Unit 1-4 Key Terms Defined PDF

Unit 1 Study Guide Teleological vs Contingency Teleological: A view of history that assumes events progress toward a specific purpose or end goal, suggesting historical events are predetermined or inevitable. Contingency: The view that historical events are not predetermined but rather depend on various circumstances and could have turned out differently. Allen's Approach/Rationale A historical analysis method focusing on examining events through multiple perspectives and understanding how different factors interconnect to influence historical outcomes. Four Themes 1. Religion: The role of religious beliefs and institutions in shaping historical events 2. Commerce: Economic activities and trade relationships 3. Renaissance: Cultural and intellectual revival of the 14th-17th centuries 4. Scientific Revolution: Major shift in scientific thought and methodology Telephoto vs Wide Lens in History Telephoto: Focuses on specific details or events in history Wide Lens: Takes a broader view of historical events, considering multiple factors and connections Christianity BC/AD - BCE/CE: Dating systems; BC/AD (Before Christ/Anno Domini) vs BCE/CE (Before Common Era/Common Era) (30 AD) Jesus - Divinity: Central belief in Jesus as divine figure Constantine Impact: Roman Emperor who legalized Christianity, leading to its spread and the Roman empire capitol moved from Rome to Istanbul (Constantinople) Geography Impact/Spread of Christianity: How physical location affected Christianity's development The first Christians started in Jerusalem (in modern-day Israel), and they had some big advantages that helped them spread their message: Early Christian teachers, especially a man named Paul, used these sea routes to visit different cities and share their teachings. The Romans had built amazing roads connecting their empire - kind of like modern highways. These roads made it much safer and easier for Christians to travel and spread their message to new places. Big cities were really important too. Just like how news spreads faster in big cities today, Christianity first grew in ancient cities where lots of people lived and traded, like Rome, Alexandria (in Egypt), and Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) Islam Mohammed: Prophet and founder of Islam born in 570 CE Medina/Mecca: Holy cities in Islam; Mohammed's journey between them Spread of Islam: Expansion across Mediterranean and beyond Around 1,400 years ago, a man named Muhammad received messages from God (called Allah in Islam) in a city called Mecca. These messages told him that there was only one God and that people should be kind and help others. At first, many people in Mecca didn't like these new ideas. So Muhammad and his followers moved to another city called Medina. This journey was super important - it's like "year zero" on the Islamic calendar! 633 Mohammed dies- From these two cities, Islam spread to many places - from Spain all the way to India. Great Schism 1054 The Two Groups: Western Christians (now called Roman Catholics) - based in Rome, Italy-Pope Language: services Latin Leadership: Pope Rules: Priests couldn’t marry or divorce VS. Eastern Christians (now called Eastern Orthodox) - based in Constantinople (today's Istanbul, Turkey)- Language:services Greek Leadership: Patriarch Rules: Patriachs can be married and get divorced Crusades Purpose: Religious wars to reclaim Holy Land Pope Urban: Called First Crusade in 1095 for liberating holy land Papacy: Role of Catholic Church leadership Who Went/Why: Various social classes joined for religious salvation, adventure, and wealth Unexpected Results: Cultural exchange, increased trade, weakening of feudal system The Crusades began because Jerusalem and other holy places were under Muslim control, and Christians wanted these places back. Think of it like a series of military campaigns with religion as the main driving force. In 1095, Pope Urban II made a famous speech: "God wants you to help rescue Jerusalem!" His words were so powerful that people throughout Europe started saying, "Yes, I'll go fight!" It was like a medieval call to action that spread like wildfire. What's interesting is who actually joined these Crusades. You had knights looking for glory, poor farmers hoping God would reward them, merchants seeking business opportunities, and even criminals hoping to erase their sins. Imagine a massive road trip where everyone had different reasons for going - some religious, some looking for adventure, and others hoping to get rich. But here's the fascinating part: the Crusades didn't turn out quite like everyone expected. Yes, there was lots of fighting, but there was also something unexpected - Europeans and Middle Easterners started trading ideas and goods. Europeans discovered new foods, learned about different sciences and mathematics, and brought back things like silk and spices. The feudal system (where lords controlled everything) started weakening because people were traveling more and learning about different ways of life. Think of it like opening a door that couldn't be closed again - while the Crusades started as religious wars, they ended up changing medieval society in ways nobody could have predicted. Let me explain the major ways the Crusades transformed medieval society: Trade and Economy: Before the Crusades, most Europeans rarely traveled far from home and traded mostly local goods. But the Crusades opened routes to the East, like opening new highways between Europe and the Middle East. Suddenly, Europeans got hooked on Middle Eastern luxuries like sugar, silk, cotton, and spices. Venice and other Italian cities became super wealthy as trading hubs - imagine them as the "airports" of medieval sea trade. Knowledge and Education: The Muslims were way ahead in science, medicine, and math. When Crusaders came back home, they brought back things like: Arabic numbers (the ones we use today instead of Roman numerals) Greek philosophy texts preserved by Arab scholars Advanced medical knowledge Better farming techniques Social Structure : The Crusades shook up the rigid medieval social system in several ways: The feudal system (where lords controlled everything) started weakening because people were traveling more and learning about different ways of life. 1. Many nobles sold their lands to fund their crusades, which let merchants and regular people buy land and gain power 2. Peasants who went on crusades often gained freedom from their lords 3. Cities grew more important as trade centers, weakening the power of rural noble estates 4. Knights started focusing more on culture and manners (creating "chivalry") rather than just fighting Banking and Money :Medieval people needed new ways to handle money for these long journeys. This led to: The first European banking systems Letters of credit (like medieval credit cards) New bookkeeping methods Culture and Daily Life: The Crusades introduced Europeans to new things that changed daily life: New foods like coffee, lemons, and rice Advanced architectural techniques (like those pointed arches in Gothic cathedrals) New fashions and fabrics More sophisticated table manners and hygiene practices So while the Crusades started as religious wars, they ended up kick-starting major changes that helped medieval Europe grow into a more connected, sophisticated society. Think of it like medieval globalization - it changed everything from what people ate for dinner to how they did business and saw the world. Trade/Markets (HOW CRUSADES AFFECTED TRADE/MARKETS) Trade Routes Evolution: Development and changes in trade paths over time Products Impact: How traded goods affected different regions Role of Key Regions: ○ Middle East: Central hub connecting East and West ○ Indian Ocean: Major maritime trade route ○ Asia: Source of valuable goods like silk and spices ○ Africa: Provider of gold, ivory, and other resources Silk Road: Ancient network of trade routes connecting East Asia and Mediterranean Spice Trade: Commerce in exotic spices, primarily from Asia Commercial