Respiratory System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • Transport nutrients
  • Produce hormones
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide (correct)

    • Sound production is a function of the respiratory system.

    True (A)

    What are the four distinct processes of respiration?

    Mechanical ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, and transport of gases.

    The upper respiratory tract consists of the external nose, nasal cavity, and __________.

    <p>pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory structures with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Nasal Cavity = Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells Pharynx = Connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus External Nose = First organ of the respiratory system Septum = Divides the nasal cavity into left and right chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood?

    <p>External respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia in the nasal cavity help trap dust particles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior bony part of the nasal septum is formed by the __________ and the __________.

    <p>ethmoid bone, vomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a resonating chamber for sound in speech?

    <p>Pharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickness and length of the vocal cords affect the pitch of the sound produced.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the four structures that make up the Lower Respiratory Tract.

    <p>Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a leaf-shaped plate attached to the thyroid cartilage that helps during swallowing.

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the laryngeal cartilage with its description:

    <p>Thyroid cartilage = Forms the prominence of Adam's apple Cricoid cartilage = Shaped like a signet ring Epiglottis = Leaf-shaped cartilage used during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pharynx is located posterior to the nose?

    <p>Nasopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The laryngopharynx extends from the oropharynx above and continues as the trachea below.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

    <p>Ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and __________.

    <p>laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles play an important role in the mechanism of swallowing?

    <p>Involuntary constrictor muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the two primary types of nerve supply to the pharynx.

    <p>Parasympathetic and sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the pharynx with their descriptions:

    <p>Nasopharynx = Contains pharyngeal tonsils Oropharynx = Located behind the mouth Laryngopharynx = Extends to the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ tubes open on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, leading to the middle ear.

    <p>auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>To reduce the weight of the skull (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasal cavity is lined with cilia and mucus to trap larger particles.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes sneezing?

    <p>Irritation of the nasal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ extends from the lateral walls of the nose to the conjunctival sacs of the eye.

    <p>nasolacrimal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sinuses to their locations:

    <p>Maxillary sinuses = Lateral walls of the face Frontal sinuses = Roof of the skull Sphenoidal sinuses = Roof of the skull Ethmoidal sinuses = Upper part of the lateral walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All particles that enter the nose are successfully trapped by mucus and cilia.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dimensions of the pharynx?

    <p>12-14 cm long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Control of air entry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic autonomic nervous system causes contraction of smooth muscle.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar macrophages are responsible for __________ against microbes.

    <p>defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structures to their functions:

    <p>Mucous membrane = Humidity and filtration Cartilage = Support and prevent airway collapse Smooth muscle = Regulation of air entry Alveoli = Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a function of alveoli?

    <p>Defense against microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle thickness decreases in the bronchi and bronchioles as they branch.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do elastic fibers play in the respiratory system?

    <p>They provide support and allow for expansion and contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the larynx?

    <p>Prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right primary bronchus is narrower and longer than the left primary bronchus.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures guard the laryngeal cavity?

    <p>Three pairs of folds (vocal cords and vestibular folds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary bronchus divides into _____, secondary bronchi.

    <p>the bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Visceral pleura = Encloses and protects the lung Bronchioles = End of the branching from bronchi Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Pleural cavity = Contains lubricating fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During swallowing, which is the primary action of the larynx?

    <p>The laryngeal folds close to prevent food entry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is located anteriorly to the esophagus.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the walls of the trachea?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ membrane is a double-layered serous membrane that protects the lung.

    <p>pleural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung blood vessels with their functions:

    <p>Pulmonary artery = Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary vein = Carries oxygenated blood to the heart Bronchial arteries = Supplies oxygenated blood to the bronchial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for sound production?

    <p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac notch is a feature of the right lung.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition involves difficulty in breathing due to bronchial constriction?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the site of gas exchange in the lungs.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the bronchioles?

    <p>The end of branching from the bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Upper Respiratory Tract Components

    The structures involved in breathing, including the external nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

    Function of Respiratory System

    To provide oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide.

    Mechanical Ventilation

    The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

    External Respiration

    Gas exchange between the lungs and blood.

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    Internal Respiration

    Gas exchange between blood and tissues.

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    Nose Structure

    Made of bone & cartilage, covered by connective tissues & skin, divided into two halves by the septum.

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    Nasal Cavity Lining

    Ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus-producing goblet cells.

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    Nose Function

    Filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.

