Upper & Lower Respiratory System PDF

Levels of Structural Organization  2 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RNB10603  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of lecture, students should be able to: ▪ describe the structure of the upper and lower respiratory tract; ▪ describe the macroscopic structure upper and...

Levels of Structural Organization  2 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RNB10603  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of lecture, students should be able to: ▪ describe the structure of the upper and lower respiratory tract; ▪ describe the macroscopic structure upper and lower respiratory tract; ▪ describe the microscopic structure upper and lower respiratory tract; ▪ explain the normal functions of each structure of the upper and lower respiratory tract 3 Respiratory System 4  Functions To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide Respiration – four distinct processes must happen I. Mechanical ventilation – moving air into and out of the lungs II. External respiration/ pulmonary respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood III. Internal respiration/Tissue respiration – gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues 5  Functions IV. Transport of gases – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues Additional functions: ❖Sound production ❖Enables “non-breathing” air movements (sneezing, coughing, laughing etc.) 6 Upper Respiratory Tract 7  Upper Respiratory System The Upper Respiratory Tract Consists of: ❑External nose(Nostril) ❑Nasal Cavity ❑Pharynx 8  Nose ❑First of the respiratory Structure of Nose organs ❑Divided into two by the septum ❑Made of bone and cartilage covered by connective tissue and skin. ❑The posterior bony part of septum is formed by ethmoid bone and the vomer ❑Anteriorly it consist of hyaline cartilage 9 Nose Septum 10 Nasal Cavity 11  Nose ❑Lining of the nose – ciliated columnar epithelium (ciliated mucus membrane) contains mucus – Cilia secreting goblet cells. ❖Presence of goblet cells in epithelium: ▪ secrete mucus → moisten air and trap dust particles ❑The anterior nares are the opening from exterior in nasal cavity – Ciliated Columnar hairs are present in this epithelium 12 area. Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium + Goblet Cells 13  Nose The paranasal sinuses are cavities in the bones of the face and the cranium- contains air and lined with a mucous membrane. The main sinuses are: ❖ Maxillary sinuses in the lateral walls ❖Frontal and sphenoidal sinuses in the roof ❖Ethmoidal sinuses in the upper part of the lateral walls 14  Nose The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull. ❖ It also influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers. ❖ The nasolacrimal ducts extend from the lateral walls of the nose to the conjunctival sacs of the eye which drain tears from the eyes 15  Nose Function of the nose: ❑ air enters into and exits from the body. ❑ cilia and mucus line the nasal cavity traps bacteria and foreign particles that enter in through the nose. ❑ air that passes nasal cavity is humidified and moistened. 16  Nose Function of the nose: ❑Filtering and cleaning of air-hairs at the anterior nares trap larger particles. ❑Smaller particles such as dust and microbes trapped by the mucus. ❑Mucus protects the epithelium from irritation and prevent drying. 17  Nose Function of the nose: ❑Irritation of the nasal mucosa results in sneezing, a reflex action that forcibly expels an irritant 18  Nose ❑Olfactory function of the nose organ of the sense of smell. there are nerve that detect smell located in the roof of nose in the area of cribriform plate of the ethmoid bones and the superior conchae impulses are conveyed by the olfactory nerves to the brain where the sensation of smell is perceived. 19  Pharynx ❑ A tube 12-14cm long ❑ Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. 12-14 cm ❑It lies behind the nose,mouth and larynx. 20  Pharynx ❑Structures associated with the pharynx: Superiorly-the inferior surface of the base of the skull Inferiorly-it is continuous with the esophagus. Anteriorly -the wall is incomplete because of the openings into the nose, mouth and larynx. Posteriorly –areolar tissue, involuntary muscle and the bodies of the first six cervical vertebrae. 21  Pharynx ❑3 parts of pharynx: i) Nasopharynx ii) Oropharynx iii) Laryngopharynx 22  Pharynx ▪ Nasopharynx Upper part (posterior to the nose) o Uvula/soft palate ❖extension of the floor of nasopharynx o Posterior wall – ❖pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) consisting lymphoid tissue 23  Pharynx ▪ Nasopharynx Lateral wall –two opening of the auditory tubes that leading to each middle ear. 24  Pharynx Oropharynx lies behind the mouth extending from below the level of the soft palate to the level of the 3rd cervical vertebra. 