Revolution: Economic transformation in Medieval Europe, Mediterranean as key trade zone The Mediterranean Revival The Crusades revitalized Mediterranean trade routes: Venice and Genoa becoming These cities established trading posts and colonies throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, creating a network of commercial outposts. The period saw the emergence of new financial instruments and banking practices. Italian merchants developed sophisticated banking systems, including bills of exchange and double-entry bookkeeping. Evolution of Trade Routes The post-Crusade period saw several major trade networks operating simultaneously: 1. The Mediterranean Maritime Routes: Connected Italian ports to the Levant Linked with Alexandria and North African ports Extended through Constantinople to the Black Sea 2. The Silk Road: Connected east asia to mediterranean Remained crucial but faced new challenges Facilitated exchange not just of goods but also technologies and ideas 3. Indian Ocean Trade: Increased importance of ports like Aden and Hormuz Connected with East African coastal cities Linked to Southeast Asian spice markets Product Impact on Different Regions: Europe: Gained access to Eastern luxury goods (spices, silk, precious stones) Developed new industries to process imported raw materials Exported wool, textiles, and metalwork Middle East: Served as a crucial intermediary Developed sophisticated market systems Benefited from tariffs and trade taxes Asia: Exported high-value goods like silk, porcelain, and spices Received European silver and gold Developed specialized production centers Africa: Gold & Ivory The Commercial Revolution: The Commercial Revolution represented a fundamental shift from the feudal, agriculturally-based economy of the Early Middle Ages to a more complex commercial economy. Here are the key developments and their impacts: Trade Infrastructure and Organization: The development of regular markets and fairs created reliable venues for trade, with the Champagne Fairs in France becoming particularly important international trading hubs. Merchant guilds emerged as powerful organizations that protected their members' interests, established quality standards, and facilitated long-distance trade networks. Black Death (1347-1351) Death Toll: Estimated one-third of Europe's population Role in Societal Change: Led to labor shortages, wage increases, and social mobility Long Term Impact: Transformed European society, economy, and culture The Black Death (1347-1351) was one of history's most devastating pandemics -\ one out of every three people in your town suddenly got sick and died. That's exactly what happened across Europe during this time. The disease spread through fleas living on rats that traveled on trading ships, moving from city to city like a deadly game of tag. How it Started and Spread: The disease began in Asia and reached Europe when infected rats came aboard trading ships. When these ships docked in Sicily in 1347, they unknowingly brought the disease into Europe. People back then didn't understand germs or how diseases spread - they thought bad smells or "bad air" caused sickness, or even that it was a punishment from God. Daily Life During the Plague: Picture living in a medieval town where you'd see carts full of dead bodies being taken through the streets. People were so scared they would abandon their sick family members. Some towns became completely empty as everyone either died or ran away. Doctors wore strange beak-like masks filled with herbs, thinking this would protect them (it didn't). Changes in Society: Before the plague, most people were peasants who worked for wealthy landowners and could never change their position in life. But after so many people died, there weren't enough workers left. Suddenly, peasants could demand better pay and better treatment. Some even moved to cities to learn trades like blacksmithing or carpentry - something that would have been impossible before. Long-lasting Effects: Think of the plague like a reset button for medieval society. After it ended: Workers could negotiate for better wages because there were fewer people to do jobs More people learned to read and write because education became more available Medical knowledge slowly started to improve as people realized they needed better ways to fight disease What makes the Black Death particularly interesting is that it didn't just kill people - it changed how the entire society worked. Before the plague, if you were born poor, you usually stayed poor. After the plague, people had more opportunities to improve their lives, which helped create the beginnings of what would later become the middle class. Renaissance (1300-1600s) Location - Italy: Began in Italian city-states due to wealth and classical heritage Role of Crusades/Black Death: Created conditions for cultural transformation Medici Family Impact: Powerful banking family who patronized arts and learning Key Characteristics: ○ Individualism: Focus on individual achievement ○ Humanism: Interest in human potential and classical learning ○ Secularism: Worldly rather than religious focus ○ Creativity: Explosion in arts and innovation ○ Questioning: Critical examination of traditional ideas ○ Classicism: Revival of Greek and Roman culture ○ Trade: Economic foundation of Renaissance culture The Renaissance: A Rebirth of Culture (1300s-1600s) Why Did It Start in Italy? Think of Italy like the perfect storm of conditions. Italian cities like Florence and Venice were incredibly wealthy from trade - imagine them as the New York or London of their time. These cities had busy ports and merchants trading exotic goods from far-off places. Plus, Italy had something special: they were literally walking on ancient Roman ruins and had access to old Greek and Roman manuscripts, which inspired them to rediscover this ancient knowledge. The Path to Renaissance: The Crusades and Black Death might seem like strange starting points, but they actually helped create the Renaissance. The Crusades connected Europe with different cultures and brought back new ideas and goods. The Black Death, though tragic, led to big social changes - surviving workers could demand better pay and conditions, and people started questioning traditional ways of thinking. The Medici Family: They made their fortune through banking and used their wealth to support artists like Michelangelo to live and work in their palace, giving him the freedom to create masterpieces like the David statue. Key Changes in Thinking: 1. Individualism: Before the Renaissance, people rarely signed their artwork or bragged about their achievements. During the Renaissance, people started taking pride in personal accomplishments. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci became celebrities in their own right. 2. Humanism: Instead of focusing only on heaven, people became interested in human potential. They asked questions like "What can humans achieve?" and "How can we make the most of our lives on Earth?" This led to studying ancient Greek and Roman texts about science, philosophy, and literature. 3. Secularism: While people remained religious, they started focusing more on worldly subjects. Art began showing regular people and everyday scenes, not just religious figures. 