Understanding ICT PDF

Understanding the ICT - 3/2/25 > Set of all technologies that allows to store, process and analyse data to produce and communicate information through digital tool Evolution of telecommunication systems Wired → Wireless ​ Telegraph (1837) ○​ Morse’s: Long distance wired communication...

Understanding the ICT - 3/2/25 > Set of all technologies that allows to store, process and analyse data to produce and communicate information through digital tool Evolution of telecommunication systems Wired → Wireless ​ Telegraph (1837) ○​ Morse’s: Long distance wired communication using Morse Code ​ Telephone (1876) ○​ Bell’s innovation enabling real-time voice communication ​ Radio Transmission (1900) ○​ Marconi introduced wireless communication system → point to point communications → broadcasting Local → global ​ Satellite Communications (1960) ○​ Global communication through space-based relays ○​ Signal sent to satellite and interpreted in stations ​ ARPANET (1969) ○​ Developed research and defense networks, forming the foundation of the modern internet ○​ Packet switching: grouping data so that data turns into fix information, packets, and packets are transferred over digital network ​ TCP/IP Protocol (1983) ○​ Standardised communication protocols (how computers between different countries communicate), making internet globally interoperable ○​ IP: the addresses ​ World Wide Web (1991) ○​ Berners-Lee revolutionise access to information Stationary → Mobile ​ 1G (1980) ○​ Analog voice communication ○​ Basic voice calls, low quality and poor security ​ 2G (1991) ○​ Digital communication (GSM,CDMA) ○​ SMS, voice encryption and better phone calls ​ 3G (2001) ○​ Mobile broadbands ○​ Internet access, video streaming and speed up to 2 Mbps  ​ 4G ○​ LTE technology ○​ High speed internet, HD streaming, and VoIP ​ 5G ○​ Ultra-fast (10gps), low latency (1ms) ○​ Real-time application ​ 6G ○​ No delay with expected speed of 1 Tpbs and sub-millisecond latency The evolution of information technologies 1600-1800 ​ Pascal (1642) ○​ Pascaline; mechanical calculator ○​ Mechanised computation ​ Babbage (1830) ○​ Designed Analytical Engine ○​ Computation (control flaw and memory) ​ Lovelace(1840) ○​ Wrote first algorithm ○​ Worked with Babbage to create first computer programme First half of 1900 ​ Alan Turing ○​ Turing Machine; computation could be performed using a series of instructions (algorithm) ○​ Father of AI and modern computing ​ Neumann ○​ Von Neumann architecture (foundation of modern architecture) ○​ Stored program computer ​ Early computers ○​ ENIAC (1945) ​ First general purpose electronic computer ○​ UNIVAC (1951) ​ Commercial computer design for business and government use Von Neumann Computer Architecture ​ Components rely on bistable devices (only handle two possible status) Bus -​ Input and output devices -​ CPU  -​ Memory Second half ​ Development of programming languages ○​ FORTRAN, COBOL and assembly language (first language that used english words) ○​ More accessible ​ Personal computers and microprocessors ○​ Microprocessor replace vacuum tubes ○​ Personal computers (Apple) and IBM PC ​ Internet and WWW ○​ Adoption of TCP/IP protocols introduction of URL, HTTP and HTML ○​ WWW increased information access and sharing New Century ​ Mobile and social rev ○​ Smartphones, apps, and cloud computing ○​ Social media ​ IoT and cloud services ○​ Integration of computing into everyday devices through internet of things ○​ Cloud-native apps and platforms for businesses ​ AI, VR and Quantum computing ○​ Advances in AI, machine learning and quantum computing ○​ Immersive digital experiences ICT ​ Three main categories ○​ Hardware ​ Architecture of computer ​ Storage devices ​ Input and output devices ​ Connection to PC ​ Main trends: increased processing power, increased memory capacity, reduced size and extended functionality ○​ Software ​ Operating system ​ Application program ​ Main trends: Easy, constant use, programming language evolving (formal language that enables to provide a computer with instructions to solve a problem) ​ Application software; programs used directly by users to process data and produce needed info (excel, word, outlook, Adobe, McAfee…)  ○​ Networks ​ Classification of networks based on their type, extension and architecture ​ Main trends: ultra-broadband, optical fiber and 5G connectivity, cloud computing, internet of things, From web 2.0 to Web 3 ​ Cloud computing; increasingly used way of using resources on the internet ​ Allows remote, virtualized and distributed resources ​ Ultra-broadband ​ Connectivity speed essential technical requirement for cloud services and for personal and business productivity ​ Digital divide ​ Refers to the gap between those who can access new technologies and those who can not access them ​ Usually caused by limited access to adequate ICT infrastructures and the computer illiteracy of users ​ Internet of Things ​ Concerns the interconnections between objects (smart device) ​ Example: electronic payments, automotive and home automation MAIN POINTS: Definition of ICT Evolution of telecommunication systems Evolution of information technologies Von Neumann computer architecture Components of the three ICT categories Main features and trends of ICT tools