UNIT 10 - Adverbs: Forming and Position PDF

10. Adverbs: forming and position ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN ORAL Y ESCRITA EN LENGUA INGLESA II Facultad de Lenguas y Educación 2  1.-Forming adverbs a) Formed by adding -ly to an adjective: William had a sudden he...

10. Adverbs: forming and position ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN ORAL Y ESCRITA EN LENGUA INGLESA II Facultad de Lenguas y Educación 2  1.-Forming adverbs a) Formed by adding -ly to an adjective: William had a sudden heart attack. (Adjective) William suddenly had a heart attack. (Adverb) Retrieved from https://www.iconfinder.com/icon s/88501/whiteboard_icon 3 Changes: - If the adjective ends in -l, it is doubled: careful-carefully. - e after a consonant is dropped and -ly is added: comfortable-comfortably. - y becomes i and then -ly is added: happy-happily. - after -ll, y is added: full-fully. - after adjectives ending in -ic add –ally: heroic-heroically. 4 Forming adverbs b) Adverbs that share identical words with an adjective: Where we live isn't far from here. (Adjective) We don't live far away from here. (Adverb) She found the work quite hard. (Adjective) She worked quite hard. (Adverb) You have written the wrong name. (Adjective) You have written the name wrong. (Adverb) 5 Forming adverbs c) Adverbs not derived from an adjective or any other word: He doesn't even know where the country is. He said he had never been to a spa. Adverbs are also formed from other parts of speech such as noun (accident), verb (hurry), adjective (bad) and from present participle (frightening)  accidentally, hurriedly, badly, frighteningly. Many words are not adverbs although they end in –ly 6  2.-Position of adverbs Different types of adverbs go in different positions. Adverbs of time Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence  He died yesterday. At the beginning of the sentence, they emphasize the time element. Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the sentence  I have been going to this school since 1996. 7  Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence. For example: He died yesterday. He’s going to clean his room tomorrow. We saw Mike today. I will call you later. I have to leave now. I saw that film last year.  These adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the time element: Later they ate some snacks. (The time is important) They ate some snacks later. (No particular emphasis) 8  Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the sentence: She stayed there all day. My cousin lived in Ireland for a year. I have been going to this school since 1996.  Adverbs that tell us how often are called frequency adverbs and their position will be analysed later. Yet is placed at the end of the sentence or after not: Have you done your project yet? No, not yet. They haven’t met her yet.  Still, in positive sentences, is placed before the main verb and after auxiliary verbs such as be, have, might or will. If the main verb is to be, then still goes after it. In questions, still goes before the main verb. They are still waiting for you. Katie might still want some cake. Do you still work for the BBC? Are you still here? I am still thirsty. 9 If you need to use more than one adverb of time in a sentence, follow this order: 1: how long 2: how often 3: when 1 + 2: She works (1) for four hours (2) every day. 2 + 3: The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year. 1 + 3: I was in Italy (1) for three months (3) last year. 1 + 2 + 3: He worked in a hospital (1) for four days (2) every week (3) last year. 10  Position of adverbs Adverbs of place Retrieved from http://mitosystems.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/04/93376072.jpg They are usually placed after the main verb or after the clause that they modify. I searched everywhere I could think of. They built a house nearby. Here and there are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations or when emphasis is needed. Here comes the bus! 11  Position of adverbs Adverbs of manner Usually placed after the main verb or after the object  He plays tennis well / He plays the flute beautifully. They cannot be put between a verb and a direct object. The adverb must be placed before the verb or at the end of the clause. They gave us generously a gift. [Incorrect] They gave us a gift generously. [Correct] They generously gave us a gift. [Correct] If there is a preposition before the verb’s object, you can place the adverb of manner before the preposition or after the object. 12  If there is a preposition before the verb’s object, you can place the adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object. The child ran happily towards his grandma. The child ran towards his grandma happily.  Adverbs of manner should come immediately after verbs which have no object (intransitive verbs). The city grew quickly after 1997. He waited patiently for his parents to arrive. 13 Example Meaning She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick She agreed quickly to re-type the letter. She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. the re-typing is quick He quietly asked me to leave the house. the request is quiet He asked me quietly to leave the house. He asked me to leave the house quietly. the leaving is quiet 14 Position of adverbs Adverbs of degree Usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify  The victim nearly died. If there are two verbs they go in between She has almost finished. Enough as an adverb goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying  Is your coffee hot enough? Too as an adverb meaning ‘also’ goes at the end  Can I go to the cinema too? Too as an adverb meaning ‘excessively’ goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies This coffee is too hot. 15 Position of adverbs Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of definite frequency typically go in END position The managers meet weekly. Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go before the main verb (except with the main verb ‘to be’) We usually go shopping on Saturday. Occasionally, sometimes, frequently, normally and usually can also go at the beginning of a sentence. However, we can’t use always, hardly ever, seldom, rarely or never at the beginning. Rarely and seldom can go at the end of a sentence. 16 Adverb Normal word order Inversion Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage. Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house. Not only She did not only the cooking but the Not only did she do the cooking, but cleaning as well. the cleaning as well. Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he Scarcely did I close the door before he started talking. started talking. Seldom We seldom cross the river after sunset. Seldom do we cross the river sunset. 17 (http://www.grammar.cl/Basic/Adverbs_Frequency.htm) 18 http://www.grammar.cl/Basic/Adverbs_Frequency.htm 19