4. Creativity and Innovation: This period saw incredible advances in art techniques (like perspective drawing), architecture (dome in Florence), and science (like Galileo's astronomical discoveries). Real-World Example: Let's look at Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting "The Last Supper." It perfectly shows Renaissance characteristics: It uses mathematical perspective to look three-dimensional (innovation) The apostles show real human emotions and personalities (humanism) The figures look like real Italian men rather than idealized saints (secularism) It's signed by the artist (individualism) It combines religious subject matter with realistic human elements (blend of sacred and secular) Scientific Revolution Copernicus: Geocentric/Heliocentric debate: Earth-centered vs. Sun-centered models of universe Galileo: Pioneer of scientific method and telescopic astronomy-father of physics and astronomy Scientific Method: Systematic observation, hypothesis, experimentation Historical Significance: Transformed understanding of natural world The Scientific Revolution was basically a time when people started thinking about science in a totally new way. GEOCENTRIC VS HELIOCENTRIC (The Big Debate!) Geocentric means "Earth-centered" - people used to think Earth was the center of everything Heliocentric means "Sun-centered" - scientists figured out the Sun was actually the center Think of it like this: Imagine if you always thought your school was the center of your town, then suddenly learned it actually revolves around city hall! GALILEO (The Science Rebel) He was like the first person to seriously use a telescope to study space Got in big trouble for saying the Earth moved around the Sun The Church wasn't happy with him and put him under house arrest Think of him as the kid who stands up and proves the teacher wrong (but with bigger consequences!) SCIENTIFIC METHOD (The New Way of Thinking) 1. Ask a question 2. Make a guess (hypothesis) 3. Test it out 4. See what happens 5. Share what you learned WHY IT WAS A BIG DEAL? Before: People believed things because important people said so After: People started proving things through experiments and evidence It's like switching from "because I said so" to "let me show you why" Technological Advances Printing Press/Moveable Type: Revolutionary communication technology Gutenberg Bible: First major book printed with moveable metal type Caravel/Lateen Sails: Advanced ship design enabling ocean exploration Astrolabe/Compass: Navigation tools measuring latitude and direction Portuguese Exploration and Influence Key Developments Prince Henry the Navigator established navigation school Developed crucial naval technologies: ○ Caravel ships ○ More accurate navigation tools ○ Advanced mapping techniques Systematic exploration of African coast Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) established his navigation school at Sagres in southern Portugal around 1419. This school, while not a formal institution in the modern sense, was more of a center for maritime knowledge where he gathered experts in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. The development of the caravel was particularly revolutionary. This ship design combined: Northern European hull design Arab-influenced triangular lateen sails Shallow draft that allowed coastal exploration Superior maneuverability and ability to sail against the wind The improved navigation tools included: Better versions of the astrolabe and quadrant for celestial navigation More accurate magnetic compasses Detailed navigational charts called portolan charts The systematic exploration of the African coast proceeded in stages: Cape Bojador was rounded in 1434 (after 12 failed attempts) By 1444, Portuguese ships reached Senegal The Cape Verde Islands were discovered in 1456 Regular trading posts (feitorias) were established along the coast Would you like me to elaborate on any of these aspects? I'm particularly interested in discussing how these developments laid the groundwork for the later Age of Discovery. Columbus Enterprise of the Indies: Columbus's expedition plan Spain - Isabella/Ferdinand: Spanish monarchs who sponsored Columbus Trade Winds/Cipango: Navigation routes and Japan (believed destination) Toscanelli Map: Map used by Columbus for navigation Voyage Challenges: Navigation difficulties, crew unrest San Salvador/Arawak: First landing site and native people encountered Admiral of Seas: Title given to Columbus "Discovery of America": ○ Skepticism/romanticism: Different views of Columbus's achievement ○ History/legend: Mix of factual and mythical elements ○ Fact/Myth: Distinguishing historical truth from legend ○ "Widowed land": Term describing Americas before European contact Leadership Style: Columbus's management of expeditions Black Legend: Negative Spanish colonial reputation Amerigo Vespucci: Recognized Americas as new continent ("Mundus Novus") Waldseemuller's Map 1507: First map naming "America" Old World/New World: Terms distinguishing Europe from Americas Cycle of Conquest Explorers-Conquistadors-Missionaries-Settlers-Colony: Stages of colonization Tensions Among People: Conflicts between different groups Aztec Empire/Incan Empire: Major Native American civilizations encountered Contest for Empire - Catholic Church Portugal/Spain: Main colonial powers Pagan Lands: Non-Christian territories targeted for conversion Rules of Engagement: Guidelines for conquest Papal Bulls: ○ 1452: Asserting European superiority ○ 1455: Justifying expansion ○ 1493: Maintaining peace in Christendom Pope Alexander VI: Issued important papal bulls Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: Divided New World between Spain and Portugal Doctrine of Discovery: Legal principle justifying European claims ○ Process: Steps for claiming territory ○ Requerimiento: Legal declaration to natives ○ "Just War": Concept justifying conquest Impact of European Interaction Spaniards vs Natives: Conflicts and relationships Census Results/Implications: Population changes Impact of Disease: Devastating effect on native populations Impact on Indigenous Populations: Cultural, social, and demographic changes Columbian Exchange: ○ Foods/diseases exchanged between Old and New Worlds ○ Direction/impact of exchanges between continents Exploration and Colonial Impact Iberian Conflict and Worldwide Transformation Political Context Competition between Portugal and Spain drove technological and maritime advances Reconquista experience shaped their approach to conquest and colonization Religious and political unity in Iberian Peninsula created foundation for expansion Global Impact Established first truly global trading networks Created model for European colonization Introduced European political and religious systems to new territories Portuguese Exploration and Influence Key Developments Prince Henry the Navigator established navigation school Developed crucial naval technologies: ○ Caravel ships ○ More accurate navigation tools ○ Advanced mapping techniques Systematic exploration of African coast Impact on Spain Provided technological blueprint for Spanish exploration Created competition driving Spanish westward expansion Established model for colonial trading systems Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided world between Portugal and Spain Spanish Colonial System Process of Colonization 1. Initial exploration 2. Conquest/military control 3. Religious conversion 4. Economic exploitation 5. Political administration Geographic Considerations Caribbean islands as initial bases Control of key ports and harbors Establishment of trade routes Focus on mineral-rich regions Use of geographic features for defense Administrative Structure Council of the Indies Viceroyalties Local administrators Military presence Religious authorities Role of Catholicism in Conquest and Colonization Religious Justification Papal Bulls provided legal/moral basis Concept of "just war" against non-Christians Obligation to convert native populations Religious motivation for conquistadors Practical Implementation Missionaries accompanied conquistadors Building of churches and missions Conversion of native populations Religious education systems Destruction of indigenous religious practices Long-term Implications Establishment of Catholic institutions Syncretism of religious practices Cultural transformation Language adoption (Spanish) Educational systems Spanish Systems of Conquest Patterns of Conquest 1. Initial contact and exploration 2. Military conquest 3. Establishment of settlements 4. Implementation of encomienda system 5. Integration into Spanish empire Impact on Indigenous Peoples Demographic Effects Devastating population decline Disease epidemics (smallpox, measles, influenza) Estimated 90% population reduction in some areas Disruption of traditional