Fall Semester Review 2024 KEY PDF

Name _________________________________________ Period _________ Exam Date _________________ Early Civilizations 1. Define prehistory. the time before writing (any time before 3500 BCE) 2. What country and continent did evidence of early human life appear? Ethiopia in East A...

Name _________________________________________ Period _________ Exam Date _________________ Early Civilizations 1. Define prehistory. the time before writing (any time before 3500 BCE) 2. What country and continent did evidence of early human life appear? Ethiopia in East Africa (Lucy was found there) 3. What is another name for the Old Stone Age? Paleolithic Age 4. What are nomads? people that moved from place to place following food 5. What is another name for the New Stone Age? When did this occur? Neolithic Age; 9000 BCE to 3200 BCE 6. What change did it bring? People changed from being nomads to settled farmers 7. What did it enable people to become for the 1st time? Food producers 8. What appeared when civilizations began to emerge? The first cities 9. What did the first 4 civilizations surface near? Why? River valleys; conditions favored farming 10. What river runs through Egypt? The Nile River 11. When this river floods, is it good or bad? Why? Good; because the Nile deposited a layer of rich silt 12. What is Sumerian writing called? Cuneiform 13. What was the greatest achievement for the Sumerians? The wheel 14. Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead? They believed they would need it in the afterlife 15. What is deposited each year by the annual flood of the Nile? Silt 16. Who was the ruler of Babylon? Describe his law code. Hammurabi; 1st written set of laws; “eye for an eye” 17. Which group gave the world the 1st alphabet? Phoenicians Ancient India & China 1. What are the 2 most sacred rivers in India? Indus River & Ganges River 2. Describe the Vedas. It is a collection of hymns, prayers, and religious teachings 3. Which 2 religions did the Aryan civ. help influence? Hinduism & Buddhism 4. What are people born into in Aryan society? Define it. A caste; social group that they cannot change 5. Under what empire did the Golden Age of India take place? Gupta 6. Which religion developed the Four Noble Truths? Buddhism 7. Which religion believed in the law of karma? Hinduism 8. Who is the founder of Buddhism? Siddhartha Gautama  9. What does Buddha mean? The Enlightened One 10. Which religion/philosophy developed the Five key relationships? Confucianism 11. Which religion/philosophy taught that the nature of man is evil? Whose teachings did this philosophy come from? Legalism; Hanfeizi 12. Which religion/philosophy sought to live in harmony with nature? Daoism 13. Which Chinese philosopher taught that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society? Confucius 14. Identify which dynasty the following belongs to (Zhou, Qin, or Han). Each are used TWICE. - constructed the Great Wall of China- Qin - Shi Huangdi was the first emperor- Qin - developed and expanded the Silk Road - Zhou - Overthrew the Shang and established Mandate of Heaven- Zhou - Emperor Wudi was the most famous emperor - Han - adopted Confucianism as their teaching- Han Ancient Greece 1. What country is the Minoan civilization located in? Crete 2. What was most of Greece’s mainland made up of? Rugged Mountains 3. What did all life revolve around in Spartan society? military 4. When did Greece’s Golden Age occur? Why is it called a Golden Age? 461 BCE – 429 BCE – the most Greek achievements occurred 5. Did the Athenians and Spartans worship the same gods? YES 6. Which city state defeated the Athenians in the Peloponnesian War? Sparta 7. Know ALL the effects of the Peloponnesian War. Fields were destroyed, there were mercenaries in the Persian army, & the Greeks were unable to govern themselves 8. Which group will eventually conquer the Greeks? The Macedonians 9. What happened after Alexander the Great’s death? (look under Hellenistic Culture) Alexandria, Egypt became the center of Hellenistic Culture, Greek culture was spread to new parts of the world, Hellenistic Culture adopted customs from Persia, India, & Egypt Ancient Rome 1. Which group ruled Rome before the establishment of the Republic? The Etruscans 2. What was the name of the 2 social groups in early Rome? Plebeians & patricians 3. What was the Twelve Tables of Law? What was it designed to do? Roman law code; put Roman law into writing 4. Why did the First Punic War break out? Carthage attempted the seize the Strait of Messina 5. Who was the general of Carthage’s army during the Second Punic War? Hannibal 6. What 3-man governing group did Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus make up? The First Triumvirate 7. What is Pax Romana? The policy of maintaining a peaceful empire 8. Where did gladiators go to fight