25  Pharynx ▪ Oropharynx Between each pair of folds there is a collection of lymphoid tissue called the palatine tonsils. When swallowing the nasal and oral parts are separated by the soft palate and the uvula. 26  Pharynx ▪ Laryngopharynx extends from the oropharynx above and continues as the esophagus below from the level of 3rd to the 6th cervical vertebrae 27  Pharynx ❑Structure of the Pharynx The pharynx is composed of three layers of tissue. Mucous membrane lining varies in different parts and in the nasopharynx consists of ciliated columnar epithelium. In the oropharynx and laryngopharynx it is formed by stratified squamous epithelium. 28  Pharynx ❑Structure of the Pharynx Fibrous tissue –forms the intermediate layer Muscle tissue-consists of several involuntary constrictor muscles that play an important part in the mechanism of swallowing (deglutition). 29  Pharynx ❑Structure of the Pharynx Blood supply is by several branches of facial artery. venous return is into the facial and internal jugular veins. 30  Pharynx ❑Structure of the Pharynx Nerve supply is from the pharyngeal plexus parasympathetic , sympathetic nerves. Parasympathetic supply is by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve. Sympathetic supply from superior cervical ganglia. 31  Pharynx ❑Structure of the Pharynx Taste- olfactory nerve endings of the sense of taste in the epithelium of the oral and pharyngeal parts Hearing- auditory tube extending from the nasal part to each middle ear. Satisfactory hearing depends on the atmospheric pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane (ear drum). 32  Pharynx ❑Structure of the Pharynx Protection- the lymphatic tissue of the pharyngeal and laryngeal tonsils produces antibodies in response to antigens. Speech-the pharynx function in speech by acting as a resonating chamber for the sound ascending from the larynx, 33 Pharyngitis 34 Lower Respiratory Tract 35 Alveoli 36  Lower Respiratory Tract The Lower Respiratory Tract consist of: Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs 37 Larynx (Voice Box) 38  Larynx Laryngeal muscles Extrinsic laryngeal muscles help to draw up larynx when swallowing bolus (to fold epiglottis over glottis) Intrinsic laryngeal muscles control tension of the vocal cords ▪ Control length, tension & position of the vocal cords/membrane ▪ The thicker & longer the membrane/cords, the deeper the sound 39  Larynx Laryngeal Cartilage ▪ Thyroid cartilage 2 large plates meeting in the middle anteriorly to form prominence of Adam’s apple ▪ Cricoid cartilage – shape like signet ring connects with thyroid cartilage ▪ Epiglotis Leaf-shaped plate attached to superior surface of the thyroid cartilage. It prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing 40 Larynx 41 Larynx 42 Larynx 43  Larynx Laryngeal Cavity Guarded by 3 pairs of folds Capable of closing off its lumen 3 pairs of folds move together as follow i) quite respiration – they open wider in inspiration and close slightly in expiration ii) in force gasping respiration – they are widely separated iii) in swallowing and vomiting – they are closed 44  Larynx Vocal cords – Connective tissue stretched across the larynx “bore” from thyroid cartilage – arytenoid cartilage – Vestibular folds act to support the vocal cords & keep them moist 45 Interior of the larynx viewed from above Vocal cord 46  Larynx (Voice Box) Function of Larynx ❑Most anterior structure in the neck, called Adam’s apple ❑Prevents food and liquid from entering to the lower respiration tract ❑Site of sound production ❑Continues into the trachea at the lower margin of cricoid cartilage 47  Functions of Larynx: Production of sound Speech Protection of the lower respiratory tract Passage of air Humidifying, filtering and warming 48 Review… 49  Name the parts labeled 1, 2 and 3: 1 1 nasopharynx 2 2 Oropharynx 3 3 Largnygopharynx 50  Trachea or Windpipe Tube like structure about 12cm long Begins below the larynx (below cricoid cartilage) Bifurcates at the level T4/5 (Carina)into the left and right primary bronchi each of which enters a lung at hilum Has 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings in the wall for support - prevents airway collapse Located anteriorly to oesophagus 51  Trachea or Windpipe ❑Wall of trachea and bronchi Lined by : ciliated pseudocolumnar epithelium (to eliminate dust particles) Mid layer: hyaline cartilage (to prevent collapse) 52 Tracheotomy 53 Bronchial tree Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchus Tertiary Bronchus Bronchiole Terminal Bronchioles Alveoli 54  Bronchial Tree From the carina: Primary bronchii – going toward right and left lungs primary bronchus branches to form bronchial tree ▪ Right bronchii is more “vertical” and wider than left Secondary bronchi – serves a separate lobe Tertiary bronchi – branch of secondary bronchi, serves a lobule Bronchioles – end of branching, goes into the alveoli (air sac) 55 Asthma 56 MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF LUNGS Structures associated with lungs 57  Lungs Located in chest cavity. 