societies Social Impact Destruction of traditional leadership structures Forced labor systems Cultural suppression Language loss Religious conversion Economic Changes Introduction of European economic systems Destruction of traditional trade networks Forced labor in mines and plantations New agricultural practices Disease Impact Spread and Timing Diseases often preceded physical Spanish presence Rapid transmission through trade routes Multiple waves of epidemics Factors Contributing to Severity Lack of immunity in native populations High population density in urban areas Disruption of traditional medical practices Breakdown of social support systems Long-term Consequences Population collapse Labor shortage leading to African slave trade Reorganization of surviving communities Changes in power dynamics between groups Legacy and Long-term Effects Political Established model for European colonialism Created lasting administrative structures Influenced modern national boundaries Cultural Language dominance (Spanish and Portuguese) Religious transformation of the Americas Mestizo societies and cultures Lasting impact on education and institutions Economic Establishment of extractive economic systems Integration into global trade networks Long-term economic dependencies Resource exploitation patterns Social Creation of complex racial/social hierarchies Lasting impact on indigenous communities Development of unique colonial societies Influence on modern social structures Unit #1 – Specifics: (terms for each unit) Four Themes – religion, commerce, Renaissance, Sci Revolution. What does each these mean to study of history? When and how are the themes interrelated? How evolve over the semester? o Understand connections, evolution, and interplay among four themes o Be able to trace evolution of key principles and ideas and follow through future units Iberian Conflict leads to worldwide transformation of Portugal Exploration – advances and influence on Spain o Spanish colonial system – process, contest for empire, geography Role of Catholicism in conquest and colonization – implications and impact Spanish systems of conquest – patterns – impact on indigenous people/disease Unit 2 Study Guide Contest for Empire - Catholic Church Portugal/Spain - Iberian Peninsula: Major colonial powers competing for territory Rules of Engagement: Guidelines for colonial conquest and conversion Papal Bulls: ○ 1452: Asserted European superiority over non-Christian peoples ○ 1455: Justified expansion into non-Christian territories ○ 1493: Maintained peace between Christian nations in New World Pope Alexander VI: Issued key papal bulls dividing New World Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: Agreement dividing New World between Spain and Portugal Doctrine of Discovery: Legal principle justifying European claims to new lands ○ Process: Required steps for claiming territory ○ Requerimiento: Formal declaration read to natives ○ "Just War": Concept justifying military action against natives Spanish Imperialism - Americas Administration of Spanish Empire: ○ Colonies: Territories under Spanish control ○ Council of West Indies: Governing body for Spanish Americas ○ Viceroys: Colonial governors representing Spanish crown Encomienda System: ○ Encomendera Role/Expectations: Spanish settlers granted native labor ○ Indigenous Role/Expectations: Natives forced to work and convert ○ Results/Impact: Exploitation and decimation of native populations Impact of European Interaction Spaniards vs Natives: Conflicts and relationships between colonizers and indigenous peoples Census Results/Implications: Dramatic population decline of native peoples Impact of Disease: Devastating epidemics among native populations Impact on Indigenous Populations: Cultural destruction and societal collapse Columbian Exchange Foods/Diseases Exchanged: Transfer of plants, animals, and pathogens between hemispheres Direction/Impact: Effects of exchanges on both Old and New Worlds Long Term Impact: Lasting changes to global agriculture, diet, and population Debate Between Sepulveda and Las Casas Arguments: Philosophical debate about treatment of indigenous peoples Rationales Presented: Different views on native humanity and rights Types of Government Anarchy: Absence of government or organized control Autocracy: Rule by a single person with absolute power Confederation: Union of independent states Monarchy: Government ruled by a king or queen Oligarchy: Rule by a small group of powerful people Socialism: Economic and political system based on collective ownership Theocracy: Government ruled by religious authority Plutocracy: Rule by the wealthy Aristocracy: Rule by noble or privileged class Ancient Greece Polis - Athens/City States: Greek city-state political structure Archons: Chief magistrates in ancient Athens Solon & Citizenship: Reforms expanding citizenship rights Cleisthenes: Established democratic reforms in Athens Direct Democracy: Citizens participate directly in decision-making Rome Republican Government: System of elected representatives Representative Democracy: Citizens elect officials to make decisions Patricians vs Plebeians: Social class division in Roman society Checks and Balances: System limiting government power Feudal System Power Structure: Hierarchical social and political organization Parliament: Representative assembly development Magna Carta: Limited royal power, established legal rights (1215) King John: English king forced to sign Magna Carta Model Parliament: Early representative assembly establishing precedents Christianity Evolves Christian vs Catholic: Distinctions between broad Christianity and Catholicism Catholicism in 1400s: Issues and abuses within the church Catholic Hegemony: Dominance of Catholic Church in medieval Europe Indulgences/Tetzel: Practice of selling forgiveness of sins Reformation Martin Luther: Key figure who initiated Protestant Reformation Geography: Impact of location on Reformation spread Excommunication: Luther's expulsion from Catholic Church Protestantism: New branch of Christianity Protestant Reformation Impact: Religious, social, political changes Lutheranism: Luther's religious doctrine Catholic vs Lutheran Sacraments: Different religious practices John Calvin: Developed Protestant theology ○ Geography: Based in Geneva ○ Elect & Predestination: Key Calvinist doctrines Spread of Protestantism: Geographic and social expansion Protestant vs Catholic vs Christian: Distinctions between religious groups House of Tudor Henry VIII: English king who broke with Catholic Church Catherine of Aragon: First wife of Henry VIII Issue with Heirs: Lack of male heir led to religious changes "Defender of the Faith": Title given to Henry VIII by Pope Anne Boleyn: Second wife of Henry VIII Wives of Henry VIII: Six marriages and their significance Mary Tudor/Bloody Mary: Catholic queen who persecuted Protestants Elizabeth I - Virgin Queen Philip II: Spanish king who opposed Elizabeth Francis Drake: English sailor who raided Spanish ships Privateers/Sea Dogs: Licensed pirates attacking Spanish ships Spanish Galleon: Large Spanish trading ships Looted/Knighted: Drake's activities and rewards Roanoke Island: Lost English colony Spanish Armada: Failed Spanish invasion of England (1588) Protestant Wind: Weather helping defeat Spanish Armada Middle Way: Elizabeth's religious compromise Motivation of English Colonization: Economic and social factors Real Wages/Enclosures/Primogeniture/Masterless Men: Economic and social issues James VI/James I: First Stuart king of England Stuart Dynasty Mercantilism: Economic theory promoting colonial trade Merchant Capitalism: Commercial economic system Positive Balance of Trade: Export more than import Revenue: Government income from trade Export vs Import: Trade balance importance Raw Materials: Colonial resources for manufacturing Mother Country: Colonial power relationship Goals: Economic and political objectives System for Financing Charters: Legal documents establishing colonies Company/Charter/Stock/Stockholders: Business structure