to the death? The Colosseum 9. What did Jesus proclaim his mission was? To bring spiritual salvation to believers 10. Which emperor granted the Edict of Milan? What did this document do? Constantine; granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman Empire  11. Who adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire? Theodosius 12. What were the 4 main causes for the “fall”, or decline, of Rome? Political instability, Economic decline, Unsuccessful reforms, Barbarian invasions 13. How was the empire split after the death of Theodosius? What was split called? Roman Empire in the West and Byzantine Empire in the East; The Great Schism 14. Which Germanic tribe defeated the Roman army and sacked Rome? Visigoths Byzantine Empire 1. Where is the capital of the Byzantine empire located (name the city)? Constantinople 2. What was The Great Schism? The religious separation b/w the East (Byzantine Empire) and the West (Roman Empire) 3. Who was Justinian? Emperor at the height of the Byzantine Empire 4. Describe Justinian’s Code. Scholars collected and organized the best Roman laws, preserved Roman legal heritage, and became the chief source of law in W. Europe 5. What was the Hagia Sophia? What did it later become? Beautiful church built under Justinian’ later became a mosque 6. What group would eventually conquer the empire? Islamic Ottoman Turks Mongols 1. Who was the leader of the Mongols and began the Mongol empire? Genghis Khan 2. What could people do under Pax Mongolia? Trade from one end of the empire to the other Islam Be able to identify the following terms: 1. hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca required by all Muslims who able to go 2. jihad – a holy war 3. caliph – successor to Muhammad as a political and religious leader of the Muslims 4. shah – a king in the Islamic empire Be able to answer the following questions: 5. What belief is held by Muslims, Jews, and Christians? Belief in one God 6. Who was Mohammad? Founder of Islam 7. What did he do in 622? Fled to Medina; marked the start of the Muslim calendar 8. Why did he gather up an army? To retake Mecca in a jihad 9. What was his legacy? United most of the Arabian Peninsula and converted them to Islam 10. Name and KNOW the 5 Pillars of Islam. 1. Confession/Profession of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Charity/Almsgiving 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage 11. What was the cause for the Sunni and Shiite split? The choice on who should be caliph The Middle Ages Be able to identify the following terms: 1. feudalism – govt in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord 2. serf – peasant bound to the lord’s land 3. heresy – challenging the Church’s teachings 4. excommunicate – exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws 5. vassal – lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord Be able to answer the following questions: 6. Why was the Battle of Tours significant? It stopped the Muslim advance into Western Europe 7. Why did the Church have a lot of power over people during the Middle Ages? They determined who could achieve salvation 8. What did the Magna Carta do? limited the power of the king 9. Which 3 religions was Jerusalem a holy city for? Christianity, Judaism, Islam 10. What was the chief goal of the Crusades? To free the Holy Land (Jerusalem) 11. Results of the Crusade? Demand for luxury goods, Crusaders learned from the Muslims how to improve weaponry, feudalism was destroyed 12. What were the effects of the Black Death (Plague)? Population decline, economy plunged, production declined 13. Which 2 countries fought in the Hundred Years’ War? England & France 14. Who is Joan of Arc and what did she do? 17-yr old French peasant girl; led the French to several victories against the English The Renaissance & Reformation The Italian Renaissance and Renaissance Art 1. What does the French word Renaissance mean? Rebirth 2. In what country did the Renaissance begin? Italy Name the works of art that each artist below is credited with: Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa. Proportions of the Human Figure, The Last Supper Raphael- School of Athens Massacio- The Trinity Michaelangelo- David (in marble), Creation of Adam, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 3. What did Johannes Gutenberg do? Developed the printing press The Protestant Reformation 4. Who was Martin Luther? German Monk who started the Protestant Reformation 5. What was a certificate of indulgence? Certificates for Pardons of sins 6. In what document did Martin Luther criticize the sale of indulgences? 95 Theses 7. Who was Henry VIII and what did he do to weaken the ties between England and the Catholic Church? King of England, divorced Catherine of Aragon and broke away from the Catholic Church; started Anglicanism/Church of England