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    Paranasal Sinuses

    Air-filled cavities within facial and cranial bones, lined with mucous membranes.

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    Nasal Cavity Function

    Filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air, trapping foreign particles.

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    Nasal Filtering

    Hairs (anterior nares) and mucus trap larger and smaller airborne particles.

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    Sneezing

    Reflex action expelling irritants from the nasal cavity.

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    Olfactory Function

    Sense of smell detected by nerves in the nasal roof.

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    Pharynx Location

    Muscular tube connecting nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus.

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    Pharynx Structure

    Tube behind nasal, oral, and laryngeal cavities with connections to the esophagus.

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    Pharynx Dimensions

    12-14 cm long, located from skull base to 6th cervical vertebra.

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    Pharynx Function: Protection

    The lymphatic tissue in the pharynx (tonsils) produces antibodies to fight infections.

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    Pharynx Function: Speech

    The pharynx acts as a resonating chamber, modifying the sound produced by the larynx.

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    What does 'pharyngitis' refer to?

    Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

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    Laryngeal Muscle Function: Extrinsic

    Extrinsic laryngeal muscles help lift the larynx during swallowing, ensuring the epiglottis covers the glottis.

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    Nasopharynx parts

    The upper part of the pharynx, located behind the nose, containing the uvula, soft palate, and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).

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    Laryngopharynx location

    Part of the pharynx that extends from the oropharynx and continues as the esophagus. Located from the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra.

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    Pharynx tissue layers

    The pharynx has three tissue layers: mucous membrane, fibrous tissue, and muscle tissue.

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    Pharyngeal muscle function

    The muscle tissue in the pharynx contains involuntary constrictor muscles that are crucial for swallowing (deglutition).

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    Nasopharynx lining

    The nasopharynx lining is ciliated columnar epithelium.

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    Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx lining

    Oropharynx and laryngopharynx lining is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

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    Pharynx Blood Supply

    Blood supply to the pharynx is provided by branches of the facial artery, and venous return is into the facial and internal jugular veins.

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    Bronchiole Structure Change

    As bronchioles get smaller, their walls become thinner, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, and contain fewer cartilage rings.

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    Bronchiole Function: Support & Patency

    Bronchioles prevent kinking and obstruction, preventing airway collapse due to their elastic fibers and smooth muscle.

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    Bronchiole Function: Removing Particulate Matter

    Bronchioles remove dust and other particles from inhaled air using cilia and mucus secretions.

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    Bronchiole Function: Warming, Humidifying, Filtering

    Bronchioles warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air, protecting the delicate lung tissue from harsh conditions.

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    Bronchiole Function: Cough Reflex

    Bronchioles help trigger the cough reflex to expel irritants and debris from the respiratory tract.

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    Bronchiole Function: Control of Air Entry

    Bronchioles control the amount of air entering the lungs by contracting and relaxing smooth muscle, regulating airflow.

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    Alveoli: Site of Gas Exchange

    Alveoli are the main site of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood, where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits.

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    Alveoli: Immune Defense

    Alveoli contain macrophages that engulf and destroy microbes, providing an important line of defense against infection.

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    Larynx Function

    The larynx prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing.

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    Laryngeal Cavity

    The laryngeal cavity is guarded by three pairs of folds that can close off its lumen.

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    Vocal Cords

    Vocal cords are connective tissues stretched across the larynx, connecting the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage.

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    Vestibular Folds Function

    The vestibular folds support the vocal cords and keep them moist.

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    Larynx Functions

    The larynx prevents food and liquid from entering the lower respiratory tract, helps produce sound, and connects to the trachea.

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    Trachea Structure

    The trachea is a 12cm tube-like structure that begins below the larynx and branches into the bronchi.

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    Trachea Support

    The trachea has C-shaped cartilage rings in its wall to prevent airway collapse.

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    Trachea Lining

    The trachea and bronchi are lined with ciliated pseudocolumnar epithelium to eliminate dust particles.

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    Tracheotomy

    A tracheotomy is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea to assist breathing.

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    Bronchial Tree

    The bronchial tree consists of branching airways leading from the trachea to the alveoli.

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    Primary Bronchi

    Primary bronchi are the first branches of the trachea, leading to the right and left lungs.

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    Secondary Bronchi

    Secondary bronchi branch from the primary bronchi and serve individual lobes of the lungs.

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    Tertiary Bronchi

    Tertiary bronchi branch from the secondary bronchi and serve lobules of the lungs.