Joint Stock Company: Early corporate structure Virginia Company: Established first permanent English colony Divisions/Sea to Sea: Colonial land grants System for Colonization Proprietary Colony: Owned by individuals Charter Colony: Self-governing with royal charter Royal Colony: Directly controlled by crown Unit 2 themes from study guide: Types of governments – practical understandings / meanings Foundations of Democracy – Greek vs Roman … evolution to Europe, focus England Shifting evolution of Christianity – regional and political implications o Key individuals, beliefs, implications Introduction of English colonization … Dynastic evolution – Tudors to Stuarts Mercantilism – definition, process, impact on England Beginning of English Colonialism – Virginia and Maryland o Early settlement, Virginia, economics, relationship with Powhatan, Terms Labor in Colonies – shift from Indenture to Slavery, differences, and Triangle trade Unit 2 Expanded Themes: Government Evolution and English Colonization Types of Government and Their Practical Applications Ancient Forms Anarchy: Absence of formal government ○ Seen in periods of collapse or transition ○ Usually temporary state Monarchy: Rule by single hereditary ruler ○ Most common form in medieval/early modern period ○ Varying degrees of absolute power Oligarchy: Rule by small group ○ Often wealthy or aristocratic class ○ Common in commercial centers Aristocracy: Rule by noble class ○ Based on inherited privilege ○ Often worked alongside monarchy Emerging Forms Theocracy: Religious-based rule ○ Seen in some colonial settlements ○ Religious leaders hold political power Democracy: Rule by the people ○ Direct vs. Representative forms ○ Evolution from Greek to modern forms Foundations of Democracy Greek Democracy Direct Democracy (Athens) ○ Citizens vote directly on laws ○ Limited citizenship ○ Public participation required ○ Assembly system Roman Democracy Representative Democracy ○ Elected officials ○ Senate system ○ Checks and balances ○ More influential on modern systems English Evolution 1. Magna Carta (1215) ○ Limited royal power ○ Established rule of law ○ Protected noble rights 2. Parliament Development ○ House of Lords ○ House of Commons ○ Power of the purse ○ Representative system Christianity's Evolution Regional Changes 1. Catholic Church Pre-Reformation ○ Universal authority ○ Political power ○ Corruption issues ○ Sale of indulgences 2. Protestant Reformation ○ Martin Luther's reforms ○ Local control ○ Vernacular Bible ○ Priesthood of believers Key Figures and Impacts 1. Martin Luther ○ 95 Theses ○ Justification by faith ○ Bible translation ○ Lutheran Church 2. John Calvin ○ Predestination ○ Geneva reforms ○ Influence on Puritans ○ Social discipline 3. Henry VIII ○ English Reformation ○ Church of England ○ Political independence ○ Religious compromise English Dynasty Evolution Tudor Dynasty 1. Henry VIII (1509-1547) ○ Break with Rome ○ Religious changes ○ Six marriages ○ Royal supremacy 2. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) ○ Protestant Settlement ○ Golden Age ○ Spanish Armada ○ Virginia named for her Stuart Dynasty 1. James I (1603-1625) ○ Scottish succession ○ Divine right claims ○ Colonial charters ○ Religious tensions 2. Charles I (1625-1649) ○ Parliament conflicts ○ Religious disputes ○ Civil War ○ Execution Mercantilism Definition and Theory Economic nationalism Government regulation Trade balance focus Colonial exploitation Key Components 1. Balance of Trade ○ Export more than import ○ Accumulate precious metals ○ Restrict colonial trade 2. Colonial Role ○ Raw materials source ○ Manufactured goods market ○ Restricted manufacturing ○ Trade regulations Impact on England Naval power growth Colonial expansion Industrial development Trading companies English Colonial Beginnings Virginia Colony 1. Early Settlement ○ Joint-stock company ○ Jamestown (1607) ○ Initial struggles ○ Tobacco success 2. Powhatan Relations ○ Initial cooperation ○ Cultural misunderstandings ○ Growing tensions ○ Eventual conflict 3. Government Development ○ House of Burgesses ○ Representative assembly ○ Local administration ○ Royal oversight Maryland Colony Catholic haven Proprietary colony Religious toleration Tobacco economy Colonial Labor Systems Indentured Servitude 1. Structure ○ Contract-based ○ Limited term ○ Passage payment ○ Freedom promise 2. Conditions ○ Harsh treatment ○ High mortality ○ Legal restrictions ○ Social mobility possible Slavery Evolution 1. Early Development ○ Gradual shift ○ Legal changes ○ Racial justification ○ Permanent status 2. System Features ○ Hereditary status ○ Racial basis ○ No term limit ○ Property status Triangle Trade 1. Route Structure ○ Europe to Africa ○ Africa to Americas ○ Americas to Europe 2. Trade Goods ○ Manufactured goods ○ Enslaved people ○ Raw materials ○ Processed goods 3. Economic Impact ○ Colonial development ○ European wealth ○ African disruption ○ System dependencies —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------- Unit 3 Study Guide Colonial Organization Chronology: Timeline of colonial development and events Old Colonies: Original settlements established before 1660 Restoration Colonies: Colonies established after 1660 Regional Divisions: ○ New England Colonies: Northeastern settlements ○ Middle Colonies: Mid-Atlantic region ○ Southern Colonies: Southeastern region Economic Terms Capital: Wealth used to start businesses and colonies Joint Stock Company: Business structure where investors share risk and profit Cash Crop: Agricultural products grown for sale rather than personal use Acreage: Measurement of land area Plantation: Large agricultural estate Agrarian: Related to farming or rural life Social Classes and People Gentlemen: Upper social class in colonial society Freeman (Mass Bay): Full citizens with voting rights Indentured Servant: Person contracted to work for set period in exchange for passage Contract: Legal agreement binding servant to master Durante Vita: "For life" - referring to permanent servitude Progeny: Offspring or descendants Native American Relations Confederacy: Alliance of Native American tribes Algonquin: Major Native American language group Powhatan (tribe): Powerful confederation in Virginia Wampanoag: Native American tribe in New England Colonial Government Representative Government: System where citizens elect officials Virginia House of Burgesses: First representative assembly in colonies Assembly: Legislative body Council: Advisory and governing body Burgess: Elected representative Civil Authority: Government power and control General Court: Colonial legislature Covenant: Social and religious agreement Personal Responsibility: Individual accountability Geographic Terms Brackish: Mixture of fresh and salt water Tidewater: Coastal plain region Piedmont: Region between coastal plain and mountains Fall Line: Geographic boundary where rivers descend from higher elevation Slavery and Trade Middle Passage: Brutal transport of enslaved Africans across Atlantic Triangle Trade: Three-way trading pattern between Europe, Africa, and Americas Chattel: People treated as property Perpetual War: Continuous conflict Colonial Administration Royal Colony: Directly controlled by crown Royal Governor: King's representative in colony Proprietary Colony: Owned by individual proprietor State Motto: Official colony/state slogan Religious Terms Separation of Church and State: Division between religious and civil authority Anglican: Church of England Protestantism: Christian denominations separate from Catholic Church Calvinism: Protestant theology following John Calvin Catholicism: Roman Catholic faith English Reformation: Break from Catholic Church under Henry VIII Puritan: Reformed Protestant group seeking to purify church Pilgrims: Separatist Puritans who left England Non-conformists: Those refusing to follow Anglican Church Act of Toleration: Law allowing religious freedom Trinitarian: Belief in Father, Son, and Holy Spirit "Saintly Standards": Strict Puritan moral codes Blue Laws: Strict moral legislation Heresy: Religious beliefs