Evolution of Telecommunication Systems

• ICT encompasses technologies for storing, processing, and analyzing data to produce and communicate information via digital tools.

Evolution of Telecommunication Systems

• Telegraph (1837) used Morse code for long-distance wired communication.
• Telephone (1876 allowed real-time voice communication.
• Radio Transmission (1900) introduced wireless communication, transitioning from point-to-point to broadcasting.
• Satellite Communications (1960) enabled global communication through space-based relays.
• ARPANET (1969) developed research and defense networks, forming the foundation of the modern internet.
• Packet switching involves grouping data into packets for transfer over digital networks.
• TCP/IP Protocol (1983) standardized communication for computers in different countries, using IP addresses.
• World Wide Web (1991) revolutionized access to information.
• 1G (1980) used analog voice communication with basic voice calls, providing low quality and poor security.
• 2G (1991) enabled digital communication (GSM, CDMA), SMS, voice encryption, and better phone calls.
• 3G (2001) introduced mobile broadband, offering internet access, video streaming, and speeds up to 2 Mbps.
• 4G includes LTE technology enabling high-speed internet, HD streaming, and VoIP.
• 5G is ultra-fast (10gps) with low latency (1ms), suitable for real-time applications.
• 6G has no delay with an expected speed of 1 Tbps and sub-millisecond latency.

Evolution of Information Technologies

• Pascal's Pascaline (1642) was a mechanical calculator that mechanized computation.
• Babbage (1830) designed the Analytical Engine including computation (control flaw and memory).
• Lovelace (1840) wrote the first algorithm and worked with Babbage to create the first computer program.
• Alan Turing developed the Turing Machine; computation could be performed using a series of instructions (algorithm).
• He is also known as the Father of AI and modern computing.
• Neumann developed the Von Neumann architecture (foundation of modern architecture) and the stored program computer.
• ENIAC (1945) was the first general-purpose electronic computer.
• UNIVAC (1951) featured a commercial computer design for business and government use.

Von Neumann Computer Architecture

• Its components rely on bistable devices (only handle two possible statuses).
• It consists of a Bus, input and output devices, CPU and Memory.
• FORTRAN, COBOL, and assembly language (the first language that used English words) were developed.
• Personal computers and microprocessors became more accessible.
• Microprocessors replaced vacuum tubes.
• Personal computers like Apple and IBM PC were introduced.
• The Internet and WWW adopted TCP/IP protocols and introduced URL, HTTP, and HTML.
• WWW increased information access and sharing.

New Century

• Mobile and social revolution includes smartphones, apps, cloud computing, and social media.
• IoT and cloud services integrate computing into everyday devices via the internet and offer cloud-native apps and platforms.
• AI, VR, and Quantum computing advances AI, machine learning, and quantum computing, enabling immersive digital experiences.

ICT Categories

• Hardware features architecture, storage, input/output devices, and PC connections, with trends including increased processing power, memory, reduced size, and extended functionality.
• Software includes OS, apps and programming language.
• Application software help process data (excel, word, outlook, Adobe, McAfee).
• Networks are classified by type, extension, and architecture.
• Main trends: ultra-broadband, optical fiber, 5G connectivity, cloud computing, Internet of Things, transitioning from Web 2.0 to Web 3
• Cloud computing provides remote, virtualized, and distributed resources.
• Ultra-broadband offers connectivity speed essential for cloud services and productivity.
• Digital divide refers to the gap between those who can access new technologies and those who cannot due to limited access to ICT infrastructures or computer illiteracy.
• Internet of Things interconnects objects (smart devices), such as electronic payments, automotive systems, and home automation.

Overview of the evolution of telecommunication systems from the telegraph to modern digital networks. Includes key milestones such as the invention of the telephone, radio transmission, satellite communications, and the development of the internet. Covers packet switching, TCP/IP protocol, and the World Wide Web.