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    Lung Position

    The lungs are located in the chest cavity, protected by the ribs and intercostal muscles.

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    Study Notes

    Levels of Structural Organization

    • The human body is organized in a hierarchical manner
    • Atoms combine to form molecules
    • Examples of molecules include DNA
    • Molecules combine to form organelles
    • Specialized cells
    • Tissues are formed by similar cells
    • Tissues combine to form organs
    • Similar organs working together form organ systems
    • Organ systems work together to form an organism

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange
    • It intakes oxygen and expels carbon dioxide
    • The system includes upper and lower respiratory tracts
    • The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, nose, pharynx, and larynx
    • The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
    • The respiratory functions include mechanical ventilation, external, and internal respiration
    • Respiration leads to sound production and other non-breathing air movements
    • The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium that secretes mucus, trapping bacteria and foreign particles; contains nasal conchae

    Nose

    • The nose is the initial part of the respiratory system
    • It's divided into two halves by the septum
    • Structurally, it consists of bone, cartilage, and connective tissue
    • The posterior bony part of the nose is the ethmoid bone and vomer
    • Anteriorly, the nose is comprised of hyaline cartilage
    • The nose warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air
    • It has hairs in the anterior nares to trap larger foreign particles
    • The nasal cavity is lined with olfactory epithelium that detects smells

    Pharynx

    • A tube-like structure (12-14 cm)
    • Located behind the nose, mouth, and larynx
    • It extends from the base of the skull to the 6th cervical vertebra
    • Associated structures include superiorly, base of the skull, inferiorly (continuous with esophagus), anteriorly (incomplete due to openings to the nose, mouth, and larynx), and posteriorly (areolar tissue, involuntary muscles, and first six cervical vertebrae)
    • The pharynx has three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
    • Nasopharynx: superior part; posterior to nose; uvula/soft palate extending the floor; posterior wall with pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
    • Oropharynx: lies behind the mouth; extends from soft palate to 3rd cervical vertebra
    • Laryngopharynx: extends from oropharynx above and continues as esophagus below the level of the 3rd to the 6th cervical vertebra
    • The pharnyx's three layers are the mucous membrane, fibrous tissue, and muscle tissue

    Larynx

    • Also known as the voice box
    • It's the most anterior structure in the neck, called the Adam's apple
    • It prevents food and liquid from entering the lower respiratory tract
    • It's the site of sound production
    • It continues into the trachea at the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage

    Trachea

    • A tube-like structure (about 12 cm long)
    • Located below the larynx
    • Bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi
    • It has 19 to 20 C-shaped cartilages for support
    • Located anteriorly to the esophagus

    Bronchial Tree

    • The trachea branches into smaller tubes
    • The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical compared to the left (2.5 cm vs 5 cm)
    • The right primary bronchus enters the right lung at the hilum
    • It divides into three branches
    • The left primary bronchus enters the left lung at the hilum
    • It divides into two branches
    • The bronchi lead into smaller bronchioles
    • Bronchioles eventually lead into alveoli

    Lungs

    • Located in the thoracic cavity
    • Protected by ribs and intercostal muscles
    • Spongy, lightweight, and cone-shaped organs
    • The right lung is bigger and has three lobes
    • The left lung is smaller and has two lobes
    • Two lungs are located above the diaphragm
    • They have different lobes and are protected by ribs and intercostals

    Alveoli

    • The main site for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
    • Air sacs with cup-shaped outpouchings
    • Alveolar macrophages defend against microbes
    • The alveoli walls and surrounding capillary walls are thin to facilitate gas exchange
    • Includes surfactant-secreting cells, squamous epithelial cells, and red blood cells

    Bronchioles

    • The bronchi subdivide into bronchioles
    • The bronchioles contain smooth muscle and mucous membrane
    • Bronchioles allow for air filtering and warming
    • The smooth muscle allows for contraction and relaxation to control the air flowing to the lungs

    Blood Supply to Lungs

    • Deoxygenated blood is carried to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
    • Oxygenated (fresh) blood is carried to the heart via the pulmonary veins
    • Oxygenated blood is supplied to bronchial walls by bronchial arteries

    Nerve Supply to Lungs

    • The vagus nerve regulates lung function
    • The vagus nerve stimulates smooth muscle contraction
    • This leads to bronchoconstriction
    • The sympathetic nerve stimulates bronchial dilation

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