Unit 3 Studyguide Ch. 12, 13, 14 PDF

Ch. 12: Nervous System: Nervous Tissue 1. List the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system. Recognize which functions the CNS (Central Nervous System) handles and what function the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) handles. 2. Recognize the organs make up the CNS? The PNS? 3. The P...

Ch. 12: Nervous System: Nervous Tissue 1. List the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system. Recognize which functions the CNS (Central Nervous System) handles and what function the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) handles. 2. Recognize the organs make up the CNS? The PNS? 3. The PNS can be functionally divided into autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. What are the functions of these? 4. List the functions and locations of the following neuroglial cells: a. Astrocyte b. Ependymal Cell c. Microglial Cell d. Oligodendrocyte e. Satellite Cell f. Schwann Cell 5. For each of the following neuronal transport proteins describe their general function: g. Leak Channels h. Voltage-Gated Channels i. Ligand-Gated Channels j. Na+/K+ Pump - *UNIT 1 Connection*: For the proteins described above - what form of transport does each provide? 6. According to lecture: what are the 3 main functions of a neuron? 7. Describe the function of each of the following components of a neuron: k. Dendrite l. Axon Hillock m. Axon n. Synaptic Bulb 8. Define role of threshold in the generation of an action potential? How is this an all or none process? 9. Explain the role of myelin and the nodes of Ranvier in maintaining an electrical signal along an axon. 10. Discuss the generation of an action potential in detail. What occurs during each of the 4 steps (depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to resting membrane potential (RMP))? Refer to the guided discussion questions presented in lecture. Focus on transport proteins configuration, what ions are primarily moving in which direction and how this alters the membrane potential. 11. Define graded potential. How are hyperpolarizing graded potentials used to inhibit an electrical signal? How are depolarizing graded potentials used to increase the likelihood of an electrical signal? 12. What are the two mechanisms involved in setting RMP at -70mV. 13. What does it mean to say that a section of the membrane is in refractory? 14. Explain how a neuron signals to the CNS that a stimulus has increased in strength? 15. What is the cause of and outcome for someone who develops Multiple Sclerosis? 16. Discuss how myelin and axon diameter influence the speed of an action potential. 17. Contrast group A, B, and C neurons for speed and body use. 18. List the goals of synaptic transmission of an action potential. Describe the process and type of transport used. 19. Which electrolyte is responsible for neurotransmitter release from Synaptic Bulbs? Why does a severe loss of body calcium cause a coma? 20. List 3 mechanisms by which synaptic transmission can be terminated. 21. Define EPSP and IPSP and discuss how each is used. Ch. 13: **Brain** and Cranial Nerves 22. Recognize the 3 components of the brainstem and the functions of each. o. Medulla Oblongata p. Pons q. Midbrain 23. What is understood about the cause of patient outcomes for Parkinson's Disease? 24. Recognize the 3 components of the diencephalon and the functions of each. r. Thalamus s. Hypothalamus t. Epithalamus (Pineal Gland) 25. Given a description of the patient outcomes recognize the following diseases: u. Parkinson's Disease v. Hypothalamic Tumors 26. Define contralateral control. Define ipsilateral control. What region of the brain is exhibits each type? 27. Recognize the 5 lobes of the cerebrum and the functions of each. w. Frontal x. Parietal y. Occipital z. Temporal a. Insula 28. Define Broca's Aphasia and Wernicke's Aphasia. Given a description of a patient's symptoms provide the correct diagnosis. 29. Describe the functions of the cerebellum. 30. List the two parts of the brain that can be considered neuroendocrine as they possess neural and endocrine functions (i.e. make hormones). What hormones do they make? 31. Describe the functions of the 3 meninges and cerebral spinal fluid. 32. Why is the CSF important and which structures produce CSF? Ch. 14: **Spinal Cord** and Spinal Nerves 1. Recognize the medical significance of the a. cauda equina b. epidural space. 2. What do you lose if c. dorsal, ventral or lateral horns are damaged? d. dorsal or ventral root of a spinal nerve are injured? e. Spinal nerve is cut? 3. Define the following terms f. Paralysis g. Parathesias h. Paraplegia i. Quadriplegia j. Hemiplegia 4. Given a description of patient outcomes, recognize the following diseases: k. Spina bifida l. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) ESSAY QUESTION: 1. You're standing in line to get into a concert you've been dying to see. A girl wearing stilettos in front of you stumbles and stomps on your big toe (you unfortunately are wearing sandals!). You feel the pressure of her shoe before you feel the pain. Your response is to pull your foot out from under her shoe and begin yelling. b. Understanding that strong touch signals travel on type A neurons and pain signals travel on type C neurons, explain **why** you become aware of the touch first and the pain second. In your answer explain what structural differences exist between axons carrying pain signals and axons carrying strong touch signals and how these differences affect signal speed. c. *Extra credit*: why is it beneficial for your brain to receive the touch signal before the pain signal?