contrary to established doctrine Colonial Life Martial Law: Military rule during emergencies Starving Times: Period of extreme hardship in early colonies Headright System: Land grants for importing settlers Life Expectancy: Average lifespan Extended Family: Multiple generations living together Subordinate: Lower in rank or position Stocks/Pillories: Public punishment devices Patriarchal: Male-dominated society "Rule of Thumb": Common law limitation on punishment Education and Culture New England Primer: Early colonial textbook Literacy: Ability to read and write Divinity School: Religious education institution Spectral Evidence: Testimony about supernatural occurrences Salem Witchcraft: Witch trials in colonial Massachusetts Outcasts: People expelled from society Conviction: Strong religious beliefs Unique Colonial Developments Dynamics: Social and political interactions Economy: Colonial economic system Commerce: Trade and business activities Providence: Rhode Island settlement founded by Roger Williams Economic Context Guilders: Dutch currency Dutch: Early colonial power Wall Street: Early New York trading location Patroon System: Dutch colonial land system Manor: Large estate Tenant: Renter on estate Melting Pot: Cultural mixing Disposable Income: Money available after necessities Conestoga Wagon: Colonial freight wagon Religious Groups Lenape: Native American tribe Quakers: Religious Society of Friends Society of Friends: Formal name for Quakers Millenarian: Believing in coming millennium Peaceable Kingdom: Quaker ideal of harmony Religious Toleration: Acceptance of different faiths Amish: Conservative religious group Urban Development Amended: Changed or modified Suffrage: Right to vote Urban: City-based Grid Pattern: City street layout City of Brotherly Love: Philadelphia Holy Experiment: Penn's vision for Pennsylvania Southern Development Carolina: Southern colony Cash Crops: Agricultural products for profit Slavery: Forced labor system Aristocratic: Rule by upper class Cosmopolitan: Worldly and sophisticated Diverse: Varied population Outer Banks: Coastal barrier islands Rogues Harbor: Haven for outcasts "Worthy Poor": Deserving charity cases Savannah: Georgia colony city Refuge: Place of safety —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------- Understand Colonies – Regional Differences in geography, settlement patterns, economy, etc Essential information regarding colonies Origin Story – Founders, rationale, unique elements of story, key figures, unique terms Role of religion in different colonies (or not) Relationship between European Events and Colonial Development Native American groups – regional differences, relationships with colonials, unique stories, Leaders and Evolution Virginia and Slavery – Evolution, causes for shifting roles, societal changes – stages, impact, and legacy Iroquois Confederacy – origin story, unique elements, terms, and significance, English and Colonial connections, impact on colonies of English policies, reactions and evolving actions in the colonies, Mercantilism in day-to-day life – impact, colonial responses, (legal and otherwise!) Unit 3 Expanded Themes: Colonial Development and Regional Differences Regional Colonial Differences New England Colonies Geography Rocky soil Short growing season Excellent harbors Abundant forests Economy Maritime trade Shipbuilding Fishing Small-scale farming Lumber industry Settlement Patterns Compact towns Common grazing areas Church-centered communities Family-based immigration Middle Colonies Geography Rich soil Long growing season Deep rivers Natural harbors Economy Grain production Diverse agriculture Merchant trading Manufacturing Craft industries Settlement Patterns Mix of urban and rural Ethnic diversity Religious plurality Individual farms Southern Colonies Geography Fertile soil Long growing season Tidewater region Disease environment Economy Plantation agriculture Cash crops (tobacco, rice) Slave labor Export-oriented Settlement Patterns Dispersed plantations Few urban centers River-based transportation Social hierarchy Colonial Origin Stories Massachusetts Bay Colony Founders John Winthrop Puritan leadership Rationale Religious freedom "City upon a Hill" Pure church Key Terms Great Migration Freeman status Congregational Church Pennsylvania Founders William Penn Quaker influence Rationale Religious tolerance "Holy Experiment" Peaceful settlement Key Terms Society of Friends Liberty of conscience Frame of Government Virginia Founders Virginia Company John Smith Rationale Profit motive Strategic location Resource extraction Key Terms Joint-stock company House of Burgesses Headright system Role of Religion New England Established churches Religious orthodoxy Minister authority Church membership requirements Middle Colonies Religious diversity Tolerance policies Multiple denominations Secular governance Southern Colonies Anglican establishment Less religious focus Practical Christianity Scattered parishes European Events Impact English Civil War Colonial autonomy Navigation Acts Trade regulations Political alignments Glorious Revolution Colonial rebellions Changed relationships New charter governments Religious policies Protestant Reformation Legacy Colonial religious structure Denominational differences Education systems Social organization Native American Relations New England Groups Wampanoag Pequot Narragansett Relationships Initial cooperation Religious conversion attempts Growing conflicts King Philip's War Middle Colonies Groups Iroquois Confederacy Delaware (Lenape) Susquehannock Relationships Trade partnerships Diplomatic alliances Land treaties Cultural exchange Southern Colonies Groups Powhatan Confederacy Cherokee Creek Relationships Early cooperation Trading partnerships Territorial conflicts Slavery impact Virginia and Slavery Evolution Early Period (1619-1660) First Africans arrive Indentured servitude dominant Unclear status Some free blacks Transition Period (1660-1700) Slave codes developed Racial distinctions Decreased indentured servants Increased slave imports Institutionalization (Post-1700) Hereditary slavery Racial justification Economic dependency Social hierarchy Iroquois Confederacy Origin and Structure Five (later Six) Nations Great Law of Peace Consensus decision-making Women's role in governance Significance Military power Diplomatic influence Democratic elements Environmental stewardship Key Terms Longhouse Sachem Wampum Great Council English-Colonial Connections Political Ties Royal governors Colonial assemblies Charter relationships Legal system Economic Relations Mercantile system Trade regulations Currency issues Manufacturing restrictions Cultural Connections Education Literature Fashion Social customs Mercantilism in Practice Official Policies Navigation Acts Trade restrictions Manufacturing limits Currency controls Colonial Responses Legal Petition for relief Legislative resistance Alternative markets Local manufacturing Illegal Smuggling Currency violation Manufacturing evasion Trade with other nations Economic Impact Limited manufacturing Trade dependencies Currency shortages Market restrictions Social Consequences Merchant class rise Economic frustration Regional differences Colonial cooperation Legacy Effects Political Development Self-governance experience Representative institutions Local autonomy Resistance traditions Economic Patterns Regional specialization Trade networks Labor systems Resource use Social Structures Class hierarchies Religious patterns Educational systems Cultural distinctions —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------- Unit 4 Study Guide Native American Conflicts Pequots: Native American tribe involved in early colonial conflict Murder/Retaliation: Cycle of violence between colonists and natives Mystic Massacre: Devastating attack on Pequot village Treaty of Hartford: Agreement ending Pequot War Wampanoag: Native American tribe led by Metacom Conversion: Native Americans adopting Christianity Praying Towns: Settlements for converted natives King Philip's War: Major conflict between