2 lungs, protected by ribs and intercostal muscles 58  Spongy, Lightweights Cone-shaped organ Located in the thoracic cavity Anterior view (Tortora & Derrickson, 2010) 59 MACROSTRUCTURES OF THE LUNGS LOCATION Right lung Left lung Rib Mediastinum Anterior view 60  Left lung 10% smaller Cardiac notch heart Anterior view 61  LOBE OF THE LUNGS APEX SUPERIOR LOBE OBL IQ UE F MIDDLE LOBE IS SU RE INFERIOR LOBE BASE RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG 62 Right lung Left lung Pulmonary artery S u pe Bronchus be r lo rio rio Pulmonary r lo pe Su veins e b b e lo d le id Infer M obe ior lo r i o r l be Infe Base The lobes of the lungs, vessels and airways of each hilum – medial views 63  Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Connective tissue Alveolar ducts Alveolar sac Alveoli 64  PLEURAL MEMBRANE Visceral pleura double-layered serous membrane encloses and protect lung parietal pleura 65  MICROSTRUCTURES OF THE LUNG PLEURAL MEMBRANE AND PLEURAL SPACE Ribs Pleural cavity with serous fluid Lung Visceral pleural Parietal pleural Heart diaphragm 66 MICROSTRUCTURES OF THE LUNG PLEURAL SPACE Contains a lubricating fluid Reduce friction ▪whenever lungs expanding @ contracting during respiration process produces surface tension (stick together) 67 Lungs receive blood from; Pulmonary artery - deoxygenated blood to the lung Pulmonary vein - carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium → aorta → to the pulmonary and systemic circulation Bronchial arteries – oxygenated blood to perfuse muscular walls of bronchi and bronchioles 68 THE FLOW OF THE BLOOD BETWEEN HEART AND LUNGS LEFT AND RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERIES PULMONARY VEINS TRACHEA LV RA LV RV 69  NERVE SUPPLY TO THE LUNGS Vagus nerve (parasympathetic) stimulate VAGUS NERVE contraction of smooth muscle – bronchoconstriction Sympathetic nerve stimulatation cause bronchodilation 70 71  MACROSTRUCTURE OF BRONCHI (BRONCHUS) AND BRONCHIOLES Right primary bronchus left primary bronchus Carina 72 Right primary bronchus Wider, Shorter more vertical 2.5cm 73 Right primary bronchus Enter the right lung at hilum divides into 3 Secondary branches bronchus 74 MACROSTRUCTURE OF BRONCHI (BRONCHUS) AND BRONCHIOLES left primary bronchus Narrower Enter to left lung at hilum 5 cm 75 MACROSTRUCTURE OF BRONCHI (BRONCHUS) AND BRONCHIOLES left primary bronchus Divides into 2 branches Secondary bronchus 76 Right primary bronchus left primary bronchus Wider, Shorter Narrower more vertical 5 cm long 2.5cm long Divides into 2 divides into 3 branches branches 77  BRONCHIAL TREE Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Bronchiole Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole Alveoli 78 MICROSTRUCTURE OF BRONCHI (BRONCHUS) 79  Bronchiole Distal Bronchioles 1. Mucous membrane non-ciliated cuboidal-shaped cells 2. Cartilage plate irregular shape and disappear 3. Amount of smooth muscle increase and thicker Sympathetic ANS – relaxation/ dilatation of smooth muscle Parasympathetic ANS – contraction / constriction 80 STRUCTURE CHANGES 81 1. Support and patency 2. Removing particulate matter 3. Warming, humidifying and filtering 4. Cough reflex 5. Control of air entry 82  FUNCTION OF BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES 1. Support and patency 2. Removing particulate prevent kinking and matter obstruction Prevent airway collapse 83  4. Warming, humidifying 3. Cough reflex and filtering 84  FUNCTION OF BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES 5. Control of air entry contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle regulating the volume of the air entering to the lung 85  Pulmonary arteriole Elastic fibres Pulmonary venule Air sacs Cup-shaped outpouching Alveolar duct Alveoli Capillaries 86  MICROSTUCTURES OF ALVEOLI Surfactant- Squamous secreting cell epithelial cell Red blood cell capillaries Respiratory Macrophage membrane 87  FUNCTION OF ALVEOLI 1. The main site of gases exchange through diffusion – O₂ and CO₂ 2. Defense against microbes – Alveolar macrophages (phagocyte) 3. Warming & humidifying – The moist of mucosa 88  SUMMARY C O Primary N bronchus D Z A U O I Secondary C N R bronchus T E I Tertiary O bronchus N Bronchiole Respiratory Gas bronchioles Exchange Terminal Zone bronchiole 89 VIDEO 90 91