Sparta is called the Peloponnesian War. Sparta and its allies immediately worked to surround Athens because they knew in an open battle, Athens would lose. Pericles knew this as well and chose to keep his army and people within its walls. The Athenian navy would bring supplies to the city and couldn’t be stopped because Sparta did not have a navy. The Peloponnesian War For about 2 years, Athens would remain safe. However, their downfall would not come from the Spartans or any other people. While being cooped up in the city, a disease broke out in Athens, This disease ended up killing more than a third of the population, including Pericles. Throughout the war, Athens and Sparta would trade victories in battles. Who wins? The Peloponnesian War With a stalemate going on for about 25 years, no one has the upper hand. That is until Sparta gets desperate and makes a deal with the Persians. In exchange for Greek territory, the Persians would provide the Spartans with money to build its own navy. Meanwhile, the city of Athens becomes unstable. Democracy had been overthrown by oligarchy, then oligarchy was overthrown until democracy is restored years later.  The Peloponnesian War With its new navy, Sparta began to attack Athenian ships and destroyed them. Then, Sparta placed a blockade around the city of Athens, preventing any food or supplies from reaching the city. Athens finally surrendered after about a year of being blockaded. Sparta and its allies knocked the walls of Athens down. Though Sparta had won, the entirety of Greece would be  Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War The war brought disaster to the city-states. - Governments were divided and weak. - Many people died from war or disease. - Farms were destroyed. - Sparta, in control, began to rule harshly, just as Athens had done previously. - Allies turned into enemies; the city of Thebes would take over Sparta but would collapse only 10 years after. During all of this fighting, Greece did not notice the looming threat known as Macedonia, who would eventually take over Greece.