Unit 1 Learning Objectives PDF

Describe the function of the endocrine system. Compare and contrast its role in homeostasis to that of the ner vous system. The endocrine system aids in regulation of growth and development, metabolism, by producing, stimulating, and releasing hormones into the blood stream 2.Identify major endoc...

Describe the function of the endocrine system. Compare and contrast its role in homeostasis to that of the ner vous system. The endocrine system aids in regulation of growth and development, metabolism, by producing, stimulating, and releasing hormones into the blood stream 2.Identify major endocrine glands. Identify other organs that also carry out endocrine functions. Major Endocrine Glands: Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Organs that carry out endocrine functions: Stomach Pancreas Ovaries Testes 3.Identify the hormones produced by all endocrine glands and what triggers the release of the hormone. Describe and differentiate the function of each of those hormones. ◦ 4.Explain 3 ways an endocrine gland could be stimulated to make and release hormones. Hormonal Stimulation- a hormone stimulates a different hormone to release (tsh stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormone) Humoral Stimulation- a change in the chemical composition of blood triggers the release of a hormone (low blood glucose stimulates release of glucagon) Nervous System Stimulation- nervous system reaction stimulates hormone release (sympathetic ner vous system triggers hormone release) 5.Describe the difference bet ween circulating and local hormones. Explain the term autocrine and paracrine. Circulating hormones circulate in the blood stream. Local hormones do not, they act on cells closer to them. Autocrine- when a cell acts on the cell/hormone that stimulated it Paracrine- when a cell acts on a neighboring cell for stimulation 6.Compare and contrast lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones in terms of chemical structure, transport through the body, and activation of target cells. Identify which hormones are water-soluble and which are lipid soluble. Lipid soluble hormones easily pass through the phospholipid membrane to get to the target cell. Once the hormone diffuses through the membrane of the target cell, it binds with am intracellular hormone receptor. This hormone receptor complex can then bind to DNA, which triggers mRNA production. They alter cells structure and cells metabolism. Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone. Water soluble hormones are seen as the first messenger, they bind to a transmembrane protein, which causes the signaling cascade. G Protein is activated which activates Adenylate Cyclase. Adynylate Cyclase then activates cAMP, by removing phosphate from ATP. This is known as the second messenger. After this, Protein Kinases is activated which allows the reaction to be inhibited or activated If the water soluble Hormone binds to Phospholipase C after the signaling cascade, it can bind to IP3 or DAG as the second messenger. If bound to IP3, the ion permeablity will be altered, and more calcium will be brought into the cytosol and increase muscle contractions. IP3 binds to an extracellular receptor so the hormone does not enter the cell. If the hormone binds to DAG, it affects the plasma membrane and activates protein kinases. List and describe the general responses of a target cell when activated by a hormone. Describe how various factors, such as the concentration of the hormone, number of receptors, etc. can influence the response of the target cell. Differentiate bet ween a synergistic, permissive, and antagonistic effect. The impact of the hormone on the target cell depends on the hormone concentration, the amount of hormone receptors present on the target cell. Synergistic Effects are when one hormones effect is amplified by the presence of another hormone. Estrogen and Lutenizing Hormone is an example of a Synergistic Effect. Permissive Effect is when one hormone requires the second one to work. Prolactin and Oxytocin are an example of a Permissive Effect. Antagonistic Effect is when t wo hormones work to accomplish the opposite job. Insulin and glucagon are Antagonistic Effect hormones Describe the anatomy of all endocrine glands discussed and correlate specific anatomical components with their respective functions within the organ/gland. Explain the role of feedback mechanisms in hormone release. Positive and negative feedback mechanisms control how much of a hormone will be released, and if it will be used to amplify the hormone effects, or to stop the reaction Correlate the knowledge of hormone function with any clinical application discussed. Describe and distinguish the various stages of the stress response. Alarm Reaction- sympathetic nervous system is activated, fight or flight. Hypothalamus sends signals to adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system Resistance Reaction- glycogen storage in liver are used up. Aldosterone is secreted to conserve Na and release hydrogen. This works to raise blood pressure. Cortisol increases, ATP is used to repair damaged cells. Thyroid Hormone increases. Exhaustion Reaction- weeks/months after resistance reaction. Caused by lack of potassium and glucocorticoids. Can lead to death due to stress. Body resources are completely depleted Explain the various changes of the endocrine system that occurs in aging. hGh decreases, as well as ovaries stop responding to gonadotropins. Thyroid Hormone will decrease, but the production of TSH will continue to increase. Adrenal glands produce less cortisol and aldosterone and insulin is secreted slower.