colonists and natives (1675-1676) United Indian Forces: Coalition of native tribes Legacy of Wars: Long-term impact of colonial-native conflicts Colonial Society Structure Landed Gentry/Tidewater Gentry: Wealthy landowners 94%/6%: Distribution of wealth/population Plantation Agriculture: Large-scale farming system Indentured Servants: Contracted laborers Arable: Land suitable for farming Hierarchy: Social class structure Providential: Belief in divine guidance Disenfranchised: Denied voting rights Status Quo: Existing social order Frontier Working Class: Labor force in border regions Iroquois Confederacy Know Tribes: Five (later Six) Nations Origin Story: Traditional founding narrative Long House: Traditional dwelling and political symbol Great Law of Peace: Governing constitution Three Principles: Unity, peace, and justice Unanimity: Required for decisions Role of Women: Significant political power Seventh Generation: Long-term planning principle Stuart Dynasty Impact James II Issues: Problems with Catholic monarch Dominion of New England: Attempt to consolidate colonial control Royal Governor Actions: Colonial administration Leisler Rebellion: Colonial uprising Coup over James II: Glorious Revolution Glorious Revolution: Overthrow of James II (1688) English Bill of Rights 1689: Limited monarchy powers Parliamentary Supremacy: Legislature over monarch Anti-Catholicism Colonies: Protestant colonial sentiment Colonial Administration Royal Colonies: Direct crown control Navigation Acts: Trade regulation laws Mercantilist System: Economic control policy Act of Settlement: Succession rules Great Britain 1707: Union of England and Scotland Stuarts to Hanovers: Dynasty change Increasing Power of Parliament: Growing legislative authority Wool, Hat, Iron Act Examples: Trade restrictions "Restraint of Trade": Economic limitations Power of Colonial Assemblies: Local government authority Freehold: Land ownership rights Tax Authority: Power to levy taxes "Power of the Purse": Financial control Salutary Neglect: Loose enforcement of laws Autonomy for Colonies: Self-governance level Molasses Act: Sugar trade regulation Religious Developments Great Awakening: Religious revival movement Revival: Religious renewal Evangelical: Protestant Christian movement New Lights vs Old Lights: Religious division Circuit Riders: Traveling preachers "Sinners in the Hands of Angry God": Famous sermon Splintering Churches: ○ Congregationalists ○ Baptists ○ Presbyterians ○ Episcopalians ○ Methodists Press and Communication Evolving Role of Press: Media development Slander vs Libel: Spoken vs written defamation Seditious Libel: Anti-government writing New York Weekly: Colonial newspaper Truth Defense: Legal protection for true statements Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution: ○ Reason: Logical thinking ○ Logic: Systematic reasoning ○ Scientific Method: Empirical approach ○ Experimentation: Testing hypotheses Political Philosophy Absolutism: ○ Unchecked Power: Total authority ○ Divine Right: God-given rule ○ Hereditary Monarchy: Inherited power Enlightenment Thinkers Hobbes: ○ Leviathan: Major political work ○ Social Contract: Agreement between people and government ○ Absolute Monarch: All-powerful ruler ○ State of Nature: Pre-government condition ○ Voice of the People: Popular representation Locke: ○ Natural Rights: Life, liberty, property ○ Social Contract: Consensual government ○ Tabula Rasa: Blank slate theory ○ Two Treatises of Gov't: Political philosophy ○ Consent of the Governed: Popular sovereignty Montesquieu: ○ Tyranny: Oppressive rule ○ Separation of Power: Divided government ○ Checks and Balances: Power limitation ○ On the Spirit of the Laws: Major work ○ Individual Rights: Personal freedoms Rousseau: ○ Equality: Human equivalence ○ Social Contract: Society agreement ○ Majority Rule: Popular decision-making ○ Popular Sovereignty: People's power ○ Consent of the Governed: Voluntary submission ○ Morality: Ethical principles Voltaire: ○ Candide: Satirical novel ○ Satire: Critical humor ○ Enlightened Despot: Educated ruler ○ Separation Church & State: Religious freedom ○ Freedom Conscience: Personal belief rights ○ Free Speech: Expression rights Wollstonecraft: ○ Rights of Women: Gender equality ○ Right to Vote: Suffrage advocacy Intellectual Movement Philosophes: Enlightenment thinkers Salons: Intellectual gatherings Censorship: Information control Colonial Conflicts French Colonization N.America: New France Intercolonial Wars: Colonial power struggles Seven Years War/French Indian War: Major conflict Ohio River Valley: Disputed territory Confluence: River junction Huron vs Iroquois: Native alliances Early Conflicts: ○ Fort Duquesne: Strategic location ○ Fort Necessity: Washington's defeat ○ Retaliate: Counter-attack response Colonial Unity Efforts Albany Plan of Union: Early unity proposal "Join or Die": Unity symbol Colonial Brit Evolving Relations: Changing relationships Louisburg: Strategic fortress Quebec: French stronghold Acadia/Cajun: French settlers Amphibious: Water-land operations Plains of Abraham: Decisive battle site Treaty of Paris: War-ending agreement Key Historical Figures John Oldham: English colonist whose murder sparked the Pequot War in 1636 Chief Sassacus: Leader of the Pequot tribe during the Pequot War Governor Endecott: Early colonial leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony who led military campaigns against Native Americans Massasoit/Metacom: ○ Massasoit: Wampanoag chief who maintained peace with Plymouth Colony ○ Metacom (King Philip): Massasoit's son who led King Philip's War against colonists John Eliot: Puritan missionary known as the "Apostle to the Indians," translated Bible into Native American language and established praying towns Governor Berkeley: Colonial governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion, represented aristocratic authority Nathaniel Bacon: Led Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in 1676 against Governor Berkeley's policies Hiawatha: Co-founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, worked with the Peacemaker to unite the Five Nations James II: English king whose Catholic policies and absolutist tendencies led to the Glorious Revolution Sir Edmund Andros: Royal governor of the Dominion of New England, symbol of unpopular royal control William and Mary: Protestant rulers who replaced James II in the Glorious Revolution Prime Minister Walpole: British leader who implemented policy of salutary neglect toward colonies George Whitefield: Leading figure in the Great Awakening, famous for dramatic preaching style Jonathan Edwards: Puritan minister known for "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon John Peter Zenger: Printer whose trial established truth as a defense against libel Royal Gov Cosby: New York governor who prosecuted Zenger for libel Andrew Hamilton: Lawyer who successfully defended Zenger in his libel trial Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher who wrote "Leviathan," advocated strong central government John Locke: English philosopher who influenced American Revolution with ideas about natural rights Montesquieu: French philosopher who developed concept of separation of powers Rousseau: French philosopher who wrote about social contract and popular sovereignty Voltaire: French writer who advocated religious tolerance and free speech Wollstonecraft: Early feminist writer who advocated for women's rights and education George Washington: Colonial military leader during French and Indian War, later first U.S. President General Braddock: British commander defeated at Fort Duquesne during French and Indian War Ben Franklin: Colonial leader who proposed Albany Plan of Union General Wolfe: British commander who captured Quebec, died in battle General Montcalm: French commander who defended Quebec, died in battle Unit 4 : – Specifics: (terms for each unit) Enlightenment – meaning and impact, five key philosophers and unique principles espoused Shifting role and impact of religion – Great Awakening in colonies … growing divide with England French and Indian war – connections to future … Unit 4 Themes: Enlightenment, Religious Change, and Colonial Conflict The Enlightenment Core Concepts and Impact Age of Reason: Emphasis on rational thought and scientific method Sapere Aude: "Dare to know" - motto of Enlightenment Key Principles: ○ Reason over tradition ○ Scientific method ○ Natural rights ○ Individual liberty ○ Religious tolerance ○ Social progress Key Philosophers and Their Principles 1. Thomas Hobbes Key Work: "Leviathan" Central Ideas: ○ State of nature is "nasty, brutish, and short" ○ Social contract theory ○ Need for strong central authority ○ Absolute monarchy preferred ○ Human nature is selfish Impact: Influenced ideas about government's role in society 2. John Locke Key Works: "Two Treatises of Government" Central Ideas: ○ Natural rights (life, liberty, property) ○ Government by consent ○ Right to revolution ○ Tabula rasa (blank slate) theory ○ Limited government Impact: Heavily influenced American Revolution and Constitution 3. Montesquieu Key Work: "The Spirit of the Laws" Central Ideas: ○ Separation of powers ○ Checks and balances ○ Different forms of government ○ Climate theory of government ○ Prevention of tyranny Impact: Influenced U.S. governmental structure 4. Voltaire Key Work: "Candide" Central Ideas: ○ Religious tolerance ○ Freedom of speech ○ Separation of church and state ○ Anti-absolutism ○ Use of satire Impact: Promoted religious and intellectual freedom 5. Rousseau Key Work: "The Social Contract" Central Ideas: ○ Popular sovereignty ○ General will ○ Direct democracy ○ Natural state of man ○ Civil society corrupts Impact: Influenced democratic thought and revolution Religious Changes and the Great Awakening The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) Key Features: ○ Religious revival movement ○ Emphasis on individual salvation ○ Emotional preaching ○ Challenge to traditional authority ○ Cross-denominational impact Key Figures 1. Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Calvinistic theology Emotional conversion experiences 2. George Whitefield Circuit riding preacher Drew massive crowds Theatrical preaching style Religious and Social Impact Church Changes: ○ New Light vs. Old Light split ○ New denominations emerge ○ Democratic religious practices ○ Decreased church hierarchy Social Changes: ○ Increased literacy ○ Educational institutions founded ○ Social mobility ○ Challenge to authority Colonial Unity: ○ Intercolonial communication ○ Shared experience ○ Common vocabulary ○ Cultural connections Growing Divide with England Religious Differences: ○ Anglican vs. evangelical ○ Church authority questioned ○ Religious independence ○ Colonial religious diversity Cultural Impact: ○ Distinct colonial identity ○ Decreased deference to authority ○ Independent thinking ○ Democratic tendencies French and Indian War (1754-1763) Origins and Causes Territorial Disputes: ○ Ohio River Valley ○ Colonial expansion ○ Trading rights ○ Native American alliances Imperial Rivalry: ○ French-British competition ○ Colonial possessions ○ Trade control ○ Native American relations Key Events and Battles 1. Early Phase (1754-1756) Fort Necessity defeat Braddock's disaster Albany Congress formal war declaration 2. Middle Phase (1756-1760) British strategic changes Fort William Henry Louisbourg capture Quebec campaign 3. Final Phase (1760-1763) Montreal falls Peace negotiations Treaty of Paris Territory redistribution Connections to Future Events 1. Colonial Unity Military cooperation Intercolonial communication Shared experience Common enemy 2. Military Experience Colonial militia development Military leadership Strategic knowledge British army experience 3. British-Colonial Relations Changed Perceptions: ○ Colonial self-confidence ○ British arrogance ○ Military capabilities ○ Colonial worth Administrative Changes: ○ New British policies ○ Colonial resistance ○ Tax disputes ○ Authority questions 4. Economic Impact War Debt: ○ British taxation ○ Colonial resistance ○ Economic restrictions ○ Trade changes Colonial Development: ○ Infrastructure improvements ○ Economic growth ○ Trade patterns ○ Resource exploitation 5. Native American Relations Changed Alliances: ○ British dominance ○ French removal ○ Native displacement ○ New conflicts Future Conflicts: ○ Proclamation of 1763 ○ Western settlement ○ Native resistance ○ Colonial frustration Legacy and Significance 1. Political Impact Colonial self-awareness British policy changes Administrative reforms Growing tensions 2. Military Consequences Strategic knowledge Leadership development Military experience Defense needs 3. Social Changes Colonial identity Class relations Cultural development Regional connections 4. Economic Effects Trade patterns Currency issues Debt problems Resource control Chronological Timeline Below….. Chronological Overview of American Studies Unit 1: Foundation Period (1054-1507) Medieval to Renaissance Transformation 1054: Great Schism divides Christian church into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox 1095: First Crusade begins, Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Holy Land 1347-1351: Black Death devastates Europe, killing approximately one-third of population 1400-1500: Renaissance flourishes in Italy, spreading new ideas and learning 1452: Papal Bull asserts European superiority over non-Christian lands 1455: Papal Bull justifies European expansion 1492: Columbus reaches Americas, beginning Age of Exploration 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas divides New World between Spain and Portugal 1507: Waldseemüller map first uses name "America" Unit 2: Religious and Political Transformation (1215-1607) English Constitutional Development and Religious Change 1215: Magna Carta signed, limiting royal power 1517: Protestant Reformation begins with Luther's 95 Theses 1534: Henry VIII establishes Church of England, beginning English Reformation 1558-1603: Elizabeth I's reign, Protestant Settlement established 1588: English defeat Spanish Armada 1603: James I becomes king, beginning Stuart dynasty 1607: Jamestown founded, first permanent English colony Unit 3: Colonial Establishment (1620-1693) Development of Colonial Regions and Institutions 1620: Plymouth Colony founded, Mayflower Compact signed 1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony established, beginning Puritan "Great Migration" 1636: Harvard College founded, first American college 1662: Half-Way Covenant adopted in New England 1664: English take New Amsterdam from Dutch, rename it New York 1681: Pennsylvania founded as Quaker "Holy Experiment" 1691-1693: Salem Witch Trials Unit 4: Colonial Maturity (1675-1763) Conflict and Cultural Development 1675-1676: King Philip's War, major conflict between colonists and Native Americans 1676: Bacon's Rebellion challenges colonial authority in Virginia 1688: Glorious Revolution establishes constitutional monarchy in England 1689: English Bill of Rights establishes Parliamentary supremacy 1733: Georgia founded as last English colony 1735: Zenger Trial establishes precedent for press freedom 1739-1744: Great Awakening transforms colonial religious life 1754-1763: French and Indian War reshapes colonial America Key Themes Across Units: Religious Development Medieval Catholic unity → Religious division → Colonial religious diversity Catholic Church power → Protestant Reformation → Multiple denominations Political Evolution Feudal monarchy → Constitutional monarchy → Colonial governments Absolute rule → Limited monarchy → Growing colonial autonomy Cultural Transformation Medieval worldview → Renaissance thinking → Enlightenment ideas European culture → Adaptation to Americas → Distinct colonial identity Economic Changes Feudal economy → Commercial Revolution → Colonial economic systems Local trade → Global exploration → Colonial trade networks Colonial Development European background → Early settlement → Mature colonies Dependence on Europe → Growing self-sufficiency → Colonial identity

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